Bismuth (Bi)
post-transition-metalSolid
标准原子量
208.9804 u电子排布
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3熔点
271.4 °C沸点
1563.85 °C密度
9807 kg/m³氧化态
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5电负性（鲍林）
2.02第一电离能
7.285516 eV发现年份
1753原子半径
160 pm详细信息
Bismuth is a heavy post-transition metal and the heaviest element with a primordial isotope that is effectively stable on human timescales. Natural bismuth is almost entirely ²⁰⁹Bi, now known to be very weakly radioactive by alpha decay. It has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal, low thermal conductivity, a low melting point, and a strong tendency to form +3 compounds. These traits make it useful where lead, cadmium, or mercury are undesirable.
It is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs in a native state. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field).
The name derives from the German weisse masse for "white mass" from the colour of its oxides. The ancients did not distinguish bismuth from lead. The French chemist Claude-Francois Geoffroy showed that bismuth was distinct from lead in 1753.
Bismuth, which has been known since ancient times, was often confused with lead and tin. Bismuth was first shown to be a distinct element in 1753 by Claude Geoffroy the Younger. Bismuth does occur free in nature and in such minerals as bismuthinite (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). The largest deposits of bismuth are found in Bolivia, although bismuth is usually obtained as a by-product of mining and refining lead, copper, tin, silver and gold.
From the German Weisse Masse, meaning white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753.
Pure bismuth is a brittle, crystalline metal with a silvery white surface that often shows a pinkish tint. Fresh crystals readily develop iridescent oxide films. It expands on solidifying, a behavior shared by few common elements.
Bismuth is used in low-melting alloys for fire-sprinkler links, fuses, solders, and precision casting. It is a common lead substitute in some free-machining metals, shot, fishing weights, and plumbing-related solders. Bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and catalysts. Bismuth subsalicylate, C₇H₅BiO₄, is a long-established gastrointestinal medicine, and bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl, gives pearly effects in cosmetic formulations.
Pure bismuth is a white, brittle metal with a slight pink color. Bismuth is usually mixed with other metals, such as lead, tin, iron or cadmium to form low-melting alloys. These alloys are used in such things as automatic fire sprinkler systems, fire detection systems and electrical fuses.
Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), a bismuth compound, is used as a yellow pigment in paints and cosmetics. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is used to make a pigment known as bismuth white. Bismuth carbonate (Bi2(CO3)3) is used to treat diarrhea and gastric ulcers.
Once thought to be the heaviest stable isotope to exist in nature, experiments conducted in 2002 showed that bismuth-209 is unstable and decays into thallium-205 through alpha decay. Bismuth-209 has a half-life of roughly 19,000,000,000,000,000,000 years.
"Bismanol" is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235U or 233U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine.
Isotopes in Medicine
212Bi and 213Bi (with half-lives of 1 h and 0.76 h, respectively) are both used in medicine for radioimmunotherapy as bismuth-labeled monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer cells from melanoma (skin cancer) (Fig. IUPAC.83.1) and ovarian cancer [559] D. E. Milenic, M. Roselli, S. Mirzadeh, C. G. Pippin, O. A. Gansow, D. Colcher, M. W. Brechbiel, J. Schlom. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm.16, 133 (2001).. Figure 4.83.2 compares the biologic effect of 131I and 213Bi using a specific monoclonal antibody, B-B4, coupled to 213Bi by a chelating agent (a substance that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion). 213Bi is a mixed alpha and beta emitter with a half-life of 0.76 h. The primary mode of decay is by beta emission to the very short-lived alpha emitter 213Po. The 8.4 MeV alpha particle emitted by 213Po has a path length of 76 μm in human tissue and is responsible for its cytotoxic effects (toxic to living cells). 213Bi is produced from a series of alpha particle decays beginning with 225Ac, which is a pure alpha emitter with a half-life of 10 days. A schematic of the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Standard 225Ac/ 213Bi Radionuclide Generator is shown in Fig. IUPAC.83.3.
212Bi has been used for radioimmunotherapy of leukemia and for targeting the vascular endothelial cells (thin layer of simple squamous cells that forms the interface between circulating blood or lymph and the remainder of the vessel wall) of tumors [560] F. Hartmann, E. M. Horak, K. Garmestani, C. Wu, M. W. Brechbiel, R. W. Kozak, J. Tso, S. A. Kosteiny, O. A. Gansow, D. L. Nelson. Cancer Res.54, 4362 (1994)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
209Bi is bombarded with neutrons in a nuclear reactor to form radioactive 210Bi. The 210Bi (with a half-life of 5 days) decays via the reaction 210Bi→ 210Po+β −. The half-life of 210Po is 138 days and it is used in static eliminators in machinery [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf..
Bismuth chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, with the +5 state less stable and strongly oxidizing in many compounds. Bismuth(III) oxide, Bi₂O₃, is an important oxide with several polymorphs and high oxide-ion conductivity in some phases. Bismuth trichloride, BiCl₃, hydrolyzes readily in water to give oxychloride species. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate, Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O, is a common laboratory precursor. Organobismuth compounds exist but are less broadly used than analogous phosphorus or arsenic chemistry.
See more information at the Bismuth compound page.
Elemental bismuth and many insoluble bismuth compounds are comparatively low in toxicity, but this does not make all bismuth materials harmless. Soluble salts, dusts, and pharmaceutical overuse can cause adverse effects, including kidney or neurological problems in severe cases. Molten bismuth presents ordinary burn and metal-fume precautions. Natural ²⁰⁹Bi is radioactive only at an extremely low specific activity, so its radiological hazard is normally negligible.
Bismuth occurs at low abundance in the crust, commonly associated with sulfide ores of lead, copper, tin, and tungsten. Native bismuth and minerals such as bismuthinite, Bi₂S₃, are known but not usually mined alone. In soils and waters, bismuth tends to form sparingly soluble oxides, sulfides, and basic salts, limiting mobility under many conditions. It has no established essential biological role.
Bismuth is obtained mainly as a by-product of refining lead, copper, tin, tungsten, and other metal ores, rather than from dedicated bismuth mines. Supply therefore depends strongly on the processing of other metals. Demand is supported by substitution for more toxic heavy metals, especially lead, and by uses in alloys, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recycling occurs from some alloy and manufacturing scrap, but dispersed uses in cosmetics, medicines, and small components are difficult to recover economically.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
Bismuth is a rare heavy element in cosmic terms. Its stable primordial inventory was made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from the slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile and siderophile trace element, concentrating preferentially in sulfide-rich and metallic phases rather than in common silicates.
- Bismuth is more strongly diamagnetic than any other stable metal.
- Its liquid form is denser than its solid form, so it expands when it freezes.
- The half-life of ²⁰⁹Bi is about 1.9 × 10¹⁹ years.
- Bismuth crystals sold as ornaments usually owe their colors to a thin oxide film.
- Bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, is a major thermoelectric material near room temperature.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 160 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 148 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 207 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 151 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 9807 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0213 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 271.4 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 1563.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 7.9 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.122 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 25.52 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 菱方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 2.02 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 2.01
- 电子亲和能
- 0.942 eV
- 第一电离能
- 7.285516 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 16.703057 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 25.570838 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 45.370156 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 54.856189 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 5 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3
热力学性质
- 临界点（温度）
- 4347 °C
- 熔化热
- 0.11297093 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 1.56501 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 2.176504 eV
- 原子化热
- 2.176504 eV
- 原子化焓
- 2.172358 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 83 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 126 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 41 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 0 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Bi-209
- 发现年份
- 1753
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 0.009 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 2 × 10−5 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 475 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-69-9 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Bi
- InChI Key
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Bi: 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
无稳定同位素。
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 189 放射性 | 188.989195 ± 0.000022 | 暂无 | 688 ms |
| 208 放射性 | 207.9797425 ± 0.0000025 | 暂无 | 368 ky |
| 195 放射性 | 194.9806488 ± 0.0000057 | 暂无 | 183 秒 |
| 201 放射性 | 200.97701 ± 0.000016 | 暂无 | 103 分钟 |
| 217 放射性 | 217.009372 ± 0.000019 | 暂无 | 98.5 秒 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（271.4 °C）246.4 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
高级
原子光谱
已显示10项，共83项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 69 | 39 | 63 |
| Bi II | +1 | 111 | 4 | 16 |
| Bi III | +2 | 204 | 204 | 204 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 45 | 0 | 0 |
| Bi V | +4 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 75 |
| Bi II | +1 | 78 |
| Bi III | +2 | 68 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 38 |
| Bi V | +4 | 15 |
| Bi VI | +5 | 115 |
| Bi VII | +6 | 2 |
| Bi VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Bi IX | +8 | 2 |
| Bi X | +9 | 2 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 5 | 暂无 | 96 pm |
| +3 | 6 | 暂无 | 103 pm |
| +3 | 8 | 暂无 | 117 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 暂无 | 76 pm |
化合物
同位素 (5)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 189 放射性 | 188.989195 ± 0.000022 | 暂无 | 688 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 208 放射性 | 207.9797425 ± 0.0000025 | 暂无 | 368 ky | β+ =100% | |
| 195 放射性 | 194.9806488 ± 0.0000057 | 暂无 | 183 秒 | β+ ≈100%α =0.030±1.2% | |
| 201 放射性 | 200.97701 ± 0.000016 | 暂无 | 103 分钟 | β+ =100% | |
| 217 放射性 | 217.009372 ± 0.000019 | 暂无 | 98.5 秒 | β- =100% |
谱线
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 384.893 nm | 21 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 392.72 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(3P) 2P → 6s2.8p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 393.036 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 422.469 nm | 350 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 423.421 nm | 280 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 425.9413 nm | 暂无 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 430.1697 nm | 暂无 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 430.653 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.792 nm | 360 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7p 2P* → 6s2.8s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 456.143 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7s 2S → 6s2.7p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 470.5285 nm | 暂无 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,1/2) → 6s2.6p.7d (1/2,3/2)* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 472.883 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 475.128 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 479.742 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 480.9082 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6p 2P* → 6s2.6p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 505.244 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 507.928 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 512.4356 nm | 暂无 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (3/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (3/2,3/2) | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 514.4507 nm | 暂无 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 520.9325 nm | 暂无 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 613.907 nm | 22 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 614.039 nm | 150 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 616.071 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 662.323 nm | 180 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.8p 2P* → 6s2.8d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 738.23 nm | 暂无 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 151 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 141 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 135 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 148 pm
范德华半径
- Truhlar
- 207 pm
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 254 pm
- UFF
- 437 pm
- MM3
- 266 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 250 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 178 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 97
- Pettifor
- 87
- Glawe
- 92
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 48 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 4 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 513 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 19.32 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 2
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 42
- 相对供应风险
- 9
- 储量分布
- 75
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 24
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 544.55 K |
| 沸点 | 1837.15 K |
| 临界点（温度） | 4620.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (15)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.6018 |
| 2 | p | 4.533 |
| 2 | s | 21.824 |
| 3 | d | 13.4585 |
| 3 | p | 23.0678 |
| 3 | s | 24.1145 |
| 4 | d | 37.7608 |
| 4 | f | 37.9308 |
| 4 | p | 36.1496 |
| 4 | s | 35.2928 |
晶体半径详情 (4)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | V | 110 | calculated, | |
| 3 | VI | 117 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 131 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 90 | estimated, |
同位素衰变方式 (70)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 184 | A | 100% |
| 185 | p | — |
| 185 | A | — |
| 186 | A | 100% |
| 186 | B+ | — |
| 186 | B+SF | 0% |
| 187 | A | 100% |
| 188 | A | 100% |
| 188 | B+ | — |
| 188 | B+SF | 0% |
X射线散射因子 (516)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 5.59475 |
| 10.1617 | — | 5.63587 |
| 10.3261 | — | 5.67729 |
| 10.4931 | — | 5.71901 |
| 10.6628 | — | 5.74574 |
| 10.8353 | — | 5.7564 |
| 11.0106 | — | 5.76707 |
| 11.1886 | — | 5.77776 |
| 11.3696 | — | 5.78847 |
| 11.5535 | — | 5.7834 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-5 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Bismuth https://periodic.lanl.gov/83.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Bismuth.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.