Neptunium (Np)
actinideSolid
标准原子量
[237]电子排布
[Rn] 7s2 5f4 6d1熔点
643.85 °C沸点
3901.85 °C密度
2.025e+4 kg/m³氧化态
+2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7电负性（鲍林）
1.36第一电离能
6.265608 eV发现年份
1940原子半径
175 pm详细信息
Neptunium is a radioactive actinide and the first transuranium element. It is produced mainly by neutron reactions involving uranium in nuclear reactors and occurs naturally only in minute amounts from neutron capture and decay processes in uranium ores. Its chemistry bridges uranium and plutonium, with several accessible oxidation states in solution. The isotope ²³⁷Np is the most important for handling and study because of its long half-life and availability as a reactor by-product.
Neptunium metal buttons (photo courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
Neptunium was first produced by Edwin M. McMillian and Philip H. Abelson, working at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1940. They produced neptunium-239, an isotope of neptunium with a half-life of about 2.4 days, by bombarding uranium with slow moving neutrons.
Named for the planet Neptune (named after the Roman god of the sea), the next planet out from the Sun after Uranus. There were many early false reports of the discovery of neptunium. The most significant was by Enrico Fermi who believed that bombarding uranium with neutrons followed by beta decay would lead to the formation of element 93. In 1934, he bombarded uranium atoms with neutrons and reported that he had produced elements 93 and 94. As it turned out, Fermi had actually fissioned or split uranium atoms into many fragment radioisotopes. The explanation and announcement of the discovery of fission was later published by Hahn and Strassman, although it was their co-worker Lisa Meitner who had correctly interpreted the results of the experiments. In 1940, with excitement about fission reaching the University of California at Berkeley, Professor Edwin McMillan and graduate student Philip Abelson bombarded uranium with cyclotron-produced moderated (slow) neutrons, resulting not in “fission” but "fusion" of the reactants forming the new element 93, which they named "neptunium":
23892U + 10n → 23992U → 23993Np + β-
Neptunium-239 was the first transuranium element produced synthetically and the first actinide series transuranium element discovered. This isotope has a beta-decay half-life of 2.3565 days, which forms daughter product plutonium-239 with a half-life of 24,000 years.
Metallic neptunium has been prepared in visible quantities. Fresh metal is silvery, dense, and chemically reactive, but it tarnishes in air as oxide layers form. It has several solid allotropes, and bulk physical measurements are limited by radioactivity, scarcity, and self-heating.
Neptunium has no broad commercial use as an element. ²³⁷Np is used in research on actinide chemistry, nuclear fuel cycles, and long-lived radioactive waste behavior. It is also the principal target material for producing ²³⁸Pu by neutron irradiation; ²³⁸Pu is then used in radioisotope heat sources and power systems. Small quantities of neptunium compounds have been used as analytical standards and in radiochemical method development.
Neptunium's most stable isotope, neptunium-237, has a half-life of about 2,144,000 years. It decays into protactinium-233 through alpha decay. Neptunium-237, which is produced in gram quantities as a by-product of the production of plutonium in nuclear reactors, is used in neutron detectors.
Once considered to be completely artificial, extremely small amounts of neptunium are produced naturally in uranium ores through the interaction of atoms of uranium in the ore with neutrons produced by the decay of other atoms of uranium in the ore.
Isotopes in Industry
237Np (with a half-life of 2.14×106 years) is fissionable, meaning that neptunium can be bombarded with neutrons and, as a result, create more neutrons that are free to interact with nearby material and can be used in fast neutron reactors or in nuclear weapons (Fig. IUPAC.93.1) [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf., [603] P. Weiss. Science News.162, 259 (2002)., [604] T. Kenna. J. Anal. At. Spectrom.17, 1471 (2002).. 237Np is used in neutron detection instruments [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
237Np is used in the production of 238Pu (with a half-life of 87.7 years), which is an emitter of alpha particles used in thermoelectric generators and radioisotope-heater units. When 237Np captures a neutron, it becomes 238Np, with a half-life of 2.117 days, which decays to 238Pu [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf..
Neptunium forms compounds in oxidation states from +3 to +7, with +4, +5, and +6 especially important in aqueous chemistry. The neptunyl ion NpO₂⁺ is a characteristic +5 species and is often relatively mobile in oxidizing waters, while NpO₂²⁺ represents +6 chemistry. Neptunium dioxide NpO₂ is a stable refractory oxide and an important solid phase. Halides such as neptunium tetrachloride NpCl₄ and neptunium hexafluoride NpF₆ illustrate the element’s actinide-like coordination and redox behavior.
See more information at the Neptunium compound page.
All neptunium isotopes are radioactive, and hazards depend strongly on isotope, chemical form, and exposure route. ²³⁷Np emits mainly alpha radiation with associated gamma emissions from decay products, so ingestion, inhalation, or contamination of wounds is the principal concern. Finely divided metal and soluble compounds require strict radiological containment. External dose rates can be significant for some samples because of accompanying gamma-emitting impurities or daughters.
Natural neptunium is extremely scarce, but anthropogenic neptunium occurs in spent nuclear fuel, reprocessing wastes, and fallout residues. Environmental behavior is controlled by oxidation state, complexation, mineral sorption, and reducing conditions. Np(V) as NpO₂⁺ can migrate more readily than many tetravalent actinides, whereas Np(IV) tends to form less soluble solids or strongly sorbed species. Its long half-life makes it important in repository performance assessments.
Neptunium is not traded as a commodity and has no ordinary industrial supply chain. Recoverable ²³⁷Np is generated as a by-product in irradiated uranium fuel and can be separated only in specialized nuclear facilities under heavy regulation. Demand is small and centered on research inventories and on target preparation for ²³⁸Pu production. Costs are dominated by radiochemical separation, safeguards, licensing, waste management, and secure storage rather than by ore mining or conventional refining.
Produced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons.
Neptunium has no stable isotopes, so any primordial neptunium has decayed away. It can be formed in trace amounts by neutron capture in uranium-bearing materials and in nuclear explosions or reactors, and transient neptunium isotopes may occur in astrophysical rapid neutron-capture processes. Its extraterrestrial abundance is effectively negligible compared with long-lived actinides such as uranium and thorium.
- Neptunium was named after Neptune, following uranium’s naming after Uranus.
- ²³⁷Np has a half-life of about 2.14 million years.
- Neptunium was the first element beyond uranium to be identified.
- NpF₆ is volatile, a property relevant to actinide fluoride chemistry.
- The common aqueous Np(V) ion is linear neptunyl, NpO₂⁺.
- Separated neptunium metal darkens on exposure to air.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 175 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 190 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 221 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 密度
- 2.025 × 104 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0211 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 643.85 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 3901.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 晶体结构
- 正交 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 1.36 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电子亲和能
- 0.48 eV
- 第一电离能
- 6.265608 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 11.50004 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 19.700068 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 33.800116 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 48.000165 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 3 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Rn] 7s2 5f4 6d1
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.10364305 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 3.482407 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 4.33228 eV
- 原子化热
- 4.33228 eV
- 原子化焓
- 4.817329 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 93 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 144 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 27 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 0 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 质量数（最稳定同位素）
- 237
- 最稳定同位素
- Np-237
- 发现年份
- 1940
丰度
暂无
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 472 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7439-99-8 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 6L11/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Np
- InChI Key
- LFNLGNPSGWYGGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Np: 5f⁴ 6d¹ 7s²[Rn] 5f⁴ 6d¹ 7s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶ 5f⁴ 6d¹ 7s²原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
无稳定同位素。
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 219 放射性 | 219.03143 ± 0.00021 | 暂无 | 570 us |
| 227 放射性 | 227.034957 ± 0.000078 | 暂无 | 510 ms |
| 222 放射性 | 222.0333 ± 0.00021 | 暂无 | 480 ns |
| 235 放射性 | 235.0440635 ± 0.0000021 | 暂无 | 396.1 天 |
| 236 放射性 | 236.04657 ± 0.000054 | 暂无 | 153 ky |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（643.85 °C）618.9 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共93项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Np I | 0 | 2 |
| Np II | +1 | 2 |
| Np III | +2 | 2 |
| Np IV | +3 | 2 |
| Np V | +4 | 2 |
| Np VI | +5 | 2 |
| Np VII | +6 | 2 |
| Np VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Np IX | +8 | 2 |
| Np X | +9 | 2 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | 暂无 | 110.00000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 6 | 暂无 | 101 pm |
| +3 | 9 | 暂无 | 117.8 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 暂无 | 87 pm |
| +4 | 8 | 暂无 | 98 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 暂无 | 75 pm |
| +6 | 6 | 暂无 | 72 pm |
| +7 | 6 | 暂无 | 71 pm |
化合物
同位素 (5)
There are 25 known radioactive isotopes of neptunium ranging in atomic weights from 225 to 244 with 5 of those as metastable isotopes. The most stable are Np-237 with a half-life of 2.14 million years; Np-236 with a half-life of 154,000 years; and Np-235 with a half-life of 396 days. All of the remaining isotopes have half-lives less than 4.5 days, with most less than 50 minutes. The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than 237Np is by electron capture with a great deal of alpha emission. The products are mostly isotopes of uranium. The primary decay mode for Np-237 is by alpha-decay forming protactinium. The primary decay mode for the isotopes heavier than Np-237 is by beta-decay, forming plutonium. Neptunium-237, after decaying to protactinium then to uranium, eventually decays to form bismuth-209 and thallium-205. Unlike most other common heavy nuclei which decay to make isotopes of lead this decay chain is known as the neptunium series.
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 219 放射性 | 219.03143 ± 0.00021 | 暂无 | 570 us | α =100% | |
| 227 放射性 | 227.034957 ± 0.000078 | 暂无 | 510 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 222 放射性 | 222.0333 ± 0.00021 | 暂无 | 480 ns | α =100% | |
| 235 放射性 | 235.0440635 ± 0.0000021 | 暂无 | 396.1 天 | ε =99.99740±1.3%α =0.00260±1.3% | |
| 236 放射性 | 236.04657 ± 0.000054 | 暂无 | 153 ky | ε =86.3±0.8%β- =13.5±0.8%α =0.16±0.4% |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 171 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 136 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 116 pm
范德华半径
- Alvarez
- 282 pm
- UFF
- 342.4 pm
- MM3
- 252 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 281 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 22
- Pettifor
- 44
- Glawe
- 37
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 151 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 20 a.u.
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 917.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
晶体半径详情 (8)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 124 | ||
| 3 | VI | 115 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VI | 101 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VIII | 112 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 89 | ||
| 6 | VI | 86 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 7 | VI | 85 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 3 | IX | — | 131.8 |
同位素衰变方式 (44)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 219 | A | 100% |
| 220 | A | 100% |
| 221 | A | — |
| 222 | A | 100% |
| 223 | A | 100% |
| 224 | A | 100% |
| 225 | A | 100% |
| 225 | B+ | — |
| 226 | A | 100% |
| 226 | B+ | — |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Neptunium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele093.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Neptunium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele093.html
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Neptunium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.