Tungsten (W)
transition-metalSolid
标准原子量
183.84 u电子排布
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4熔点
3421.85 °C沸点
5554.85 °C密度
1.93e+4 kg/m³氧化态
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6电负性（鲍林）
2.36第一电离能
7.86403 eV发现年份
1781原子半径
135 pm详细信息
Tungsten is a dense, refractory transition metal in group 6. It has the highest melting point of any element and retains strength at temperatures where most engineering metals soften. Chemically it is best known for stable high oxidation states, especially +6, and for forming hard carbides and complex oxoanions. Natural tungsten occurs mainly in tungstate minerals rather than as the native metal.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the same as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-to-metal seals.
The name derives from the Swedish tungsten for "heavy stone". The symbol W derives from the German wolfram, which was found with tin and interfered with the smelting of tin. It was said to eat up tin like a wolf eats up sheep. The element was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1781. Tungsten metal was first isolated by the Spanish chemists Fausto Elhuyar and his brother Juan José in 1783.
Tungsten was discovered by Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar, Spanish chemists and brothers, in 1783 in samples of the mineral wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4). Today, tungsten is primarily obtained from wolframite and scheelite (CaWO4) using the same basic method developed by José and Elhuyar. Tungsten ores are crushed, cleaned and treated with alkalis to form tungsten trioxide (WO3). Tungsten trioxide is then heated with carbon or hydrogen gas (H2), forming tungsten metal and carbon dioxide (CO2) or tungsten metal and water vapor (H2O).
From Swedish, tung sten meanig heavy stone. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tungsten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten (tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite, scheelite, huebnertie, and ferberite. Important deposits of tungsten occur in California, Colorado, South Korea, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world's tungsten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Twenty one other unstable isotopes are recognized. The metal is obtained commercially be reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to silvery-white metal with a metallic luster. It is hard and brittle when impure or cold-worked, but sufficiently pure tungsten can be drawn into wire after suitable processing. The metal is solid under ordinary conditions and has an exceptionally high density.
Tungsten metal is used where very high temperature strength, low vapor pressure, and resistance to arc erosion are needed. Important uses include filaments and electrodes in specialized lamps and vacuum devices, contacts, heating elements, and parts for high-temperature furnaces. Tungsten carbide is central to cutting tools, mining bits, dies, and wear-resistant components. Heavy tungsten alloys are used for counterweights, radiation shielding, vibration damping, and some kinetic-energy applications.
Pure tungsten is a light gray or whitish metal that is soft enough to be cut with a hacksaw and ductile enough to be drawn into wire or extruded into various shapes. If contaminated with other materials, tungsten becomes brittle and difficult to work with. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metallic elements and is used to make filaments for incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs and television tubes. Tungsten expands at nearly the same rate as borosilicate glass and is used to make metal to glass seals. Tungsten is also used as a target for X-ray production, as heating elements in electric furnaces and for parts of spacecraft and missiles which must withstand high temperatures.
Tungsten is alloyed with steel to form tough metals that are stable at high temperatures. Tungsten-steel alloys are used to make such things as high speed cutting tools and rocket engine nozzles.
Tungsten carbide (WC) is an extremely hard tungsten compound. It is used in the tips of drill bits, high speed cutting tools and in mining machinery. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a dry lubricant that can be used to temperatures as high as 500°C. Tungsten forms compounds with calcium and magnesium that have phosphorescent properties and are used in fluorescent light bulbs.
Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy(R), Stellite(R), and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries. Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
182W is the stable product of the decay of 182Hf, which has a half-life of 8.9×106 years. Although 182Hf was present at the dawn of the Solar System, this isotope has long since decayed. During the formation of the planets, including Earth, the elements hafnium and tungsten were partitioned into silicate minerals (rock forming minerals with silicon-oxygen bonds that constitute more than 90 percent of the Earth’s crust) and metal phases, respectively. The measurement of excessive amounts of 182W, arising from the decay of 182Hf that accumulated in silicate minerals, has been used to estimate the time that elapsed between the formation of the Solar System and accretion of the planets (Fig. IUPAC.74.1) [512] E. B. Norman, D. N. Schramm. Nature304, 515 (1983)., [513] C. Vockenhuber, F. Oberli, M. Bichler, I. Ahmad, G. Quitté, M. Meier, A. N. Halliday, D. C. Lee, W. Kutschera, P. Steier, R. J. Gehrke, R. G. Helmer. Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 172501-1 (2004)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
Tungsten-rhenium generators use 188W, which is produced from 186W, via the following double neutron capture reaction 186W (n, γ) 187W (n, γ) 188W.
Tungsten chemistry is dominated by oxidation states from 0 to +6, with +6 the most common in air-stable compounds. Tungsten(VI) oxide, WO₃, is an important oxide used in pigments, electrochromic devices, and as a precursor to metal powder. Tungstates contain the tungstate ion, WO₄²⁻, and include calcium tungstate, CaWO₄, and sodium tungstate, Na₂WO₄. Tungsten hexafluoride, WF₆, is a volatile +6 compound used in chemical vapor deposition. Tungsten carbide, WC, is a hard interstitial compound rather than a typical salt.
See more information at the Tungsten compound page.
Massive tungsten metal has low acute toxicity and is not easily absorbed, but fine powders can present dust, fire, or explosion hazards under some conditions. Soluble tungstate salts are more biologically available and should not be treated as harmless. Tungsten carbide tools may contain cobalt or nickel binders that add important occupational hazards. Tungsten is not radioactive as a natural element in practical terms, though artificial radioisotopes require isotope-specific controls.
Tungsten enters the environment mainly through weathering of tungstate minerals and through mining, milling, metalworking, and disposal of hard-metal products. In oxidizing waters it commonly forms tungstate species, which can be more mobile than many heavy-metal ions. Its biological role is limited but real in some microorganisms, where tungsten enzymes are known. Environmental behavior depends strongly on pH, redox conditions, and adsorption to iron or manganese oxides.
Tungsten is produced chiefly from scheelite and wolframite concentrates. Ore is converted to ammonium paratungstate and then to tungsten oxide or tungsten metal powder, with powder metallurgy used for many products because of the metal’s very high melting point. Supply is strategically important because deposits and refining capacity are geographically concentrated. Demand is led by cemented carbides, followed by alloy, mill-product, and chemical uses. Recycling of carbide scrap and heavy alloys is significant because tungsten is valuable and often recoverable from industrial products.
Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].
Tungsten is a rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar events, rather than by ordinary stellar fusion. In planets it is lithophile under oxidizing conditions but can partition into metal under reducing conditions. Hafnium-tungsten isotope systematics are used to study early Solar System chronology and core formation.
- The symbol W comes from wolfram, a name still reflected in wolframite ores.
- Tungsten wire was crucial to long-lived incandescent lamps after ductile wire production became practical.
- Tungsten has an unusually low vapor pressure at very high temperature.
- Cemented tungsten carbide is usually a composite with a metallic binder, not pure WC alone.
- The isotope ¹⁸²W is important in hafnium-tungsten geochronology.
- Tungsten compounds can form polyoxometalates with large, cage-like anions.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 135 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 162 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 210 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 130 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 1.93 × 104 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.00953 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 3421.85 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 5554.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 173 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.132 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 24.27 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 体心立方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 2.36 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 1.47
- 电子亲和能
- 0.815 eV
- 第一电离能
- 7.86403 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 16.370056 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 26.000089 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 38.200131 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 51.600178 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 6 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.36482355 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 8.360885 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 8.803441 eV
- 原子化热
- 8.803441 eV
- 原子化焓
- 8.820024 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 74 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 110 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 41 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 0 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- W-184
- 发现年份
- 1781
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 1.25 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 1 × 10−4 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 316 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-33-7 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 5D0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/W
- InChI Key
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
W: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
无稳定同位素。
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 183 放射性 | 182.95022275 ± 0.0000009 | 14.3100% | 670 Ey |
| 161 放射性 | 160.9672 ± 0.00021 | 暂无 | 409 ms |
| 157 放射性 | 156.97884 ± 0.00043 | 暂无 | 275 ms |
| 177 放射性 | 176.946643 ± 0.00003 | 暂无 | 132.4 分钟 |
| 181 放射性 | 180.9481978 ± 0.0000051 | 暂无 | 120.956 天 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（3421.85 °C）3396.8 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共74项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 7049 | 522 | 5852 |
| W II | +1 | 2838 | 211 | 2838 |
| W III | +2 | 2644 | 37 | 2644 |
| W IV | +3 | 791 | 0 | 791 |
| W V | +4 | 193 | 0 | 193 |
| W VI | +5 | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| W VII | +6 | 397 | 0 | 397 |
| W VIII | +7 | 193 | 187 | 193 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 509 |
| W II | +1 | 264 |
| W III | +2 | 236 |
| W IV | +3 | 106 |
| W V | +4 | 60 |
| W VI | +5 | 15 |
| W VII | +6 | 113 |
| W VIII | +7 | 103 |
| W IX | +8 | 3 |
| W X | +9 | 2 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 6 | 暂无 | 66 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 暂无 | 62 pm |
| +6 | 4 | 暂无 | 42 pm |
| +6 | 5 | 暂无 | 51 pm |
| +6 | 6 | 暂无 | 60 pm |
化合物
同位素 (5)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 183 放射性 | 182.95022275 ± 0.0000009 | 14.3100% ± 0.0400% | 670 Ey | IS =14.31±0.4%α ? | |
| 161 放射性 | 160.9672 ± 0.00021 | 暂无 | 409 ms | α =73±0.3%β+ =27±0.3% | |
| 157 放射性 | 156.97884 ± 0.00043 | 暂无 | 275 ms | β+ =100%α =0% | |
| 177 放射性 | 176.946643 ± 0.00003 | 暂无 | 132.4 分钟 | β+ =100% | |
| 181 放射性 | 180.9481978 ± 0.0000051 | 暂无 | 120.956 天 | ε =100% |
谱线
已显示50项，共2460项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 400.8749 nm | 1000 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 429.4605 nm | 800 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 386.7982 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 407.4357 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 381.7484 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 484.381 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 505.328 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 384.6213 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 525.9338 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 551.4684 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 383.5052 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 388.1394 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 522.4661 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 524.2973 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3G → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 424.4367 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 426.9384 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 430.2103 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 488.6902 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 498.2586 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 380.9234 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 384.749 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 505.4594 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 507.1736 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 523.352 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527.5538 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 549.2315 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 381.0796 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 506.9123 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 525.5401 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 434.811303 nm | 109 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 381.0385 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 401.5216 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 404.56 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 410.2701 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 424.1444 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 427.4553 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 525.4544 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 526.3195 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 526.9315 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 543.5042 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 395.105951 nm | 91 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D → 5d3.(4F).6s.(5F).6p 6G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 406.9948 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 413.7464 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 421.9375 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 425.9363 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 468.0513 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 498.6924 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3H → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 526.8545 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 547.7798 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 667.838 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 137 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 120 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 115 pm
范德华半径
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 257 pm
- UFF
- 309.6 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 253 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 139 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 53
- Pettifor
- 56
- Glawe
- 57
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 68 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 15 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 757 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 9.55 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 6
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 84
- 相对供应风险
- 10
- 储量分布
- 61
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 24
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 3687.15 K |
| 沸点 | 5828.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (14)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4343 |
| 2 | p | 4.4258 |
| 2 | s | 19.3302 |
| 3 | d | 13.5476 |
| 3 | p | 21.3824 |
| 3 | s | 22.13 |
| 4 | d | 36.8268 |
| 4 | f | 39.2892 |
| 4 | p | 34.4516 |
| 4 | s | 33.4412 |
晶体半径详情 (5)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | VI | 80 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 76 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | IV | 56 | ||
| 6 | V | 65 | ||
| 6 | VI | 74 |
同位素衰变方式 (54)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 157 | B+ | 100% |
| 157 | A | 0% |
| 158 | A | 100% |
| 159 | A | 100% |
| 159 | B+ | — |
| 160 | A | 87% |
| 160 | B+ | — |
| 161 | A | 73% |
| 161 | B+ | 27% |
| 162 | B+ | — |
X射线散射因子 (541)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.92551 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.00949 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.09714 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.18428 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.26758 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.35405 |
| 11.0105 | — | 2.44381 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.537 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.63375 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.73418 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.25 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-4 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tungsten.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.