Sodium (Na)
alkali-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
22.989769 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Ne] 3s1गलनांक
97.8 °Cक्वथनांक
882.85 °Cघनत्व
970 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−1, 0, +1विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
0.93आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
5.139077 eVखोज का वर्ष
1807परमाणु त्रिज्या
180 pmविवरण
Sodium is a soft, highly reactive alkali metal in group 1. It has one valence electron and almost always forms Na⁺ in ordinary compounds. The element is abundant in seawater, evaporite deposits, and silicate minerals, but it is never found free in nature because it reacts readily with water, oxygen, and many nonmetals. Its salts are central to physiology, glassmaking, detergents, and bulk chemical manufacture.
Sodium, like every reactive element, is never found free in nature. Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal which floats on water. Decomposition in water results in the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the hydroxide. It may or may not ignite spontaneously on water, depending on the amount of oxide and metal exposed to the water. It normally does not ignite in air at temperatures below 115°C.
The name derives from the English soda and Latin sodanum for "headache remedy". The symbol Na derives from the Latin natrium for "natron" (soda in English). Sodium was discovered in 1807 by the English chemist Humphry Davy from electrolysis of caustic soda (NaOH).
Although sodium is the sixth most abundant element on earth and comprises about 2.6% of the earth's crust, it is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. Pure sodium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 through the electrolysis of caustic soda (NaOH). Since sodium can ignite on contact with water, it must be stored in a moisture free environment.
From the English word, soda; Medieval Latin, sodanum: a headache remedy. Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda.
Pure sodium is a silvery, lustrous metal when freshly cut. It is soft enough to cut with a knife and quickly tarnishes in air as surface oxides, hydroxide, and carbonate form. At ordinary temperature it is a low-density solid with a relatively low melting point for a metal.
Metallic sodium is used mainly as a chemical reductant and heat-transfer medium where its high thermal conductivity and low neutron moderation are useful, notably in some fast-reactor designs. Sodium vapor lamps were historically important for efficient yellow street lighting. Sodium compounds have far larger uses: sodium chloride (NaCl) for food, deicing, and chlor-alkali feedstock; sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) for glass and detergents; and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for pulp, alumina, soaps, and many chemical processes.
Sodium is used in the production of titanium, sodamide, sodium cyanide, sodium peroxide, and sodium hydride. Liquid sodium has been used as a coolant for nuclear reactors. Sodium vapor is used in streetlights and produces a brilliant yellow light.
Sodium also forms many useful compounds. Some of the most common are: table salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3) and borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O).
Metallic sodium is vital in the manufacture of esters and in the preparation of organic compounds. The metal may be used to improve the structure of certain alloys, descale metal, and purify molten metals.
An alloy of sodium with potassium, NaK, is an important heat transfer agent.
Isotopes in Biology
Both 22Na and 24Na have been used as radioactive tracers to study electrolytes in the human body [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html., [109] Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto). [Radioisotopes]:/their Role in Society Today/, Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto) (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ansto.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/3564/Radioisotopes.pdf., [110] AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students. Chemistry Tutorial: Summary of Radioactive Particles, Isotopes, Properties and Uses, AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ausetute.com.au/nuclesum.html..
Isotopes in Geochronology
22Na is a cosmogenic isotope with a half-life of 2.6 years that has been used to study the residence time of water in freshwater basins. It has been used for dating of young (up to a few decades old) surface water and groundwater (Fig. IUPAC.11.1) [111] D. G. Fleishman. J. Environ. Radioact.99, 1203 (2008)..
Isotopes in Medicine
22Na is used as a source to calibrate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging scanners to check that the instruments are functioning properly [112] T. Hasegawa, K. Oda, Y. Wada, Y. Sato, T. Yamada, M. Matsumoto, H. Murayama, T. Takeda, T. Sasaki, K. Kikuchi, Y. Abe, H. Miyatake, K. Miwa, K. Akimoto, K. Wagatsuma. “Application of novel calibration scheme based on traceable point-like 22Na sources to various types of PET scanners”, in Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), 2012 IEEE..
Sodium chemistry is dominated by the +1 oxidation state and ionic salts containing Na⁺. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most familiar salt and a major industrial feedstock. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base, sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) are important alkaline carbonates, and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) is used in detergents and glass. Sodium hydride (NaH) is a strong base and hydride donor in synthesis. Organosodium compounds exist but are generally more reactive and less commonly handled than organolithium reagents.
The most common compound is sodium chloride (table salt), but it occurs in many other minerals, such as soda niter, cryolite, amphibole, zeolite, etc.
Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times.
Among the many compounds that are of the greatest industrial importance are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 • 5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 • 10H2O).
See more information at the Sodium compound page.
Metallic sodium reacts violently with water to form sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen (H₂), which can ignite from the heat released. It is stored under dry mineral oil or inert gas and must be kept away from moisture, acids, and halogenated solvents. Concentrated sodium hydroxide and some other sodium compounds are corrosive. Sodium ions are essential in the body, but excessive dietary sodium is associated with adverse health effects in susceptible populations.
Sodium metal should be handled with great care. It cannot be maintained in an inert atmosphere and contact with water and other substances with which sodium reacts should be avoided.
Sodium is widely distributed in rocks, soils, natural brines, and oceans. Weathering releases Na⁺ from feldspars and other silicates, and rivers carry it to lakes and the sea, where it remains highly soluble. In arid regions it can accumulate in soils and impair plant growth by increasing salinity and altering soil structure. Road deicing salts can raise sodium and chloride levels in nearby waters and soils.
The main commercial sodium materials are salts rather than the metal. Sodium chloride is mined as rock salt, extracted from brines, and recovered by solar evaporation; it feeds chlor-alkali plants that make chlorine (Cl₂), hydrogen (H₂), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Sodium carbonate is produced from natural trona deposits or by synthetic processes such as the Solvay route. Metallic sodium is made by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride or related salt mixtures and has a much smaller, specialized market. Recycling is usually process-specific rather than a broad commodity loop.
Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the fourth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth's crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals.
It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago.
Sodium is a moderately abundant light element produced chiefly by stellar nucleosynthesis involving carbon and neon burning and by related neutron-capture reactions in stars. Its yellow D spectral lines are strong and easily observed in stellar atmospheres, comets, planetary exospheres, and interstellar gas. On rocky planets it is commonly incorporated into silicates and soluble salts rather than existing as metal.
- Sodium’s chemical symbol comes from natrium, a Latinized name related to soda minerals.
- The yellow sodium D lines near 589 nm are among the most recognizable atomic emission features.
- Liquid sodium has been used as a coolant because it stays liquid over a broad temperature range.
- Fresh sodium surfaces can look mirror-bright before tarnishing within seconds in moist air.
- Common table salt usually contains additives, so it is not pure sodium chloride.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 180 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 166 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 227 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 157 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 970 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0237 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 97.8 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 882.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 142 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 1.228 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 28.23 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- अंतःकेंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 0.93 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 0.869
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.5479 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 5.139077 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 47.286523 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 71.620247 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 98.936341 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 138.404476 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −1, 0, +1 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 1 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Ne] 3s1
ऊष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- 2300 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 3.5e+7 Pa
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.02694719 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 1.012593 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 1.11209 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 1.11209 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 1.114163 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 11 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 12 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 23 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 1 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Na-23
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1807
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 2.36e+4 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 1.08 × 104 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 423 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 1 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-23-5 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Na
- InChI कुंजी
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Na: 3s¹[Ne] 3s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23 स्थिर | 22.989769282 ± 0.0000000019 | 100.0000% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (97.8 °C) से 72.8 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
उन्नत
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
11 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na I | 0 | 869 | 523 | 858 |
| Na II | +1 | 1345 | 176 | 605 |
| Na III | +2 | 560 | 417 | 560 |
| Na IV | +3 | 687 | 671 | 687 |
| Na V | +4 | 529 | 503 | 527 |
| Na VI | +5 | 657 | 594 | 641 |
| Na VII | +6 | 1374 | 1369 | 1374 |
| Na VIII | +7 | 464 | 456 | 464 |
| Na IX | +8 | 172 | 138 | 172 |
| Na X | +9 | 594 | 586 | 594 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Na I | 0 | 430 |
| Na II | +1 | 165 |
| Na III | +2 | 120 |
| Na IV | +3 | 104 |
| Na V | +4 | 102 |
| Na VI | +5 | 116 |
| Na VII | +6 | 142 |
| Na VIII | +7 | 89 |
| Na IX | +8 | 46 |
| Na X | +9 | 111 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 99 pm |
| +1 | 5 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 100 pm |
| +1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 102 pm |
| +1 | 7 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 112.00000000000001 pm |
| +1 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 118 pm |
| +1 | 9 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 124 pm |
| +1 | 12 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 139 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (1)
Thirteen isotopes of sodium are recognized.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 स्थिर | 22.989769282 ± 0.0000000019 | 100.0000% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
480 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 588.995094 nm | 80000 | Na I | emission | 2p6.3s 2S → 2p6.3p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 589.592424 nm | 40000 | Na I | emission | 2p6.3s 2S → 2p6.3p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 388.181 nm | 420 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4D → 2p5.3s.(3P*).3d 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 443.234 nm | 310 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4S → 2p5.3s.(3P*).4s 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 411.3703 nm | 300 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3p 1S → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 507.12 nm | 270 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4D → 2p5.3s.(3P*).4s 4P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.3069 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3p 1S → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4s 2[1/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 423.335 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 424.09 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 429.249 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 429.287 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 430.882 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 430.904 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.091 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.729 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 434.412 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3p 1S → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 439.281 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 408.1372 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 436.859 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3p 1S → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 437.522 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 438.748 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 440.512 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 444.669 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 444.741 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 445.473 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 445.523 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 445.72 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.463 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.88 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 448.167 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.015 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.088 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.961 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 450.697 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 451.92 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 452.497 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 453.331 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 455.152 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 391.803 nm | 160 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4D → 2p5.3s.(3P*).3d 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 438.42 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 439.63 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 459.094 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3p 1S → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[1/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 472.23 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 473.113 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 474.163 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 476.892 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 418.546 nm | 150 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4P → 2p5.3s.(3P*).3d 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 386.543 nm | 130 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4D → 2p5.3s.(3P*).3d 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 408.7593 nm | 130 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3s 1P* → 2s2.2p5.3p 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 420.2759 nm | 130 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 155 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 160 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (ब्रैग)
- 177 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Bondi
- 227 pm
- Batsanov
- 240 pm
- Alvarez
- 250 pm
- UFF
- 298.3 pm
- MM3
- 270 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 225 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 190 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 2
- Pettifor
- 11
- Glawe
- 11
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 162.7 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.5 a.u.
- C₆
- 1518 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1570 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 23.78 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 1
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 24
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 4
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 370.94 K |
| क्वथनांक | 1156.09 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 2573.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब) | 35 MPa |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (4)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3741 |
| 2 | p | 4.1982 |
| 2 | s | 4.4286 |
| 3 | s | 8.4926 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (7)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 113 | ||
| 1 | V | 114 | ||
| 1 | VI | 116 | ||
| 1 | VII | 126 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 132 | ||
| 1 | IX | 138 | calculated, | |
| 1 | XII | 153 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (47)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 17 | p | 100% |
| 18 | p | — |
| 19 | p | 100% |
| 20 | B+ | 100% |
| 20 | B+A | 25% |
| 21 | B+ | 100% |
| 22 | B+ | 100% |
| 22 | e+ | 90.6% |
| 22 | EC | 9.4% |
| 24 | B- | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (504)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.01475 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.01517 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.01559 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.01603 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.01648 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.01695 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.01743 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.01792 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.01842 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.01894 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.36×104 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.08×104 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the fourth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth's crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals.
It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Sodium https://periodic.lanl.gov/11.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Sodium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.