Oxygen (O)
nonmetalGas
标准原子量
15.999 u [15.99903, 15.99977]电子排布
[He] 2s2 2p4熔点
-218.79 °C沸点
-182.95 °C密度
1.429 kg/m³氧化态
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2电负性（鲍林）
3.44第一电离能
13.618055 eV发现年份
1771原子半径
60 pm详细信息
Oxygen is a reactive nonmetal and chalcogen that occurs mainly as the diatomic gas O₂ and, less commonly, as ozone O₃. It is essential to aerobic respiration and is a major constituent of water, silicate minerals, carbonates, and many biological molecules. Its high electronegativity and ability to form strong bonds make oxidation chemistry central to combustion, corrosion, metabolism, and industrial processing.
The gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic.
The name derives from the Greek oxys for "acid" and genes for "forming" because the French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier once thought that oxygen was integral to all acids.
Oxygen was discovered independently by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771, and the English clergyman and chemist Joseph Priestley in 1774. Scheele's Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire was delayed in publication until 1777, so Priestley is credited with the discovery because he published first.
Oxygen had been produced by several chemists prior to its discovery in 1774, but they failed to recognize it as a distinct element. Joseph Priestley and Carl Wilhelm Scheele both independently discovered oxygen, but Priestly is usually given credit for the discovery. They were both able to produce oxygen by heating mercuric oxide (HgO). Priestley called the gas produced in his experiments 'dephlogisticated air' and Scheele called his 'fire air'. The name oxygen was created by Antoine Lavoisier who incorrectly believed that oxygen was necessary to form all acids. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly 21% of the earth's atmosphere. Oxygen accounts for nearly half of the mass of the earth's crust, two thirds of the mass of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water. Large amounts of oxygen can be extracted from liquefied air through a process known as fractional distillation. Oxygen can also be produced through the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate (KClO3).
From the Greek word oxys, acid, and genes, forming. The behavior of oxygen and nitrogen as components of air led to the advancement of the phlogiston theory of combustion, which captured the minds of chemists for a century.
Joseph Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently.
Its atomic weight was used as a standard of comparison for each of the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis.
At ordinary temperature and pressure, pure O₂ is a colorless, odorless gas. Liquid oxygen is pale blue and strongly paramagnetic. Solid oxygen is also blue at low temperature and has several pressure- and temperature-dependent phases.
Elemental O₂ is used in steelmaking, nonferrous metal refining, welding and cutting, chemical oxidation, wastewater treatment, pulp bleaching, and medical and emergency breathing systems. Liquid oxygen is a major oxidizer in rocketry. Enriched oxygen improves combustion efficiency in some furnaces. Ozone O₃ is used as a strong oxidant for water treatment, odor control, and selected chemical processes, but it must be generated near the point of use because it decomposes readily.
Oxygen is a highly reactive element and is capable of combining with most other elements. It is required by most living organisms and for most forms of combustion. Impurities in molten pig iron are burned away with streams of high pressure oxygen to produce steel. Oxygen can also be combined with acetylene (C2H2) to produce an extremely hot flame used for welding. Liquid oxygen, when combined with liquid hydrogen, makes an excellent rocket fuel. Ozone (O3) forms a thin, protective layer around the earth that shields the surface from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Oxygen is also a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds.
Plants and animals rely on oxygen for respiration. Hospitals frequently prescribe oxygen for patients with respiratory ailments.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of oxygen possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of oxygen in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.8.1). These variations are useful in investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)..
A primary use of stable oxygen isotopes is in isotope hydrology. Although the evolution of the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation begins with the evaporation of water from the oceans, their local and global relationship arises primarily from equilibrium isotopic fractionation of heavier (2H and 18O) and lighter isotopes (1H and 16O) of hydrogen and oxygen during condensation as a tropospheric vapor mass follows a trajectory to higher latitudes and over continents [14] W. Dansgaard. Tellus16, 436 (1964)., [15] I. D. Clark, P. Fritz. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, p. 328, Lewis Publishers, New York (1997).. As a consequence, the isotopic composition and atomic weight of oxygen in precipitation, rivers, and tap waters varies with elevation, season, and distance from the ocean-continent boundary. Figure 4.8.2 shows the variation in stable oxygen isotopic composition of water from rivers across the United States. These variations in oxygen isotopic composition of environmental water are often combined with hydrogen isotopic compositions and have been used to identify the origin of water and to investigate the interaction between groundwater and surface water (e.g. lakes, streams, and rivers) [16] C. Kendall, T. B. Coplen. Hydrol. Processes.15, 1363 (2011)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Measurements of relative 18O abundances have been used to determine the breeding grounds of many species of migrant songbirds. These species of songbirds only grow their feathers before migration, and they grow them on or close to their breeding grounds. Therefore, the isotopic composition of a bird’s feathers correlates to the isotopic signature of the growing season’s precipitation [19] K. A. Hobson. Oecologia120, 314 (1999)., [20] K. A. Hobson, L. I. Wassenaar. Oecologia.109, 142 (1996)..
Measurements of relative 18O abundances of human hair or nail samples collected at archeological sites have been used to determine the geographic region in which a subject lived based on the oxygen isotopic composition of the water they drank (Fig. IUPAC.8.3). This is possible because hair stores a daily record of oxygen isotopic composition of intake water, which correlates to local meteoric water [92] D. M. O’Brien, M. J. Woller. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.21, 2422 (2007)..
Isotopes in Medicine
16O is used to produce radioactive 13N via the 16O (p, 4He) 13N reaction for imaging in positron emission tomography (PET) and to study blood flow through the heart (myocardial perfusion) [94] International Atomic Energy Agency. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Physical Characteristics and Production Methods, Technical Reports Series No. 468. International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna (2009)., [95] M. Sajjad, R. M. Lambrecht, A. P. Wolf. Radiochim. Acta39, 165 (1986)..
17O has been used as a tracer to study cerebral oxygen utilization [96] T. Arai, S. Nakao, K. Mori, K. Ishimori, I. Morishima, T. Miyazawa, B. Fritz-Zieroth. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.169, 153 (1990).. Variations in stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes are used in energy expenditure studies in animals and humans. The subject is administered a dose of doubly labeled water (water enriched in both 2H and 18O). Measurements of the elimination rates of 2H and 18O in the subject over time through regular sampling of body water (by sampling saliva, urine, or blood) provide information on energy expenditure because the hydrogen isotopic composition of body water is affected primarily by water loss (mainly urination), but the oxygen isotopic composition is affected by both respiration and water loss [97] J. R. Speakman. Theory and Practice, Doubly Labelled Water. Springer Scientific, London (1997)..
Oxygen commonly has oxidation state −2 in oxides and silicates, −1 in peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂, and −1/2 in superoxides such as potassium superoxide KO₂. In water H₂O it forms extensive hydrogen-bonded networks. Oxygen also forms carbon dioxide CO₂, sulfur dioxide SO₂, nitrates, phosphates, carbonates, and many organic functional groups. Positive oxidation states occur only with more electronegative fluorine, as in oxygen difluoride OF₂.
Ozone (O3), a highly active compound, is formed by the action of an electrical discharge or ultraviolet light on oxygen.
Ozone's presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the equivalent of a layer 3 mm thick under ordinary pressures and temperatures) helps prevent harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth's surface. Pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozone is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m# (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black and solid ozone is violet-black.
Oxygen, which is very reactive, is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds and combines with most elements.
See more information at the Oxygen compound page.
O₂ is not flammable, but oxygen enrichment greatly increases the speed and severity of fires and can cause materials that normally burn slowly to ignite violently. Liquid oxygen can cause severe cold burns and can make porous materials dangerously oxygen-rich. Ozone O₃ is toxic by inhalation and irritates the respiratory tract. High partial pressures of oxygen can be harmful, especially in diving, hyperbaric, and intensive-care settings.
Oxygen cycles through photosynthesis, respiration, weathering, combustion, and exchange between the atmosphere and oceans. Most atmospheric O₂ is maintained by oxygenic photosynthesis, while much of Earth’s oxygen inventory is locked in rocks as oxides, silicates, and carbonates. Dissolved oxygen controls the habitability of waters for many organisms and is depleted by decay of organic matter and some pollution events.
Industrial oxygen is produced mainly by cryogenic fractional distillation of air where large volumes and high purity are required. Pressure-swing adsorption and membrane systems supply smaller or on-site needs at lower purities. Demand is tied to steel, chemicals, refining, healthcare, water treatment, and aerospace. Because air is the feedstock, cost is dominated by energy, plant scale, purity, transport, and storage rather than geological scarcity. Oxygen itself is not recycled as a commodity, although efficient process design reduces consumption.
Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, the process once thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the Aurora Borealis.
A gaseous element, oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth's crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen.
In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst.
Oxygen is one of the most abundant elements in the universe and is made chiefly by helium and carbon burning in massive stars, then dispersed by stellar winds and supernovae. It is common in planets, dust, ices, and rocky minerals. In the Solar System it is a major component of water ice, silicate rock, carbon dioxide ice or gas, and many metal oxides.
- Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be visibly held between magnet poles.
- Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs much biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation.
- Most oxygen atoms on Earth are in minerals, not in the atmosphere.
- The name oxygen originally reflected the mistaken idea that it was required to make all acids.
- Singlet oxygen is an electronically excited form important in photochemistry and some biological damage.
- Hemoglobin binds O₂ reversibly through iron centers rather than by oxidizing iron completely.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 60 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 66 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 152 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 密度
- 1.429 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.014 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 气态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- -218.79 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- -182.95 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 0.027 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.918 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 29.378 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 立方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 3.44 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 3.61
- 电子亲和能
- 1.4611 eV
- 第一电离能
- 13.618055 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 35.121241 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 54.935729 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 77.413766 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 113.899392 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 6 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [He] 2s2 2p4
热力学性质
- 三相点（温度）
- -218.7916 °C
- 三相点（压力）
- 146.3 Pa
- 临界点（温度）
- -118.569 °C
- 临界点（压力）
- 5.043e+6 Pa
- 熔化热
- 0.00460175 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 0.07068456 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 原子化热
- 2.582474 eV
- 原子化焓
- 2.583085 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 8 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 8 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 18 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 3 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- O-16
- 发现年份
- 1771
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 4.61e+5 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 8.57 × 105 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 683 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 6 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7782-44-7 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 3P2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/O
- InChI Key
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
O: 2s² 2p⁴[He] 2s² 2p⁴1s² 2s² 2p⁴原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16 稳定 | 15.99491461957 ± 0.00000000017 | 99.7570% | 稳定 |
| 17 稳定 | 16.9991317565 ± 0.00000000069 | 0.0380% | 稳定 |
| 18 稳定 | 17.99915961286 ± 0.00000000076 | 0.2050% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 高于沸点（-182.95 °C）207.9 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
按当前温度T，通过理想气体定律估算
高级
原子光谱
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O I | 0 | 910 | 854 | 907 |
| O II | +1 | 1630 | 876 | 1630 |
| O III | +2 | 1005 | 974 | 974 |
| O IV | +3 | 1525 | 1521 | 1523 |
| O V | +4 | 391 | 385 | 385 |
| O VI | +5 | 157 | 126 | 157 |
| O VII | +6 | 189 | 188 | 189 |
| O VIII | +7 | 137 | 137 | 137 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| O I | 0 | 614 |
| O II | +1 | 287 |
| O III | +2 | 188 |
| O IV | +3 | 219 |
| O V | +4 | 172 |
| O VI | +5 | 148 |
| O VII | +6 | 149 |
| O VIII | +7 | 149 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | 2 | 暂无 | 135 pm |
| -2 | 3 | 暂无 | 136 pm |
| -2 | 4 | 暂无 | 138 pm |
| -2 | 6 | 暂无 | 140 pm |
| -2 | 8 | 暂无 | 142 pm |
化合物
同位素 (3)
Oxygen has nine isotopes. Natural oxygen is a mixture of three isotopes.
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 稳定 | 15.99491461957 ± 0.00000000017 | 99.7570% ± 0.0160% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 17 稳定 | 16.9991317565 ± 0.00000000069 | 0.0380% ± 0.0010% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 18 稳定 | 17.99915961286 ± 0.00000000076 | 0.2050% ± 0.0140% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
已显示50项，共1013项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 615.8187 nm | 490 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 615.6778 nm | 450 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 700.223 nm | 450 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 725.4448 nm | 450 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 3S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 615.5971 nm | 400 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 645.5977 nm | 400 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 5S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 725.4154 nm | 400 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 3S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 645.4444 nm | 360 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 5S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 700.1922 nm | 360 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 645.3602 nm | 320 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 5S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 725.4531 nm | 320 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 3S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 715.6701 nm | 210 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3s 1D* → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 396.1573 nm | 200 | O III | emission | 2s2.2p.(2P*).3p 1D → 2s2.2p.(2P*).3d 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 533.0741 nm | 190 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5d 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 604.6438 nm | 190 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 3S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 394.72949 nm | 185 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 5S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 394.74813 nm | 160 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 5S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 532.9681 nm | 160 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5d 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 604.6233 nm | 160 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 3S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 394.75862 nm | 140 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 5S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 543.6862 nm | 135 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 5S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 559.789 nm | 130 | O V | emission | 1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 650.024 nm | 130 | O V | emission | 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3p 3D → 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3d 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 382.34136 nm | 120 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3s 3D* → 2s2.2p3.(2P*).3p 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 557.7339 nm | 120 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p4 1D → 2s2.2p4 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 543.5775 nm | 110 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 5S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 559.2252 nm | 110 | O III | emission | 2s2.2p.(2P*).3s 1P* → 2s2.2p.(2P*).3p 1P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 604.6495 nm | 110 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 3S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 395.46067 nm | 100 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(2P*).3s 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 412.396 nm | 100 | O V | emission | 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3s 3P* → 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3p 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 436.8258 nm | 100 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 3S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 3P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 543.5178 nm | 90 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 5S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 423.3274 nm | 80 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(2D*<3/2>).3d 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 441.4899 nm | 27 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 672.1388 nm | 26 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 441.6975 nm | 25 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 397.3256 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 407.58617 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 464.91347 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.1031 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 407.21525 nm | 23 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 434.9426 nm | 23 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 411.92165 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4P* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 459.0974 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(1D).3s 2D → 2s2.2p2.(1D).3p 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 464.18103 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 689.5102 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F → 2s2.2p2.(3P).4p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 406.98819 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 435.126 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(1D).3s 2D → 2s2.2p2.(1D).3p 2D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 466.16324 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 470.5346 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 2F | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 63 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 57 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 53 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 65 pm
范德华半径
- Bondi
- 152 pm
- Batsanov
- 155 pm
- Alvarez
- 150 pm
- UFF
- 350 pm
- MM3
- 182 pm
- Dreiding
- 340.46 pm
- Rowland–Taylor
- 158 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 171 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 99
- Pettifor
- 101
- Glawe
- 97
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 8
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 6
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 5.3 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 0.2 a.u.
- C₆
- 15.6 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 16.7 Ha·Bohr6
化学亲和力
- 质子亲和能
- 485.2 kJ/mol
- 气相碱性
- 459.6 kJ/mol
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 54.36 K |
| 沸点 | 90.19 K |
| 临界点（温度） | 154.58 K |
| 临界点（压力） | 5.04 MPa |
| 三相点（温度） | 54.36 K |
| 三相点（压力） | 0.15 kPa |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (3)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3421 |
| 2 | p | 3.5468 |
| 2 | s | 3.5084 |
晶体半径详情 (5)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | II | 121 | ||
| -2 | III | 122 | ||
| -2 | IV | 124 | ||
| -2 | VI | 126 | ||
| -2 | VIII | 128 |
同位素衰变方式 (22)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | 2p | 100% |
| 12 | 2p | 100% |
| 13 | B+ | 100% |
| 13 | B+p | 10.9% |
| 14 | B+ | 100% |
| 15 | B+ | 100% |
| 19 | B- | 100% |
| 20 | B- | 100% |
| 21 | B- | 100% |
| 21 | B-n | — |
X射线散射因子 (502)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.70328 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.70723 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.70738 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.70753 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.70768 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.70783 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.70798 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.70813 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.70828 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.70843 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
4.61×105 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
8.57×105 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, the process once thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the Aurora Borealis.
A gaseous element, oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth's crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen.
In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Oxygen https://periodic.lanl.gov/8.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
Measurements of relative 18O abundances have been used to determine the breeding grounds of many species of migrant songbirds. These species of songbirds only grow their feathers before migration, and they grow them on or close to their breeding grounds. Therefore, the isotopic composition of a bird’s feathers correlates to the isotopic signature of the growing season’s precipitation [19] K. A. Hobson. Oecologia120, 314 (1999)., [20] K. A. Hobson, L. I. Wassenaar. Oecologia.109, 142 (1996)..
Measurements of relative 18O abundances of human hair or nail samples collected at archeological sites have been used to determine the geographic region in which a subject lived based on the oxygen isotopic composition of the water they drank (Fig. IUPAC.8.3). This is possible because hair stores a daily record of oxygen isotopic composition of intake water, which correlates to local meteoric water [92] D. M. O’Brien, M. J. Woller. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.21, 2422 (2007)..
参考文献 (7)
- [14] W. Dansgaard. Tellus16, 436 (1964).
- [15] I. D. Clark, P. Fritz. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, p. 328, Lewis Publishers, New York (1997).
- [19] K. A. Hobson. Oecologia120, 314 (1999).
- [20] K. A. Hobson, L. I. Wassenaar. Oecologia.109, 142 (1996).
- [92] D. M. O’Brien, M. J. Woller. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.21, 2422 (2007).
- [93] I. Fraser, W. Meier-Augenstein, R. M. Kalin. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.20, 1109 (2006).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Oxygen.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.