Zirconium (Zr)
transition-metalSolid
Masse atomique relative standard
91,224 uConfiguration électronique
[Kr] 5s2 4d2Point de fusion
1854,85 °CPoint d’ébullition
4408,85 °CMasse volumique
6520 kg/m³États d’oxydation
+1, +2, +3, +4Électronégativité (Pauling)
1,33Énergie d’ionisation (1re)
6,634126 eVAnnée de découverte
1789Rayon atomique
155 pmDétails
Zirconium is a lustrous transition metal in group 4, chemically close to hafnium and titanium. It occurs mainly in zircon and related heavy minerals, almost always with hafnium as a companion. The metal is valued for its very low thermal-neutron absorption and its stable, adherent oxide film, which give it a central role in nuclear reactor materials and in corrosion-resistant alloys.
Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy(R) is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35°K.
The name derives from the Arabic zargun for "gold-like". It was discovered in zirconia by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1789. Zirconium was first isolated by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 in an impure state, and finally by the chemists D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger in a pure state in 1914.
Zirconium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral jargon (ZrSiO4) in 1789. Zirconium was isolated by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 and finally prepared in a pure form in 1914. Obtaining pure zirconium is very difficult because it is chemically similar to hafnium, an element which is always found mixed with deposits of zirconium. Today, most zirconium is obtained from the minerals zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) through a process known as the Kroll Process.
From the Persian zargun, gold like. Zircon, the primary gemstone of zirconium, is also known as jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. The mineral was not known to contain a new element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Ceylon and identified the new element, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and which Klaproth called Zirkonertz (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small decomposition process they developed.
Pure zirconium is a silvery-gray, ductile metal when clean and massive. Finely divided zirconium can appear dark and is much more reactive than bulk metal. At ordinary temperatures the surface is protected by a thin layer of zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂.
The dominant high-value use of zirconium metal is in cladding and structural components for water-cooled nuclear fuel, where hafnium must be removed because it absorbs neutrons strongly. Zirconium alloys are also used in chemical-processing equipment exposed to corrosive media. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂, is used in refractories, ceramics, oxygen sensors, thermal-barrier coatings, and dental ceramics. Zirconium compounds serve in pigments, catalysts, tanning, and specialty glass formulations.
Zirconium is a corrosion resistant metal that is used in high performance pumps and valves. Since it also does not easily absorb neutrons, zirconium is widely used in nuclear reactors. The nuclear power industry uses nearly 90% of the zirconium produced each year, which must be nearly free of hafnium. Zirconium is also used as an alloying agent in steel, to make some types of surgical equipment and as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes.
Zircon (ZrSiO4) is a zirconium compound that can take many different forms, the most popular of which is a clear, transparent gemstone that can be cut to look like diamond and is frequently used in jewelry. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) can withstand very high temperatures and is used to make crucibles and to line the walls of high temperature furnaces. Zirconium carbonate (3ZrO2·CO2·H2O) is used in lotions to treat poison ivy.
It is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed.
Isotopes in Industry
Zirconium enriched in 90Zr has been proposed for the cladding (covering) of reactor fuel elements (Fig. IUPAC.40.1) because it has a lower neutron absorption cross section than natural abundances of zirconium and is well suited for coverage of metal parts without absorbing neutrons [307] M. D. DeHart, H. Zhang, E. Shaber, M. A. Jessee. “A study of fast reactor fuel transmutation in a candidate dispersion fuel design”, in 11th Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation..
Zirconium chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, reflecting the stability of Zr⁴⁺ in oxides and salts. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂, is a refractory ceramic with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic forms; stabilized zirconias contain added oxides to retain high-temperature structures. Zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, is an important volatile precursor for metal production and organozirconium chemistry. Zircon, ZrSiO₄, is the principal mineral source. Lower oxidation states are known but are less common and often require special conditions.
See more information at the Zirconium compound page.
Massive zirconium metal has low acute toxicity and is usually limited in hazard by dust generation and processing conditions. Finely divided powder, turnings, and some dry residues are combustible and can ignite in air. Zirconium compounds vary in irritation and corrosivity; zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, reacts with moisture to release hydrogen chloride, HCl. Nuclear-grade zirconium is not inherently radioactive, but service in reactors can activate or contaminate materials.
Zirconium is a lithophile element and is held mainly in resistant minerals, especially zircon, rather than in soluble aqueous forms. Its compounds are generally not very mobile under ordinary surface conditions because zirconium(IV) hydrolyzes strongly and forms insoluble oxides and hydroxides. Weathering releases zircon grains to sediments and heavy-mineral sands, where they can persist for very long periods.
Commercial zirconium starts with mining of zircon-bearing heavy-mineral sands, often associated with titanium minerals such as ilmenite and rutile. For nuclear applications, zirconium must be separated from chemically similar hafnium, an expensive step that creates distinct nuclear-grade and hafnium-bearing markets. Metal is commonly produced through conversion to zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, followed by reduction. Demand is driven by nuclear fuel fabrication, ceramics, foundry sands, refractories, and specialty chemicals. Recycling is important for clean metal scrap, while ceramic and mineral uses are less readily recovered.
Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.
Zirconium is produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and by related heavy-element nucleosynthesis before incorporation into later generations of planets and meteorites. It is not among the most abundant cosmic elements, but it is readily detected in stellar spectra. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and concentrates in silicate minerals rather than metallic cores.
- Zirconium and hafnium are so chemically similar that their separation became a major technical problem for reactor use.
- Ancient zircon grains preserve some of the oldest known records of Earth's crust.
- Zirconium dioxide can be made tough for ceramics by stabilizing high-temperature crystal forms.
- Bulk zirconium resists many acids, but hydrofluoric acid attacks its protective oxide film.
- The name zirconium comes from zircon, not from the modern synthetic gemstone cubic zirconia.
Images
Propriétés
Propriétés physiques
- Rayon atomique (empirique)
- 155 pm Comparer : Rayon atomique (empirique) de tous les éléments →
- Rayon covalent
- 175 pm Comparer : Rayon covalent de tous les éléments →
- Rayon de van der Waals
- 186 pm Comparer : Rayon de van der Waals de tous les éléments →
- Rayon métallique
- 145 pm Comparer : Rayon métallique de tous les éléments →
- Masse volumique
- 6520 kg/m³ Comparer : Masse volumique de tous les éléments →
- Volume molaire
- 0,0141 L/mol
- Phase aux CNTP
- Solide Comparer : Phase aux CNTP de tous les éléments →
- Point de fusion
- 1854,85 °C Comparer : Point de fusion de tous les éléments →
- Point d’ébullition
- 4408,85 °C Comparer : Point d’ébullition de tous les éléments →
- Conductivité thermique
- 22,7 W/(m·K) Comparer : Conductivité thermique de tous les éléments →
- Capacité thermique massique
- 0,278 J/(g·K) Comparer : Capacité thermique massique de tous les éléments →
- Capacité thermique molaire
- 25,36 J/(mol·K) Comparer : Capacité thermique molaire de tous les éléments →
- Structure cristalline
- Hexagonal compact Comparer : Structure cristalline de tous les éléments →
Propriétés chimiques
- Électronégativité (Pauling)
- 1,33 Comparer : Électronégativité (Pauling) de tous les éléments →
- Électronégativité (Allen)
- 1,32
- Affinité électronique
- 0,426 eV
- Énergie d’ionisation (1re)
- 6,634126 eV Comparer : Énergie d’ionisation (1re) de tous les éléments →
- Énergie d’ionisation (2e)
- 13,130045 eV Comparer : Énergie d’ionisation (2e) de tous les éléments →
- Énergie d’ionisation (3e)
- 23,17008 eV Comparer : Énergie d’ionisation (3e) de tous les éléments →
- Énergie d’ionisation (4e)
- 34,418478 eV Comparer : Énergie d’ionisation (4e) de tous les éléments →
- Énergie d’ionisation (5e)
- 80,348277 eV Comparer : Énergie d’ionisation (5e) de tous les éléments →
- États d’oxydation
- +1, +2, +3, +4 Comparer : États d’oxydation de tous les éléments →
- Électrons de valence
- 4 Comparer : Électrons de valence de tous les éléments →
- Configuration électronique
- [Kr] 5s2 4d2
Propriétés thermodynamiques
- Enthalpie de fusion
- 0,17515676 eV Comparer : Enthalpie de fusion de tous les éléments →
- Enthalpie de vaporisation
- 5,938747 eV Comparer : Enthalpie de vaporisation de tous les éléments →
- Enthalpie de sublimation
- 6,311862 eV
- Enthalpie d’atomisation
- 6,311862 eV
- Enthalpie d’atomisation
- 6,322226 eV
Propriétés nucléaires
- Protons
- 40 Comparer : Protons de tous les éléments →
- Neutrons
- 50 Comparer : Neutrons de tous les éléments →
- Isotopes connus
- 37 Comparer : Isotopes connus de tous les éléments →
- Isotopes stables
- 3 Comparer : Isotopes stables de tous les éléments →
- Isotope le plus stable
- Zr-90
- Année de découverte
- 1789
Abondance
- Abondance (croûte terrestre)
- 165 mg/kg Comparer : Abondance (croûte terrestre) de tous les éléments →
- Abondance (océan)
- 3 × 10−5 mg/L Comparer : Abondance (océan) de tous les éléments →
Structure cristalline
- Paramètre de maille a
- 323 pm
Structure électronique
- Électrons par couche
- 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 Comparer : Électrons par couche de tous les éléments →
Identifiants
- Numéro CAS
- 7440-67-7 Comparer : Numéro CAS de tous les éléments →
- Symbole de terme
- 3F2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Zr
- Clé InChI
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuration électronique Mesuré
Zr: 4d² 5s²[Kr] 4d² 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d² 5s²Modèle atomique
Les isotopes diffèrent par leur nombre de neutrons, leur masse et leur stabilité — pas par la configuration électronique de l’atome neutre.
Modèle atomique schématique, non à l’échelle.
Empreinte atomique
Spectre d’émission / d’absorption
Distribution isotopique
| Nombre de masse | Masse atomique (u) | Abondance naturelle | Demi-vie |
|---|---|---|---|
| 90 Stable | 89,9046977 ± 0,000002 | 51,4500% | Stable |
| 91 Stable | 90,9056396 ± 0,000002 | 11,2200% | Stable |
| 92 Stable | 91,9050347 ± 0,000002 | 17,1500% | Stable |
Phase / État
Explication: 1829,8 °C en dessous du point de fusion (1854,85 °C)
Schématique, non à l’échelle
Points de transition de phase
Énergies de transition
Énergie nécessaire pour faire fondre 1 mol au point de fusion
Énergie nécessaire pour vaporiser 1 mol au point d’ébullition
Énergie nécessaire pour sublimer 1 mol au point de sublimation
Masse volumique
Dans les conditions standard
Dans les conditions standard
Spectres atomiques
Affichage de 10 sur 40. Tri par charge ionique croissante.
Raies répertoriées ?
| Ion | Charge | Nombre total de raies | Probabilités de transition | Désignations des niveaux |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zr I | 0 | 459 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr II | +1 | 207 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr III | +2 | 490 | 490 | 490 |
| Zr IV | +3 | 76 | 0 | 76 |
| Zr V | +4 | 104 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr VI | +5 | 427 | 427 | 427 |
Niveaux répertoriés ?
| Ion | Charge | Niveaux |
|---|---|---|
| Zr I | 0 | 262 |
| Zr II | +1 | 136 |
| Zr III | +2 | 140 |
| Zr IV | +3 | 35 |
| Zr V | +4 | 102 |
| Zr VI | +5 | 97 |
| Zr VII | +6 | 2 |
| Zr VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Zr IX | +8 | 2 |
| Zr X | +9 | 2 |
Rayons ioniques
| Charge | Coordinence | Spin | Rayon |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | N/D | 59 pm |
| +4 | 5 | N/D | 66 pm |
| +4 | 6 | N/D | 72 pm |
| +4 | 7 | N/D | 78 pm |
| +4 | 8 | N/D | 84 pm |
| +4 | 9 | N/D | 89 pm |
Composés
Isotopes (3)
Naturally occurring zirconium contains five isotopes. Fifteen other isotopes are known to exist. Zircon, ZrSiO4, the principal ore, is pure ZrO2 in crystalline form having a hafnium content of about 1%. Zirconium also occurs in some 30 other recognized mineral species. Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of chloride with magnesium (the Kroll Process), and by other methods. It is a grayish-white lustrous metal. When finely divided, the metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably found in zirconium ores, and the separation is difficult.
| Nombre de masse | Masse atomique (u) | Abondance naturelle | Demi-vie | Mode de désintégration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 90 Stable | 89,9046977 ± 0,000002 | 51,4500% ± 0,4000% | Stable | stable | |
| 91 Stable | 90,9056396 ± 0,000002 | 11,2200% ± 0,0500% | Stable | stable | |
| 92 Stable | 91,9050347 ± 0,000002 | 17,1500% ± 0,0800% | Stable | stable |
Raies spectrales
| Longueur d’onde (nm) | Intensité | Degré d’ionisation | Type | Transition | Précision | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.0196 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 382.4611 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 382.7722 nm | 300 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 382.923 nm | 600 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 383.0087 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 383.7038 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 384.2399 nm | 270 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 390.7626 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 391.0786 nm | 3 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[13/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 391.6928 nm | 100 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 392.0624 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 392.5804 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 392.694 nm | 120 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 393.1478 nm | 100 | Zr III | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 4d.5d 3S | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 396.3178 nm | 500 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 396.5231 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 397.1691 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 397.3984 nm | 220 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 398.854 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 401.632 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 401.6949 nm | 35 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 401.7561 nm | 3 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 401.8142 nm | 140 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 403.2482 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 403.3591 nm | 180 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 403.6779 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 408.0264 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 408.7114 nm | 150 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 412.5432 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 412.6379 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 413.2087 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 413.7442 nm | 500 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 414.6654 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 415.3368 nm | 2 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 416.0827 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 416.5293 nm | 15 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 417.1353 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 417.2872 nm | 300 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 419.3504 nm | 275 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 419.7309 nm | 15 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 419.8266 nm | 3000 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 420.3546 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 423.5695 nm | 275 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 431.7077 nm | 2000 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 434.2686 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[13/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 440.7385 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 456.1637 nm | 50 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 456.922 nm | 1800 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5g 2G → 4p6.6h 2H* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 456.927 nm | 1800 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5g 2G → 4p6.6h 2H* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 460.8973 nm | 60 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 500.71 nm | N/D | ID 803 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | Mesurée | NIST |
Propriétés étendues
Rayons covalents (données étendues)
- Rayon covalent (Pyykkö)
- 154 pm
- Rayon covalent (Pyykkö, liaison double)
- 127 pm
- Rayon covalent (Pyykkö, liaison triple)
- 121 pm
Rayons de van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 252 pm
- UFF
- 312,4 pm
- MM3
- 254 pm
Rayons atomiques et métalliques
- Rayon atomique (Rahm)
- 269 pm
- Rayon métallique (C12)
- 160 pm
Échelles de numérotation
- Mendeleev
- 44
- Pettifor
- 49
- Glawe
- 49
Échelles d’électronégativité
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarisabilité et dispersion
- Polarisabilité dipolaire
- 112 a.u.
- Polarisabilité dipolaire (incertitude)
- 13 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1360 Ha·Bohr6
Paramètres de Miedema
- Volume molaire de Miedema
- 14 cm3/mol
- Densité électronique de Miedema
- 3
Risque d’approvisionnement et économie
- Concentration de la production
- 39
- Risque relatif d’approvisionnement
- 6
- Répartition des réserves
- 40
- Stabilité politique (principal producteur)
- 75
- Stabilité politique (principal détenteur de réserves)
- 75
Transitions de phase et allotropes
| Point de fusion | 2127,15 K |
| Point d’ébullition | 4679,15 K |
Catégories d’états d’oxydation
Données de référence avancées
Constantes d’écran (10)
| n | Orbitale | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,841 |
| 2 | p | 4,0072 |
| 2 | s | 10,6262 |
| 3 | d | 14,4331 |
| 3 | p | 16,1545 |
| 3 | s | 15,6385 |
| 4 | d | 26,9284 |
| 4 | p | 26,54 |
| 4 | s | 25,0984 |
| 5 | s | 33,5545 |
Détail des rayons cristallins (6)
| Charge | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 73 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 80 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 86 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 92 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 98 | ||
| 4 | IX | 103 |
Modes de désintégration des isotopes (56)
| Isotope | Mode | Intensité |
|---|---|---|
| 77 | B+ | — |
| 77 | B+p | — |
| 77 | p | — |
| 78 | B+ | — |
| 78 | B+p | — |
| 79 | B+ | 100% |
| 79 | B+p | — |
| 80 | B+ | 100% |
| 81 | B+ | 100% |
| 81 | B+p | 0,1% |
Facteurs de diffusion des rayons X (724)
| Énergie (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | — | 0,18706 |
| 1,0149 | — | 0,19051 |
| 1,0299 | — | 0,19402 |
| 1,0452 | — | 0,1976 |
| 1,0608 | — | 0,20124 |
| 1,0765 | — | 0,20499 |
| 1,0925 | — | 0,20885 |
| 1,1087 | — | 0,21277 |
| 1,1252 | — | 0,21677 |
| 1,142 | — | 0,22085 |
Données complémentaires
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.65×102 milligrams per kilogram
Références (1)
- [5] Zirconium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3×10-5 milligrams per liter
Références (1)
- [5] Zirconium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.
Références (1)
- [6] Zirconium https://periodic.lanl.gov/40.shtml
Références
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Zirconium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.