Magnesium (Mg)
alkaline-earth-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
24.305 u [24.304, 24.307]इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Ne] 3s2गलनांक
649.85 °Cक्वथनांक
1089.85 °Cघनत्व
1740 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
0, +1, +2विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
1.31आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
7.646236 eVखोज का वर्ष
1755परमाणु त्रिज्या
150 pmविवरण
Magnesium is a light alkaline earth metal and a major rock-forming element. It occurs in silicate minerals, carbonates, evaporites, seawater, and brines, almost entirely as Mg²⁺ rather than as native metal. Its low density, ready formation of stable salts, and high affinity for oxygen shape both its metallurgy and its geochemistry. Magnesium is also essential in biology, where it stabilizes phosphate chemistry and is central to chlorophyll.
Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame.
The name derives from Magnesia, a district in the north-eastern region of Greece called Thessalia. The Scottish chemist Joseph Black recognized it as a separate element in 1755. In 1808, the English chemist Humphry Davy obtained the impure metal, and in 1831 the French pharmacist and chemist Antoine- Alexandre Brutus Bussy isolated the metal in the pure state.
Although it is the eighth most abundant element in the universe and the seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust, magnesium is never found free in nature. Magnesium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, through the electrolysis of a mixture of magnesium oxide (MgO) and mercuric oxide (HgO) in 1808. Today, magnesium can be extracted from the minerals dolomite (CaCO3·MgCO3) and carnallite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O), but is most often obtained from seawater. Every cubic kilometer of seawater contains about 1.3 billion kilograms of magnesium (12 billion pounds per cubic mile).
From Magnesia, district in Thessaly. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. Davy isolated it in 1808 and Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals.
Pure magnesium is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly cut. In air it slowly dulls as a thin oxide and hydroxide film develops. It is light, machinable, and solid at ordinary conditions, but finely divided metal can burn with an intense white flame.
Magnesium metal is used mainly where low mass is valuable, especially in aluminum alloys, die-cast automotive and electronic parts, and some aerospace components. It serves as a reducing agent in the production of metals such as titanium from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄). Magnesium is used in sacrificial anodes for corrosion protection, in pyrotechnic compositions and flares, and in specialty batteries. Magnesium compounds are widely used in refractories, fertilizers, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, and water treatment.
Magnesium burns with a brilliant white light and is used in pyrotechnics, flares and photographic flashbulbs. Magnesium is the lightest metal that can be used to build things, although its use as a structural material is limited since it burns at relatively low temperatures. Magnesium is frequently alloyed with aluminum, which makes aluminum easier to roll, extrude and weld. Magnesium-aluminum alloys are used where strong, lightweight materials are required, such as in airplanes, missiles and rockets. Cameras, horseshoes, baseball catchers' masks and snowshoes are other items that are made from magnesium alloys.
Magnesium oxide (MgO), also known as magnesia, is the second most abundant compound in the earth's crust. Magnesium oxide is used in some antacids, in making crucibles and insulating materials, in refining some metals from their ores and in some types of cements. When combined with water (H2O), magnesia forms magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), better known as milk of magnesia, which is commonly used as an antacid and as a laxative.
Hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO4·7H2O), better known as Epsom salt, was discovered in 1618 by a farmer in Epsom, England, when his cows refused to drink the water from a certain mineral well. He tasted the water and found that it tasted very bitter. He also noticed that it helped heal scratches and rashes on his skin. Epsom salt is still used today to treat minor skin abrasions.
Other magnesium compounds include magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2). Magnesium carbonate is used to make some types of paints and inks and is added to table salt to prevent caking. A thin film of magnesium fluoride is applied to optical lenses to help reduce glare and reflections.
Uses include flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and in alloys is essential for airplane and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesium is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron, and is used as an additive to conventional propellants.
It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters.
Isotopes in Biology
Natural magnesium enriched in the stable isotopes 25Mg and 26Mg has been used as tracers in human studies to assess absorption, excretion, distribution, and utilization of magnesium in basic and applied research [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html., [113] M. Sabatier, W. R. Keyes, F. Pont, M. J. Arnaud, J. R. Turnlund. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.77, 1206 (2003)., [114] M. Sabatier, F. Pont, M. J. Arnaud, J. R. Turnlund. Am. J. Physiol.285, R656 (2003)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of magnesium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of magnesium in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.12.1). These variations are useful in investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [17] T. B. Coplen, J. A. Hopple, J. K. Böhlke, H. S. Peiser, S. E. Rieder, H. R. Krouse, K. J. R. Rosman, T. Ding, R. D. Vocke, K. Revesz, A. Lamberty, P. D. P. Taylor, P. D. Bièvre. United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 01-4222, (2002)., [115] J. G. Montes, R. A. Sjodin, A. L. Yergey, N. E. Vieira. Biophys. J.56, 437 (1989)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
26Mg is a stable isotope and is the radiogenic product of 26Al decay. 26Al is produced by cosmic rays in space and in the atmosphere, and it was present in the primordial solar nebula. The anomalous abundance of 26Mg in meteorite inclusions indicate that this material must have been formed early in the development of the Solar System before all primordial 26Al (with half-life of 7.1×105 years) had decayed [116] S. Sahijpal, J. N. Goswami. Astrophys. J.509, L137 (1998)..
Magnesium chemistry is dominated by the +2 oxidation state and by ionic or strongly polar compounds. Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a refractory basic oxide, while magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) is sparingly soluble and used where mild alkalinity is needed. Important salts include magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃). Magnesium silicates are major constituents of rocks. Organomagnesium halides, known as Grignard reagents, are central synthetic intermediates in organic chemistry.
Organic magnesium is important in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered perphyrins.
The adult daily nutritional requirement, which is affected by various factors include weight and size, is about 300 mg/day.
See more information at the Magnesium compound page.
Bulk magnesium metal is not highly toxic, and magnesium ions are essential nutrients. The main elemental hazard is fire: shavings, powder, and molten metal can ignite, and burning magnesium is difficult to extinguish with water because hydrogen and heat may be produced. Intense ultraviolet and visible light from burning magnesium can injure eyes. Excess intake of soluble magnesium salts can cause physiological effects, especially when renal clearance is impaired, and industrial dusts require exposure control.
Because serious fires can occur, great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially when finely divided. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires.
Magnesium is abundant in the crust and hydrosphere and cycles through weathering, river transport, seawater chemistry, carbonate deposition, and biological uptake. It is a common nutrient for plants and animals, and its availability affects soil fertility and water hardness. In the ocean, Mg²⁺ is one of the major dissolved cations. Magnesium minerals also participate in long-term carbon cycling through carbonate formation and alteration of silicate rocks.
Magnesium is produced from mineral sources and brines, chiefly by electrolysis of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) or by thermal reduction of magnesium oxide (MgO)-bearing feedstocks such as dolomite-derived material. Energy cost, process emissions, and control of oxidation during melting are important industrial factors. Demand is tied to lightweight alloys, aluminum alloying, die casting, desulfurization and chemical uses. Recycling is significant for clean alloy scrap, although mixed or oxidized scrap is harder to recover efficiently. Substitution is possible in many structural applications, but magnesium remains attractive where low density outweighs cost and handling constraints.
The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water.
Magnesium is a relatively abundant cosmic element formed mainly by fusion processes in massive stars and dispersed by supernovae and stellar winds. It is common in silicate dust and rocky planetary material, where it combines with oxygen and silicon. In meteorites and terrestrial planets it is concentrated in minerals such as olivine and pyroxene rather than in metallic form.
- Magnesium burns in carbon dioxide (CO₂) as well as in air, forming magnesium oxide and carbon.
- Chlorophyll contains a magnesium ion held in a porphyrin ring.
- Seawater is an important practical source of magnesium, although the metal itself is not present there.
- Grignard reagents made from magnesium helped transform carbon-carbon bond formation in synthesis.
- Magnesium alloys often need protective atmospheres or fluxes during melting to limit oxidation.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 150 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 141 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 173 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 136 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 1740 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.014 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 649.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 1089.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 156 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 1.023 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 24.869 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- षट्कोणीय सघन संकुलित सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.31 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.293
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- -0.4 eV (ऋणात्मक मान — परमाणु द्वारा अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधने की भविष्यवाणी नहीं)
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 7.646236 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 15.035323 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 80.143876 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 109.265776 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 141.330486 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- 0, +1, +2 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Ne] 3s2
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.08788931 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 1.326631 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 1.524589 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 1.524589 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 1.524589 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 12 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 12 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 23 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 3 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Mg-24
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1755
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 2.33e+4 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 1290 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 321 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7439-95-4 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mg
- InChI कुंजी
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Mg: 3s²[Ne] 3s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24 स्थिर | 23.985041697 ± 0.000000014 | 78.9900% | स्थिर |
| 25 स्थिर | 24.985836976 ± 0.00000005 | 10.0000% | स्थिर |
| 26 स्थिर | 25.982592968 ± 0.000000031 | 11.0100% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (649.85 °C) से 624.9 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
12 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mg I | 0 | 1342 | 1090 | 1342 |
| Mg II | +1 | 601 | 482 | 601 |
| Mg III | +2 | 452 | 149 | 452 |
| Mg IV | +3 | 821 | 625 | 821 |
| Mg V | +4 | 518 | 513 | 515 |
| Mg VI | +5 | 890 | 883 | 890 |
| Mg VII | +6 | 379 | 344 | 379 |
| Mg VIII | +7 | 944 | 941 | 944 |
| Mg IX | +8 | 461 | 444 | 461 |
| Mg X | +9 | 223 | 184 | 223 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Mg I | 0 | 323 |
| Mg II | +1 | 149 |
| Mg III | +2 | 114 |
| Mg IV | +3 | 173 |
| Mg V | +4 | 104 |
| Mg VI | +5 | 120 |
| Mg VII | +6 | 104 |
| Mg VIII | +7 | 113 |
| Mg IX | +8 | 94 |
| Mg X | +9 | 60 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 5 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 66 pm |
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 72 pm |
| +2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 89 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (3)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 स्थिर | 23.985041697 ± 0.000000014 | 78.9900% ± 0.0400% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 25 स्थिर | 24.985836976 ± 0.00000005 | 10.0000% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 26 स्थिर | 25.982592968 ± 0.000000031 | 11.0100% ± 0.0300% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
399 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 518.36043 nm | 45 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 517.26844 nm | 44 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 516.73213 nm | 42 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 383.82919 nm | 40 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 552.84047 nm | 40 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.4d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 383.23039 nm | 38 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 382.93547 nm | 36 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 470.29908 nm | 30 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.5d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 571.1088 nm | 30 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.5s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 435.19057 nm | 20 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.6d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 416.72713 nm | 15 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.7d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 625.6757 nm | 15 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 448.1126 nm | 14 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.4f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 448.1325 nm | 13 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.4f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 738.7689 nm | 12 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.8f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 405.75052 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.8d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 439.0572 nm | 10 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 473.00286 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.6s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 491.5991 nm | 10 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 583.981 nm | 10 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 631.8717 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 634.6742 nm | 10 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.6f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 719.3184 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.9f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 729.1055 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 1S → 3s.6p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 438.4637 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 443.3988 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.6s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 452.6219 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 459.6921 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 496.041 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 631.9237 nm | 9 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 634.6964 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.6f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 384.8211 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 398.67533 nm | 8 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.9d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 442.7994 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.6s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.3315 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4s 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 498.1469 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 526.422 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 640.6637 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 678.7855 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.5p 2P* → 2p6.7d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 681.927 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.5p 2P* → 2p6.8s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 706.0414 nm | 8 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.10f 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 385.0386 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 423.9473 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 463.2537 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 480.2585 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 491.5363 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 497.0497 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 502.3674 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 526.4364 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 591.6431 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7p 2P* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 139 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 132 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 127 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (ब्रैग)
- 142 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Bondi
- 173 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 251 pm
- UFF
- 302.1 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 240 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 160 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 76
- Pettifor
- 73
- Glawe
- 73
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 71.2 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.4 a.u.
- C₆
- 626 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 629 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक बंधुता
- प्रोटॉन बंधुता
- 819.6 kJ/mol
- गैसीय क्षारकता
- 797.3 kJ/mol
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 14 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 2
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 64
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 7
- भंडार वितरण
- 26
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 18
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 923.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 1363.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (4)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3911 |
| 2 | p | 4.1742 |
| 2 | s | 4.608 |
| 3 | s | 8.6925 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (4)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 71 | ||
| 2 | V | 80 | ||
| 2 | VI | 86 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 103 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (43)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 19 | 2p | 100% |
| 20 | B+ | 100% |
| 20 | B+p | 30.3% |
| 21 | B+ | 100% |
| 21 | B+p | 20.1% |
| 21 | B+A | 0.1% |
| 21 | B+pA | 0% |
| 22 | B+ | 100% |
| 23 | B+ | 100% |
| 27 | B- | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (755)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | 0.117 | 0.14592 |
| 0.5079 | 0.1168 | 0.14896 |
| 0.516 | 0.1165 | 0.15206 |
| 0.5242 | 0.1165 | 0.15522 |
| 0.5325 | 0.1162 | 0.15845 |
| 0.5409 | 0.1162 | 0.16175 |
| 0.5495 | 0.1162 | 0.16511 |
| 0.5582 | 0.1161 | 0.16855 |
| 0.5671 | 0.1163 | 0.17205 |
| 0.5761 | 0.1167 | 0.17558 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.33×104 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Magnesium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.29×103 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Magnesium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Magnesium https://periodic.lanl.gov/12.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Magnesium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.