Helium (He)
noble-gasGas
প্রমিত পারমাণবিক ওজন
4.002602 uইলেকট্রন বিন্যাস
1s2গলনাঙ্ক
-272.2 °Cস্ফুটনাঙ্ক
-268.93 °Cঘনত্ব
0.1785 kg/m³জারণ অবস্থা
0তড়িৎঋণাত্মকতা (পাউলিং)
তথ্য নেইআয়নীকরণ শক্তি (প্রথম)
24.587389 eVআবিষ্কারের বছর
1868পারমাণবিক ব্যাসার্ধ
120 pmবিস্তারিত
Helium is a noble gas and the second element in the periodic table. It is chemically inert under ordinary conditions because its 1s electron shell is filled, and it exists as monatomic He rather than as a molecule. Its low density, very low boiling point, high thermal conductivity, and nonflammability make it technologically important. On Earth it is uncommon in the atmosphere but can accumulate in some natural gas reservoirs through radioactive decay of uranium and thorium.
Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and is widely used in cryogenic research because its boiling point is close to absolute zero. Also, the element is vital in the study of super conductivity.
Using liquid helium, Kurti, co-workers and others have succeeded in obtaining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei.
Helium has other peculiar properties: It is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid down to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but will readily solidify by increasing the pressure. Solid 3He and 4He are unusual in that both can be changed in volume by more than 30% by applying pressure.
The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Containers filled with helium gas at 5 to 10 K should be treated as though they contained liquid helium due to the large increase in pressure resulting from warming the gas to room temperature.
While helium normally has a 0 valence, it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Means of preparing helium difluoride have been studied, and species such as HeNe and the molecular ions He+ and He++ have been investigated.
The name derives from the Greek helios for "sun". The element was discovered by spectroscopy during a solar eclipse in the sun's chromosphere by the French astronomer Pierre-Jules-Cesar Janssen in 1868. It was independently discovered and named helium by the English astronomer Joseph Norman Lockyer.
Helium was thought to be only a solar constituent until it was later found to be identical to the helium in the uranium ore cleveite by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay in 1895. The Swedish chemists Per Theodore Cleve and Nils Abraham Langet independently found helium in cleveite at about the same time.
Helium, the second most abundant element in the universe, was discovered on the sun before it was found on the earth. Pierre-Jules-César Janssen, a French astronomer, noticed a yellow line in the sun's spectrum while studying a total solar eclipse in 1868. Sir Norman Lockyer, an English astronomer, realized that this line, with a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers, could not be produced by any element known at the time. It was hypothesized that a new element on the sun was responsible for this mysterious yellow emission. This unknown element was named helium by Lockyer. The hunt to find helium on earth ended in 1895. Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, conducted an experiment with a mineral containing uranium called clevite. He exposed the clevite to mineral acids and collected the gases that were produced. He then sent a sample of these gases to two scientists, Lockyer and Sir William Crookes, who were able to identify the helium within it. Two Swedish chemists, Nils Langlet and Per Theodor Cleve, independently found helium in clevite at about the same time as Ramsay.
Helium makes up about 0.0005% of the earth's atmosphere. This trace amount of helium is not gravitationally bound to the earth and is constantly lost to space. The earth's atmospheric helium is replaced by the decay of radioactive elements in the earth's crust. Alpha decay, one type of radioactive decay, produces particles called alpha particles. An alpha particle can become a helium atom once it captures two electrons from its surroundings. This newly formed helium can eventually work its way to the atmosphere through cracks in the crust.
From the Greek word helios, the sun. Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum. Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element. In 1895 Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral cleveite while it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet at about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that alpha particles are helium nuclei.
Pure helium is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas at ordinary temperature and pressure. It liquefies only at very low temperature and does not freeze at normal pressure, remaining liquid down to absolute zero unless compressed. Liquid helium is clear and highly mobile.
Helium is used where an inert, light, and very cold fluid is needed. Liquid helium cools superconducting magnets in magnetic resonance imaging, particle accelerators, and low-temperature research. Gaseous helium is used as a shielding gas in specialized welding, as a leak-detection tracer, as a pressurizing and purging gas for rockets and cryogenic systems, and as a carrier gas in gas chromatography. Helium also fills balloons and airships when nonflammability is more important than lift efficiency. Helium-3 is used in neutron detection, cryogenic research, and some specialized physics experiments, but its supply is limited.
Helium is commercially recovered from natural gas deposits, mostly from Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. Helium gas is used to inflate blimps, scientific balloons and party balloons. It is used as an inert shield for arc welding, to pressurize the fuel tanks of liquid fueled rockets and in supersonic windtunnels. Helium is combined with oxygen to create a nitrogen free atmosphere for deep sea divers so that they will not suffer from a condition known as nitrogen narcosis. Liquid helium is an important cryogenic material and is used to study superconductivity and to create superconductive magnets. The Department of Energy's Jefferson Lab uses large amounts of liquid helium to operate its superconductive electron accelerator.
Helium is an inert gas and does not easily combine with other elements. There are no known compounds that contain helium, although attempts are being made to produce helium diflouride (HeF2).
▸ as an inert gas shield for arc welding;
▸ a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals and producing titanium and zirconium;
▸ as a cooling medium for nuclear reactors, and
▸ as a gas for supersonic wind tunnels.
A mixture of helium and oxygen is used as an artificial atmosphere for divers and others working under pressure. Different ratios of He and O2 are used for different diver operation depths.
Helium is extensively used for filling balloons as it is a much safer gas than hydrogen. One of the recent largest uses for helium has been for pressuring liquid fuel rockets. A Saturn booster, like the type used on the Apollo lunar missions, required about 13 million ft3 of helium for a firing, plus more for checkouts.
Liquid helium's use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to increase as the medical profession accepts and develops new uses for the equipment. This equipment has eliminated some need for exploratory surgery by accurately diagnosing patients. Another medical application uses MRE to determine (by blood analysis) whether a patient has any form of cancer.
Helium is also being used to advertise on blimps for various companies, including Goodyear. Other lifting gas applications are being developed by the Navy and Air Force to detect low-flying cruise missiles. Additionally, the Drug Enforcement Agency is using radar-equipped blimps to detect drug smugglers along the United States boarders. In addition, NASA is currently using helium-filled balloons to sample the atmosphere in Antarctica to determine what is depleting the ozone layer.
Isotopes in Geochronology
3He is a product of the radioactive decay of 3H (half-life of 12.31 years). The relative variations in the amount ratio n(3He)/n(3H) can be interpreted in terms of elapsed time. This has been especially useful in aquatic systems, including oceans, lakes, and aquifers, that received large inputs of 3H from precipitation following thermonuclear bomb test periods. 3H- 3He dating provides the elapsed time since a water mass became isolated from the atmosphere in the time range from the mid-1950s to the present. Such studies are important for establishing the sustainability of groundwater resources in shallow aquifers [27] D. K. Solomon, P. G. Cook. “3H and 3He”, in Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, P. G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston (2000)., [28] P. Schlosser, M. Stute, H. Dörr, C. Sonntag, K. O. Münnich. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.89, 353 (1988)..
4He is a product of radioactive decay in the uranium and thorium decay series. As a result, 4He concentration is used to estimate the relative ages of minerals and groundwater. In closed systems (systems that do not exchange matter with their surroundings), relative variations in the amount ratio n(4He)/n(U) can be interpreted in terms of elapsed time, although other processes can alter the distribution of helium, which is highly mobile in terrestrial environments [29] M. Ozima, F. A. Podosek. Noble Gas Geochemistry: 2nd Edition, p. 286, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2002)., [30] D. K. Solomon. “4He in groundwater”, in Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, P. G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston (2000)..
4He concentrations commonly increase along groundwater flow paths through a cumulative release from aquifer materials. This rate of accumulation is used to estimate the time since the groundwater was recharged at the surface. The 4He accumulation method of groundwater dating is typically used in deeper aquifers, where groundwater is relatively old and the 3H- 3He method cannot be used because of the relatively short half-life of 12.31 years for 3H [30] D. K. Solomon. “4He in groundwater”, in Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, P. G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston (2000)..
Isotopes in Industry
3He has a large absorption cross section for neutrons, which makes it especially useful for radioactivity detection [31] D. Kramer. Phys. Today63, 22 (2010)., [32] G. V. Jean. Advancing Hidden Nuclear Material Detection, National Defense Industrial Association (2014), Feb. 28; http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2010/December/Pages/AdvancingHiddenNuclearMaterialDetection.aspx.. In this application, neutrons produced by the radioactive decay of elements, such as uranium and plutonium, enter the detector, where the reaction 3He (n, p) 3H produces 1H and 3H atoms. This induces further collisions and the release of electrons, which interact with charged surfaces to generate an electric current. Large amounts of 3He are used to produce neutron detectors in portal monitors for detecting illicit radioactive materials at ports, border crossings, and airports (Fig. IUPAC.2.1). Unfortunately, the isotope 3He is rare and there is a need to incorporate alternative gases for use in neutron detectors. 3He neutron detectors are also used in devices that determine the proportions of water, oil, and gas in wells drilled for energy production. Other important uses of 3He include lasers, gyroscopes used for missile stability and guidance, and cryogenic research (ultra-low temperature, less than 1 K).
The global supply of 3He available for research and practical applications has become severely limited in recent years, such that prices have increased substantially and some uses have been curtailed [31] D. Kramer. Phys. Today63, 22 (2010)., [32] G. V. Jean. Advancing Hidden Nuclear Material Detection, National Defense Industrial Association (2014), Feb. 28; http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2010/December/Pages/AdvancingHiddenNuclearMaterialDetection.aspx.. A major source of 3He is from nuclear weapons containing 3H, recovered when the warheads are reconditioned or dismantled. 3He accumulates in such devices as a radiogenic product of 3H decay. The annual supply of new 3He has decreased with reductions in nuclear arsenals.
Isotopes in Medicine
3He is used as an inhalant to improve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lungs [34] M. Ebert, T. Grossmann, W. Heil, E. W. Otten, R. Surkau, M. Thelen, M. Leduc, P. Bachert, M. V. Knopp, L. R. Schad. Lancet347, 1297 (1996)..
Helium has no stable neutral compounds under ordinary chemical conditions. Its closed-shell atom has an extremely high ionization energy and very low polarizability, so conventional covalent or ionic chemistry is absent. Excited helium can form transient species such as the helium dimer ion He₂⁺ and excimers in plasmas. Under high pressure, helium can enter crystalline inclusion compounds and van der Waals solids; sodium helide, often written Na₂He, has been reported as a high-pressure electride rather than a normal valence compound. These phases are not examples of everyday helium chemistry.
See more information at the Helium compound page.
Helium is not toxic and is not flammable, but it can displace oxygen in confined spaces and cause asphyxiation without warning. Compressed helium cylinders present mechanical hazards if mishandled. Liquid helium can cause severe cold burns and can rapidly expand to large gas volumes, creating pressure and oxygen-deficiency risks. Inhalation to alter the voice is dangerous because it can deprive the body of oxygen or cause pressure injury from cylinders.
Most terrestrial helium is produced by alpha decay in rocks; alpha particles become helium nuclei and then neutral atoms. Because helium is light and unreactive, it migrates through rocks, dissolves only weakly in water, and eventually escapes from the atmosphere to space. Commercially recoverable accumulations require suitable source rocks and trapping structures, often associated with natural gas fields. Helium has no known biological requirement and little direct chemical ecological effect.
Helium is recovered chiefly as a by-product from natural gas streams that contain unusually high helium concentrations. Separation commonly uses cryogenic processing, pressure-swing adsorption, or membrane methods after removal of major gases. Supply is constrained by geology, gas-field development, purification capacity, storage, and transport of either compressed gas or cryogenic liquid. Demand is led by cryogenics, especially superconducting magnets, with additional use in leak detection, analytical instrumentation, welding, and aerospace systems. Recycling is technically valuable in laboratories and large facilities but is not universal, because capture and reliquefaction require specialized equipment.
Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found in the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas. In fact, all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium.
It has been detected spectroscopically in great abundance, especially in the hotter stars, and it is an important component in both the proton-proton reaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars.
The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. While it is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product, the bulk of the Free World's supply is obtained from wells in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Outside the United States, the only known helium extraction plants, in 1984 were in Eastern Europe (Poland), the USSR, and a few in India.
Helium is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. Most ⁴He was formed during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and more is produced by hydrogen fusion in stars. It is a major constituent of the Sun and gas giant planets. On rocky planets, atmospheric helium is usually depleted because neutral helium can escape gravitationally over geologic time.
- Helium was first identified in the solar spectrum before it was isolated on Earth.
- At normal pressure, helium is the only element that does not solidify by cooling alone.
- Liquid ⁴He becomes a superfluid below the lambda point near 2.17 K.
- Helium has a negative Joule-Thomson coefficient above its inversion temperature, so it can warm during throttling at the
ছবি
ধর্ম
ভৌত
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- ঘনত্ব
- 0.1785 kg/m³ সব মৌলের ঘনত্ব তুলনা করুন →
- মোলার আয়তন
- 0.0318 L/mol
- STP-তে দশা
- গ্যাস সব মৌলের STP-তে দশা তুলনা করুন →
- গলনাঙ্ক
- -272.2 °C সব মৌলের গলনাঙ্ক তুলনা করুন →
- স্ফুটনাঙ্ক
- -268.93 °C সব মৌলের স্ফুটনাঙ্ক তুলনা করুন →
- তাপ পরিবাহিতা
- 0.152 W/(m·K) সব মৌলের তাপ পরিবাহিতা তুলনা করুন →
- আপেক্ষিক তাপধারণ ক্ষমতা
- 5.193 J/(g·K) সব মৌলের আপেক্ষিক তাপধারণ ক্ষমতা তুলনা করুন →
- মোলার তাপধারণ ক্ষমতা
- 20.786 J/(mol·K) সব মৌলের মোলার তাপধারণ ক্ষমতা তুলনা করুন →
- স্ফটিক গঠন
- ষড়ভুজীয় ঘনসন্নিবিষ্ট সব মৌলের স্ফটিক গঠন তুলনা করুন →
রাসায়নিক
- তড়িৎঋণাত্মকতা (অ্যালেন)
- 4.16
- ইলেকট্রন আসক্তি
- -0.5 eV (নেতিবাচক মান — পরমাণুর অতিরিক্ত ইলেকট্রন আবদ্ধ করবে বলে পূর্বাভাস নেই)
- আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (প্রথম)
- 24.587389 eV সব মৌলের আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (প্রথম) তুলনা করুন →
- আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (দ্বিতীয়)
- 54.417953 eV সব মৌলের আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (দ্বিতীয়) তুলনা করুন →
- জারণ অবস্থা
- 0 সব মৌলের জারণ অবস্থা তুলনা করুন →
- যোজ্যতা ইলেকট্রন
- 2 সব মৌলের যোজ্যতা ইলেকট্রন তুলনা করুন →
- ইলেকট্রন বিন্যাস
- 1s2
তাপগতীয়
- ত্রৈধ বিন্দু (তাপমাত্রা)
- -270.973 °C
- ত্রৈধ বিন্দু (চাপ)
- 5043 Pa
- সংকট বিন্দু (তাপমাত্রা)
- -267.955 °C
- সংকট বিন্দু (চাপ)
- 2.2746e+5 Pa
- গলন তাপ
- 1.430274e-4 eV সব মৌলের গলন তাপ তুলনা করুন →
- বাষ্পীভবন তাপ
- 8.291444e-4 eV সব মৌলের বাষ্পীভবন তাপ তুলনা করুন →
- পরমাণুকরণ তাপ
- 0 eV
নিউক্লীয়
- প্রোটন
- 2 সব মৌলের প্রোটন তুলনা করুন →
- নিউট্রন
- 2 সব মৌলের নিউট্রন তুলনা করুন →
- পরিচিত আইসোটোপ
- 8 সব মৌলের পরিচিত আইসোটোপ তুলনা করুন →
- স্থিতিশীল আইসোটোপ
- 2 সব মৌলের স্থিতিশীল আইসোটোপ তুলনা করুন →
- সবচেয়ে স্থিতিশীল আইসোটোপ
- He-4
- আবিষ্কারের বছর
- 1868
প্রাচুর্য
- প্রাচুর্য (ভূত্বক)
- 0.008 mg/kg সব মৌলের প্রাচুর্য (ভূত্বক) তুলনা করুন →
- প্রাচুর্য (মহাসাগর)
- 7 × 10−6 mg/L সব মৌলের প্রাচুর্য (মহাসাগর) তুলনা করুন →
স্ফটিক গঠন
- জালক ধ্রুবক a
- 357 pm
ইলেকট্রনীয় গঠন
- প্রতি শক্তিস্তরে ইলেকট্রন
- 2 সব মৌলের প্রতি শক্তিস্তরে ইলেকট্রন তুলনা করুন →
শনাক্তকারী
- CAS নম্বর
- 7440-59-7 সব মৌলের CAS নম্বর তুলনা করুন →
- টার্ম প্রতীক
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/He
- InChI Key
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
ইলেকট্রন বিন্যাস পরিমাপকৃত
He: 1s²1s²1s²পারমাণবিক মডেল
আইসোটোপভেদে নিউট্রনের সংখ্যা, ভর ও স্থিতিশীলতা পরিবর্তিত হয় — নিরপেক্ষ পরমাণুর ইলেকট্রন বিন্যাস নয়।
পারমাণবিক মডেলের রূপরেখা, প্রকৃত অনুপাতে নয়।
পারমাণবিক স্বতন্ত্র পরিচয়চিহ্ন
নিঃসরণ / শোষণ বর্ণালি
আইসোটোপের বণ্টন
| ভরসংখ্যা | পারমাণবিক ভর (u) | প্রাকৃতিক প্রাচুর্য | অর্ধায়ু |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 স্থিতিশীল | ৩.০১৬০২৯৩২০১ ± ০.০০০০০০০০২৫ | 0.0001% | স্থিতিশীল |
| 4 স্থিতিশীল | ৪.০০২৬০৩২৫৪১৩ ± ০.০০০০০০০০০০৬ | 99.9999% | স্থিতিশীল |
দশা / অবস্থা
কারণ: স্ফুটনাঙ্কের (-268.93 °C) চেয়ে 293.9 °C বেশি
রূপরেখামূলক, প্রকৃত অনুপাতে নয়
দশান্তর বিন্দু
দশান্তর শক্তি
গলনাঙ্কে 1 mol গলাতে প্রয়োজনীয় শক্তি
স্ফুটনাঙ্কে 1 mol বাষ্পীভূত করতে প্রয়োজনীয় শক্তি
ঘনত্ব
প্রমিত শর্তে
বর্তমান T-তে আদর্শ গ্যাস সূত্রের মাধ্যমে আনুমানিক নির্ণীত
উন্নত
পারমাণবিক বর্ণালি
সংরক্ষিত বর্ণালিরেখার তথ্য ?
| আয়ন | আধান | মোট রেখা | অবস্থান্তরের সম্ভাবনা | স্তরের নির্দেশক |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3He I আইসোটোপ | 0 | 2289 | 0 | 2289 |
| He I | 0 | 2300 | 2289 | 2300 |
| He II | +1 | 140 | 140 | 140 |
| 3He II আইসোটোপ | +1 | 140 | 140 | 140 |
সংরক্ষিত শক্তিস্তর তথ্য ?
| আয়ন | আধান | স্তর |
|---|---|---|
| 3He I আইসোটোপ | 0 | 188 |
| He I | 0 | 843 |
| He II | +1 | 149 |
| 3He II আইসোটোপ | +1 | 149 |
যৌগ
আইসোটোপ (2)
Seven isotopes of helium are known: Liquid helium (He-4) exists in two forms: He-4I and He-4II, with a sharp transition point at 2.174K. He-4I (above this temperature) is a normal liquid, but He-4II (below it) is unlike any other known substance. It expands on cooling, its conductivity for heat is enormous, and neither its heat conduction nor viscosity obeys normal rules.
| ভরসংখ্যা | পারমাণবিক ভর (u) | প্রাকৃতিক প্রাচুর্য | অর্ধায়ু | ক্ষয়প্রণালি | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 স্থিতিশীল | ৩.০১৬০২৯৩২০১ ± ০.০০০০০০০০২৫ | 0.0001% ± 0.0000% | স্থিতিশীল | stable | |
| 4 স্থিতিশীল | ৪.০০২৬০৩২৫৪১৩ ± ০.০০০০০০০০০০৬ | 99.9999% ± 0.0000% | স্থিতিশীল | stable |
বর্ণালিরেখা
| তরঙ্গদৈর্ঘ্য (nm) | তীব্রতা | আয়নীকরণ পর্যায় | ধরন | অবস্থান্তর | নির্ভুলতা | উৎস | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 381.9601975 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 381.9602773 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 381.9602828 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 381.9613129 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 381.9613927 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 381.975731 nm | 1 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 383.3548713 nm | 0 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.10d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 383.8100125 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.10s 1S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 386.7472343 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 386.7483778 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 386.7631595 nm | 1 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 387.1786406 nm | 1 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.9d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 387.8176858 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.9s 1S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 388.8604644 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.3p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 388.864559 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.3p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 388.8648915 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.3p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 392.6544387 nm | 1 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.8d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 393.5945223 nm | 0 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.8s 1S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 396.4728829 nm | 20 | He I | emission | 1s.2s 1S → 1s.4p 1P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 397.2015454 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2s 1S → 1s.4d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 400.9256516 nm | 1 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.7d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 402.3979795 nm | 1 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.7s 1S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 402.6184368 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 402.6185901 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 402.6186005 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 402.619676 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 402.6198294 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 402.6356959 nm | 5 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.5d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 412.0810765 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.5s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 412.0823747 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.5s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 412.0991564 nm | 2 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.5s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 414.1332157 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.6p 1P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 414.3759059 nm | 3 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.6d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 416.8971512 nm | 1 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.6s 1S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 438.3278555 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.5p 1P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 438.7929143 nm | 10 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.5d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 443.7553428 nm | 3 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.5s 1S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 447.1470373 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 447.1474077 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 447.1474317 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 447.1485658 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 447.1489362 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 447.1683251 nm | 25 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.537685 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3p 2P* → 4d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.5407226 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3s 2S → 4p 2P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.5524404 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3p 2P* → 4s 2S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.5568006 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3s 2S → 4p 2P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.570385 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3d 2D → 4f 2F* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.570438 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3p 2P* → 4d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.575708 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3d 2D → 4p 2P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.5757975 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3p 2P* → 4d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.5804092 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3d 2D → 4f 2F* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.583089 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3d 2D → 4f 2F* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.5884123 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3d 2D → 4p 2P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.5905553 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3p 2P* → 4s 2S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 468.5917885 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 3d 2D → 4p 2P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 471.3139173 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 471.3156155 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 471.3375684 nm | 4 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 491.074748 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.4p 1P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 492.0612726 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.4f 1F* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 492.1931036 nm | 20 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.4d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 501.567801 nm | 100 | He I | emission | 1s.2s 1S → 1s.3p 1P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 504.208749 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2s 1S → 1s.3d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 504.773857 nm | 10 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.4s 1S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 587.443388 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 587.446026 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 587.559871 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 587.561397 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 587.561484 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 587.56251 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 587.564036 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 587.596628 nm | 100 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 655.976872 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4p 2P* → 6d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 655.979395 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4s 2S → 6p 2P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 655.98544 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4p 2P* → 6s 2S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 655.988733 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4s 2S → 6p 2P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.005227 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4d 2D → 6f 2F* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.005274 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4p 2P* → 6d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.008318 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4d 2D → 6p 2P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.008387 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4p 2P* → 6d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.01416 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4f 2F* → 6g 2G | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.014176 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4d 2D → 6f 2F* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.015708 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4f 2F* → 6d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.015732 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4d 2D → 6f 2F* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.016955 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4p 2P* → 6s 2S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.017657 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4d 2D → 6p 2P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.018478 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4f 2F* → 6g 2G | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.01882 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4f 2F* → 6d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.018823 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4d 2D → 6p 2P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.019412 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4f 2F* → 6g 2G | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 656.02096 nm | তথ্য নেই | He II | emission | 4f 2F* → 6d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 663.190187 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.3p 1P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 667.815174 nm | 100 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.3d 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 667.967687 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.3d 3D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 706.517716 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 706.521532 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 706.570863 nm | 30 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 3P* → 1s.3s 3S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 716.055563 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.3s 3S → 1s.10p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 716.055907 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.3s 3S → 1s.10p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 716.055935 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.3s 3S → 1s.10p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 728.13508 nm | 50 | He I | emission | 1s.2p 1P* → 1s.3s 1S | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 729.803204 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.3s 3S → 1s.9p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 729.803696 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.3s 3S → 1s.9p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 729.803736 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.3s 3S → 1s.9p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 749.984714 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.3s 3S → 1s.8p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 749.985457 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.3s 3S → 1s.8p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 749.985518 nm | তথ্য নেই | He I | emission | 1s.3s 3S → 1s.8p 3P* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST |
বিস্তৃত ধর্ম
সমযোজী ব্যাসার্ধ (বিস্তৃত)
- সমযোজী ব্যাসার্ধ (পিউক্কো)
- 46 pm
ভ্যান ডার ওয়ালস ব্যাসার্ধ
- Bondi
- 140 pm
- Alvarez
- 143 pm
- UFF
- 236.2 pm
- MM3
- 153 pm
পারমাণবিক ও ধাতব ব্যাসার্ধ
- পারমাণবিক ব্যাসার্ধ (রাম)
- 134 pm
- ধাতব ব্যাসার্ধ (C12)
- 122 pm
সংখ্যায়ন স্কেল
- Mendeleev
- 112
- Pettifor
- 1
- Glawe
- 1
তড়িৎঋণাত্মকতার স্কেল
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 8
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 8
মেরুকরণযোগ্যতা ও বিচ্ছুরণ
- দ্বিমেরু মেরুকরণযোগ্যতা
- 1.3838 a.u.
- দ্বিমেরু মেরুকরণযোগ্যতা (অনিশ্চয়তা)
- 0 a.u.
- C₆
- 1.42 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1.47 Ha·Bohr6
রাসায়নিক আসক্তি
- প্রোটন আসক্তি
- 177.8 kJ/mol
- গ্যাসীয় ক্ষারকত্ব
- 148.5 kJ/mol
সরবরাহের ঝুঁকি ও অর্থনীতি
- উৎপাদনের কেন্দ্রীভবন
- 22
- আপেক্ষিক সরবরাহের ঝুঁকি
- 7
- মজুতের বণ্টন
- 21
- রাজনৈতিক স্থিতিশীলতা (শীর্ষ উৎপাদক)
- 57
- রাজনৈতিক স্থিতিশীলতা (সর্বাধিক মজুতধারী)
- 57
নিষ্ক্রিয় গ্যাসের ধর্ম
দশান্তর ও রূপভেদ
| স্ফুটনাঙ্ক | 4.22 K |
| সংকট বিন্দু (তাপমাত্রা) | 5.19 K |
| সংকট বিন্দু (চাপ) | 0.23 MPa |
| ত্রৈধ বিন্দু (তাপমাত্রা) | 2.18 K |
| ত্রৈধ বিন্দু (চাপ) | 5.04 kPa |
উন্নত তথ্যসূত্রের উপাত্ত
আচ্ছাদন ধ্রুবক (1)
| n | অরবিটাল | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3125 |
আইসোটোপের ক্ষয়প্রণালি (9)
| আইসোটোপ | মোড | তীব্রতা |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | n | 100% |
| 6 | B- | 100% |
| 6 | B-d | 0% |
| 7 | n | 100% |
| 8 | B- | 100% |
| 8 | B-n | 16% |
| 8 | B-t | 0.9% |
| 9 | n | 100% |
| 10 | 2n | 100% |
এক্স-রে বিক্ষেপণ গুণক (501)
| শক্তি (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0 |
অতিরিক্ত তথ্য
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
তথ্যসূত্র (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
7×10-6 milligrams per liter
তথ্যসূত্র (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found in the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas. In fact, all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium.
It has been detected spectroscopically in great abundance, especially in the hotter stars, and it is an important component in both the proton-proton reaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars.
The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. While it is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product, the bulk of the Free World's supply is obtained from wells in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Outside the United States, the only known helium extraction plants, in 1984 were in Eastern Europe (Poland), the USSR, and a few in India.
তথ্যসূত্র (1)
- [6] Helium https://periodic.lanl.gov/2.shtml
তথ্যসূত্র
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Helium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.