Yttrium (Y)
transition-metalSolid
Masse atomique relative standard
88,90584 uConfiguration électronique
[Kr] 5s2 4d1Point de fusion
1521,85 °CPoint d’ébullition
3344,85 °CMasse volumique
4470 kg/m³États d’oxydation
0, +1, +2, +3Électronégativité (Pauling)
1,22Énergie d’ionisation (1re)
6,21726 eVAnnée de découverte
1794Rayon atomique
180 pmDétails
Yttrium is a silvery transition metal grouped with the rare-earth elements because it commonly occurs with lanthanides and forms predominantly trivalent cations. Its chemistry is close to the heavier lanthanides, especially holmium and erbium, rather than to scandium. Although not itself a lanthanide, yttrium is a key component of phosphors, ceramics, lasers, and high-temperature oxide materials.
Yttrium has a silver-metallic luster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400°C. Finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air.
The name derives from the Swedish village of Ytterby where the mineral gadolinite was found. In 1794, the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium in the mineral ytterbite, which was later renamed gadolinite for Gadolin. Gadolin originally called the element ytterbium after ytterbite. The name was subsequently shortened to yttrium, and later another element was given the name ytterbium.
Yttrium was discovered by Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10) in 1789. Gadolinite, which was named for Johan Gadolin, was discovered several years earlier in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden. Today, yttrium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.
Namded after Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm. Yttria earth containing yttrium was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusual minerals containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as well as yttrium.
In 1843 Mosander showed that yttira could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia.
Pure yttrium is a soft, silvery-white metal with a metallic luster. It is reasonably stable in dry air at room temperature because a thin oxide film forms, but finely divided metal is more reactive and can ignite when heated.
Yttrium is used mainly through its compounds and oxide ceramics. Yttrium oxide, Y₂O₃, is a host and stabilizer in red phosphors, optical ceramics, and refractory materials. Yttrium aluminum garnet, Y₃Al₅O₁₂, is the host crystal for Nd:YAG lasers. Yttria-stabilized zirconia is used in oxygen sensors, thermal-barrier coatings, and solid oxide fuel cells. Small additions of yttrium improve oxidation resistance and grain behavior in some alloys.
Although metallic yttrium is not widely used, several of its compounds are. Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) are both combined with europium to produce the red phosphor used in color televisions. Garnets made from yttrium and iron (Y3Fe5O12) are used as microwave filters in microwave communications equipment. Garnets made from yttrium and aluminum (Y3Al5O12) are used in jewelry as simulated diamond.
Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in making YVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application.
Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters.
Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond).
Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys.
Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of nuclear explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility.
Yttrium also can be used in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions.
It also has potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass.
Isotopes in Medicine
Carbon nanotubes (CNT), which are nano-scaled carbon tubes, are being examined in nanobiotechnology research studies because it has been discovered that CNTs labeled with 86Y (with a half-life of 0.6 day) are soluble when they are injected into mice. This discovery was made after mice were given an intravenous or intraperitoneal (directly into a body cavity) injection with the 86Y CNT and then were examined using positron emission tomography (PET) scans to observe whether the 86Y had been flushed from their systems. The PET scan determined that accumulation of 86Y occurred in the liver, kidney, and spleen with very rapid blood clearance. This has broad implications for developing drug treatments [303] M. R. McDevitt, D. Chattopadhyay, J. S. Jaggi, R. D. Finn, P. B. Zanzonico, C. Villa, D. Rey, J. Mendenhall, C. A. Batt, J. T. Njardarson, D. A. Scheinberg. PLoS One2, e907 (2007).. Radiomicrosphere therapy (RT) that uses 90Y (with a half-life of 64 h) microspheres is a proven therapy that helps treat hepatic (liver) cancer (Fig. IUPAC.39.1) [304] C. D. South, M. M. Meyer, G. Meis, E. Y. Kim, F. B. Thomas, A. A. Rikabi, H. Khabiri, M. Bloomston. World J. Surg. Oncol.6, 93 (2008).. 90Y is also used in radiosynovectomy to reduce joint pain [305] E. ‐C. Rodríguez‐Merchán, L. A. Valentino (Eds.), Current and Future Issues in Hemophilia Care, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2011)..
Yttrium most often occurs in the +3 oxidation state, forming colorless or white salts because Y³⁺ has no f electrons. Yttrium oxide, Y₂O₃, is basic and refractory, and yttrium fluoride, YF₃, is a stable, sparingly soluble fluoride. Yttrium chloride, YCl₃, and yttrium nitrate, Y(NO₃)₃, are common soluble laboratory precursors. Mixed oxides such as yttrium barium copper oxide, YBa₂Cu₃O₇−δ, are important in superconductivity, with properties strongly dependent on oxygen content.
See more information at the Yttrium compound page.
Massive yttrium metal has low acute toxicity, but metal dust is a fire hazard and can irritate the lungs or skin. Soluble yttrium salts can be harmful if inhaled or ingested in significant amounts, and insoluble dusts require ordinary industrial dust control. Radioisotope ⁹⁰Y is a strong beta emitter used medically; its hazard is isotope-specific and mainly radiological, not a property of stable natural yttrium.
Yttrium is dispersed in the crust and is usually associated with rare-earth minerals rather than concentrated in its own ores. It is relatively immobile under neutral to alkaline conditions because Y³⁺ hydrolyzes and binds to oxides, phosphates, and organic matter. Weathering can concentrate yttrium with heavy rare earths in ion-adsorption clays and lateritic deposits. No essential biological role is known.
Yttrium is produced as part of rare-earth mining and separation, not as an independent primary metal commodity. Important sources include xenotime, monazite, bastnäsite fractions, and heavy-rare-earth-rich ion-adsorption clays. Separation is difficult because yttrium tracks the heavy lanthanides chemically, so solvent extraction and ion-exchange processes are central to supply. Demand is tied to phosphors, ceramics, lasers, and stabilized zirconia, with substitution possible in some phosphor applications but harder in structural ceramic uses. Recycling is limited and mostly associated with specialized phosphor and electronic waste streams.
Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content.
It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques.
Yttrium is a trace element in the cosmos, made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar environments. In the Solar System it is far less abundant than iron-group elements but more abundant than many neighboring heavy elements. Its single stable isotope, ⁸⁹Y, makes extraterrestrial yttrium isotopically simple compared with many rare earths.
- Yttrium has only one stable isotope, ⁸⁹Y.
- It was named from Ytterby, the Swedish village linked to several rare-earth discoveries.
- Y³⁺ is diamagnetic, unlike many neighboring lanthanide ions.
- Yttrium is often counted with the heavy rare earths in mining and trade.
- Nd:YAG laser crystals contain yttrium in the host lattice, not as the lasing ion.
- Yttria-stabilized zirconia conducts oxide ions at high temperature.
Images
Propriétés
Propriétés physiques
- Rayon atomique (empirique)
- 180 pm Comparer : Rayon atomique (empirique) de tous les éléments →
- Rayon covalent
- 190 pm Comparer : Rayon covalent de tous les éléments →
- Rayon de van der Waals
- 219 pm Comparer : Rayon de van der Waals de tous les éléments →
- Rayon métallique
- 162 pm Comparer : Rayon métallique de tous les éléments →
- Masse volumique
- 4470 kg/m³ Comparer : Masse volumique de tous les éléments →
- Volume molaire
- 0,0198 L/mol
- Phase aux CNTP
- Solide Comparer : Phase aux CNTP de tous les éléments →
- Point de fusion
- 1521,85 °C Comparer : Point de fusion de tous les éléments →
- Point d’ébullition
- 3344,85 °C Comparer : Point d’ébullition de tous les éléments →
- Capacité thermique massique
- 0,298 J/(g·K) Comparer : Capacité thermique massique de tous les éléments →
- Capacité thermique molaire
- 26,53 J/(mol·K) Comparer : Capacité thermique molaire de tous les éléments →
- Structure cristalline
- Hexagonal compact Comparer : Structure cristalline de tous les éléments →
Propriétés chimiques
- Électronégativité (Pauling)
- 1,22 Comparer : Électronégativité (Pauling) de tous les éléments →
- Électronégativité (Allen)
- 1,12
- Affinité électronique
- 0,307 eV
- Énergie d’ionisation (1re)
- 6,21726 eV Comparer : Énergie d’ionisation (1re) de tous les éléments →
- Énergie d’ionisation (2e)
- 12,223642 eV Comparer : Énergie d’ionisation (2e) de tous les éléments →
- Énergie d’ionisation (3e)
- 20,524481 eV Comparer : Énergie d’ionisation (3e) de tous les éléments →
- Énergie d’ionisation (4e)
- 60,607409 eV Comparer : Énergie d’ionisation (4e) de tous les éléments →
- Énergie d’ionisation (5e)
- 75,350259 eV Comparer : Énergie d’ionisation (5e) de tous les éléments →
- États d’oxydation
- 0, +1, +2, +3 Comparer : États d’oxydation de tous les éléments →
- Électrons de valence
- 3 Comparer : Électrons de valence de tous les éléments →
- Configuration électronique
- [Kr] 5s2 4d1
Propriétés thermodynamiques
- Enthalpie de fusion
- 0,11836037 eV Comparer : Enthalpie de fusion de tous les éléments →
- Enthalpie de vaporisation
- 3,762243 eV Comparer : Enthalpie de vaporisation de tous les éléments →
- Enthalpie de sublimation
- 4,394465 eV
- Enthalpie d’atomisation
- 4,394465 eV
- Enthalpie d’atomisation
- 4,40172 eV
Propriétés nucléaires
- Protons
- 39 Comparer : Protons de tous les éléments →
- Neutrons
- 50 Comparer : Neutrons de tous les éléments →
- Isotopes connus
- 35 Comparer : Isotopes connus de tous les éléments →
- Isotopes stables
- 1 Comparer : Isotopes stables de tous les éléments →
- Isotope le plus stable
- Y-89
- Année de découverte
- 1794
Abondance
- Abondance (croûte terrestre)
- 33 mg/kg Comparer : Abondance (croûte terrestre) de tous les éléments →
- Abondance (océan)
- 1,3 × 10−5 mg/L Comparer : Abondance (océan) de tous les éléments →
Structure cristalline
- Paramètre de maille a
- 365 pm
Structure électronique
- Électrons par couche
- 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 Comparer : Électrons par couche de tous les éléments →
Identifiants
- Numéro CAS
- 7440-65-5 Comparer : Numéro CAS de tous les éléments →
- Symbole de terme
- 2D3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Y
- Clé InChI
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuration électronique Mesuré
Y: 4d¹ 5s²[Kr] 4d¹ 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹ 5s²Modèle atomique
Les isotopes diffèrent par leur nombre de neutrons, leur masse et leur stabilité — pas par la configuration électronique de l’atome neutre.
Modèle atomique schématique, non à l’échelle.
Empreinte atomique
Spectre d’émission / d’absorption
Distribution isotopique
| Nombre de masse | Masse atomique (u) | Abondance naturelle | Demi-vie |
|---|---|---|---|
| 89 Stable | 88,9058403 ± 0,0000024 | 100,0000% | Stable |
Phase / État
Explication: 1496,8 °C en dessous du point de fusion (1521,85 °C)
Schématique, non à l’échelle
Points de transition de phase
Énergies de transition
Énergie nécessaire pour faire fondre 1 mol au point de fusion
Énergie nécessaire pour vaporiser 1 mol au point d’ébullition
Énergie nécessaire pour sublimer 1 mol au point de sublimation
Masse volumique
Dans les conditions standard
Dans les conditions standard
Spectres atomiques
Affichage de 10 sur 39. Tri par charge ionique croissante.
Raies répertoriées ?
| Ion | Charge | Nombre total de raies | Probabilités de transition | Désignations des niveaux |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y I | 0 | 361 | 189 | 351 |
| Y II | +1 | 116 | 66 | 116 |
| Y III | +2 | 113 | 0 | 0 |
| Y IV | +3 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
| Y V | +4 | 632 | 632 | 632 |
| Y VII | +6 | 168 | 168 | 168 |
| Y VIII | +7 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
Niveaux répertoriés ?
| Ion | Charge | Niveaux |
|---|---|---|
| Y I | 0 | 194 |
| Y II | +1 | 249 |
| Y III | +2 | 51 |
| Y IV | +3 | 130 |
| Y V | +4 | 114 |
| Y VI | +5 | 2 |
| Y VII | +6 | 57 |
| Y VIII | +7 | 33 |
| Y IX | +8 | 2 |
| Y X | +9 | 2 |
Rayons ioniques
| Charge | Coordinence | Spin | Rayon |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | N/D | 90 pm |
| +3 | 7 | N/D | 96 pm |
| +3 | 8 | N/D | 101.89999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 9 | N/D | 107.5 pm |
Composés
Isotopes (1)
Natural yttrium contains one isotope, 89Y. Nineteen other unstable isotopes have been characterized.
| Nombre de masse | Masse atomique (u) | Abondance naturelle | Demi-vie | Mode de désintégration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 89 Stable | 88,9058403 ± 0,0000024 | 100,0000% | Stable | stable |
Raies spectrales
Affichage de 50 sur 266. Seules les raies spectrales dont l’intensité a été mesurée sont affichées par défaut.
| Longueur d’onde (nm) | Intensité | Degré d’ionisation | Type | Transition | Précision | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 410.23691 nm | 9900 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 407.735998 nm | 9400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 412.829876 nm | 8900 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 414.28358 nm | 7500 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 404.76281 nm | 2400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 416.750671 nm | 2400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 423.5934 nm | 2200 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 408.37033 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 417.41339 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 464.368813 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 467.48486 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 619.17183 nm | 1200 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 643.50036 nm | 1000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 403.982219 nm | 940 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 452.72342 nm | 890 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 483.9861 nm | 770 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 552.75472 nm | 740 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 546.6464 nm | 710 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 558.18694 nm | 620 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 563.01301 nm | 560 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 484.56655 nm | 550 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 450.59441 nm | 500 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 452.77815 nm | 440 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 476.09753 nm | 410 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 485.26766 nm | 410 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 485.98428 nm | 330 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 425.11994 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).5d e 4G | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 448.74634 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 550.3466 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 622.25784 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 543.82242 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 546.62434 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).6s e 4D | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 679.37029 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 524.08001 nm | 181 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d2.(1G).5p z 2H* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 447.69471 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 469.67994 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d2.(1D).5p w 2F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 479.92999 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 513.51993 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d2.(1G).5p z 2H* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 557.74153 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 2G* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 447.57178 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 472.8516 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.6s e 2S | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 478.68762 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d2.(3P).5p x 4D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 421.77985 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.(2D).5d e 2D | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 447.74436 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 475.2787 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3P).5p x 4D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 570.67133 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).6s e 4D | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 492.18769 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.6s e 2S | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 613.84349 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4D* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 668.75669 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* | Mesurée | NIST | |
| 465.37837 nm | 140 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d2.(3P).5p y 4P* | Mesurée | NIST |
Propriétés étendues
Rayons covalents (données étendues)
- Rayon covalent (Pyykkö)
- 163 pm
- Rayon covalent (Pyykkö, liaison double)
- 130 pm
- Rayon covalent (Pyykkö, liaison triple)
- 124 pm
Rayons de van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 240 pm
- Alvarez
- 275 pm
- UFF
- 334,5 pm
- MM3
- 271 pm
Rayons atomiques et métalliques
- Rayon atomique (Rahm)
- 274 pm
- Rayon métallique (C12)
- 180 pm
Échelles de numérotation
- Mendeleev
- 12
- Pettifor
- 19
- Glawe
- 21
Échelles d’électronégativité
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarisabilité et dispersion
- Polarisabilité dipolaire
- 162 a.u.
- Polarisabilité dipolaire (incertitude)
- 12 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2600 Ha·Bohr6
Affinité chimique
- Affinité protonique
- 967 kJ/mol
- Basicité en phase gazeuse
- 945,9 kJ/mol
Paramètres de Miedema
- Volume molaire de Miedema
- 19,9 cm3/mol
- Densité électronique de Miedema
- 2
Risque d’approvisionnement et économie
- Concentration de la production
- 97
- Risque relatif d’approvisionnement
- 10
- Répartition des réserves
- 50
- Stabilité politique (principal producteur)
- 24
- Stabilité politique (principal détenteur de réserves)
- 24
Transitions de phase et allotropes
| Point de fusion | 1795,15 K |
| Point d’ébullition | 3618,15 K |
Catégories d’états d’oxydation
Données de référence avancées
Constantes d’écran (10)
| n | Orbitale | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,8244 |
| 2 | p | 3,9968 |
| 2 | s | 10,3778 |
| 3 | d | 13,6029 |
| 3 | p | 15,9075 |
| 3 | s | 15,4485 |
| 4 | d | 23,0416 |
| 4 | p | 26,2544 |
| 4 | s | 24,7364 |
| 5 | s | 32,744 |
Détail des rayons cristallins (4)
| Charge | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 104 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 110 | ||
| 3 | VIII | 115,9 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 121,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
Modes de désintégration des isotopes (60)
| Isotope | Mode | Intensité |
|---|---|---|
| 75 | B+ | — |
| 75 | B+p | — |
| 75 | p | — |
| 76 | B+ | — |
| 76 | p | — |
| 76 | B+p | — |
| 77 | B+ | 100% |
| 77 | B+p | — |
| 77 | p | — |
| 78 | B+ | 100% |
Facteurs de diffusion des rayons X (619)
| Énergie (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2,26036 |
| 10,1617 | — | 2,25621 |
| 10,3261 | — | 2,25207 |
| 10,4931 | — | 2,24793 |
| 10,6628 | — | 2,2438 |
| 10,8353 | — | 2,23968 |
| 11,0105 | — | 2,23344 |
| 11,1886 | — | 2,21122 |
| 11,3696 | — | 2,18921 |
| 11,5535 | — | 2,16742 |
Données complémentaires
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.3×101 milligrams per kilogram
Références (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.3×10-5 milligrams per liter
Références (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content.
It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques.
Références (1)
- [6] Yttrium https://periodic.lanl.gov/39.shtml
Références
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Yttrium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.