Terbium (Tb)
lanthanideSolid
标准原子量
158.92535 u电子排布
[Xe] 6s2 4f9熔点
1355.85 °C沸点
3229.85 °C密度
8230 kg/m³氧化态
0, +1, +2, +3, +4电负性（鲍林）
暂无第一电离能
5.8638 eV发现年份
1843原子半径
175 pm详细信息
Terbium is a lanthanide rare-earth metal with atomic number 65. It is chemically similar to neighboring gadolinium and dysprosium and occurs in minerals with other rare earths rather than as a native element. Its most distinctive technological role comes from Tb³⁺ luminescence, which gives intense green emission in suitable host materials, and from the large magnetostrictive response of terbium-containing alloys.
Terbium is reasonably stable in air. It is a silver-gray metal, and is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Two crystal modifications exist, with a transformation temperature of 1289°C. Twenty one isotopes with atomic masses ranging from 145 to 165 are recognized. The oxide is a chocolate or dark maroon color.
The name derives from the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where the mineral ytterbite (the source of terbium) was first found. Terbium was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1843 in an yttrium salt, which he resolved into three elements. He called one yttrium, a rose-colored salt he called terbium, and a deep-yellow peroxide he called erbium. In 1862, the Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine reexamined yttrium and found the yellow peroxide. Because the name erbium had now been assigned to the rose-colored oxide, he reintroduced the name terbium for the yellow peroxide. Thus the original names given to erbium and terbium samples are now switched.
The mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10), discovered in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden, has been the source of a great number of rare earth elements. In 1843, Carl Gustaf Mosander, a Swedish chemist, was able to separate gadolinite into three materials, which he named yttria, erbia and terbia. As might be expected considering the similarities between their names and properties, scientists soon confused erbia and terbia and, by 1877, had reversed their names. What Mosander called erbia is now called terbia and visa versa. From these two substances, Mosander discovered two new elements, terbium and erbium. Today, terbium can be obtained from the minerals xenotime (YPO4) and euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6), but is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements that typically contains as much as 0.03% terbium.
Discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is a member of the lanthanide or "rare earth" group of elements. It is found in cerite, gadolinite, and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is recovered commercially from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime, and from euxenite, a complex oxide containing 1% or more of terbia.
Pure terbium is a soft, silvery-gray metal. It is malleable enough to be cut and, like many lanthanides, slowly tarnishes in air as surface oxides form. It has more than one solid allotrope, with a structural change at elevated temperature.
Terbium is used mainly in small amounts where its optical or magnetic properties are valuable. Tb³⁺ activators provide green emission in phosphors for lighting, displays, and some X-ray imaging materials. Terbium is also a component of Terfenol-D, a terbium-dysprosium-iron magnetostrictive alloy used in actuators, sonar transducers, and vibration-control devices. In research and specialized instruments, terbium compounds are used as luminescent probes and magnetic materials.
Terbium is used to dope some types of solid-state devices and, along with zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), as a crystal stabilizer in fuel cells that operate at high temperatures.
Terbia, the renamed material that Mosander discovered in 1843, is terbium oxide (Tb2O3), one of terbium's compounds. Terbia can potentially be used as an activator for green phosphors in television tubes. Sodium terbium borate, another terbium compound, is used to make laser light.
Sodium terbium borate is used in solid-state devices. It can be used with ZrO2 as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperature. Few other uses have been found.
Isotopes in Medicine
149Tb (with a half-life of 4.1 h) is being used in targeted radiotherapy using alpha particles for labeling radioimmunoconjugates in cancer treatments [458] N. G. Zaitseva, S. N. Dmitriev, O. D. Maslov, L. G. Molokanova, G. Y. Starodub, S. V. Shishkin, T. V. Shishkina, G. J. Beyer. Czech. J. Phys. Suppl.53, A455 (2003)., [459] G. J. Beyer, M. Miederer, S. Vranjes-Duric, J. J. Comor, G. Kunzi, O. Hartley, R. Senekowitsch-Schmidtke, D. Soloviev, F. Buchegger. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging31, 547 (2004).. 161Tb (with a half-life of 6.9 days) attached to a bioconjugate (two covalently linked molecules, one or more of which is a biomolecule), is being used in cancer therapy as a targeted radiation treatment of cancer cells [459] G. J. Beyer, M. Miederer, S. Vranjes-Duric, J. J. Comor, G. Kunzi, O. Hartley, R. Senekowitsch-Schmidtke, D. Soloviev, F. Buchegger. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging31, 547 (2004)., [460] S. Lehenberger, C. Barkhausen, S. Cohrs, E. Fischer, J. Grünberg, A. Hohn, U. Köster, R. Schibli, A. Türler, K. Zhernosekov. Nucl. Med. Biol.38, 917 (2011).. 161Tb is being used for imaging as it allows for on-line monitoring of its distribution using gamma cameras [460] S. Lehenberger, C. Barkhausen, S. Cohrs, E. Fischer, J. Grünberg, A. Hohn, U. Köster, R. Schibli, A. Türler, K. Zhernosekov. Nucl. Med. Biol.38, 917 (2011).. 149Tb is produced by the reaction 142Nd(12C,5n) 149Dy, which is followed by a subsequent positron decay reaction 149Dy→ 149Tb+β +. It can also be produced by the reaction 141Pr(12C,4n) 149Tb; beam geometry is important for satisfactory yield of 149Tb (Fig. IUPAC.65.1) [461] S. Sarkar, B. J. Allen, S. Imam, G. Goozee, J. Leigh, H. Meriaty. “Production and separation of terbium-149,152 for targeted cancer therapy”, in Second international conference on isotopes; Sydney, NSW (Australia); 273 p. Conference proceedings, 12–16 Oct 1997, C. J. Hardy (Ed.), Australian Nuclear Association Inc., Sutherland, NSW (Australia), pp. 206–211..
Terbium most commonly forms trivalent compounds containing Tb³⁺. Representative materials include terbium(III) oxide, Tb₂O₃, terbium(III) chloride, TbCl₃, and terbium(III) fluoride, TbF₃. Unlike many lanthanides, terbium also has accessible tetravalent chemistry in strongly oxidizing oxide and fluoride environments; terbium(IV) oxide, TbO₂, is a well established example. Mixed-valence oxides and doped host lattices are important because they tune luminescence, oxygen storage, and magnetic behavior.
See more information at the Terbium compound page.
Metallic terbium is not highly toxic in ordinary handling, but powders can be a fire and dust hazard, and soluble terbium salts should be treated as harmful laboratory chemicals. Fine metal reacts more readily with air and moisture than bulk pieces. Terbium has no known biological role. Commercial terbium is essentially stable isotopically; radiological hazards apply only to artificially produced radioactive isotopes or activated materials.
Little is known of the toxicity of terbium. It should be handled with care as with other lanthanide element
Terbium is a dispersed lithophile element found in rare-earth minerals such as monazite, bastnäsite, xenotime, and ion-adsorption clays. In soils and waters it is generally immobile because Tb³⁺ binds strongly to phosphates, carbonates, oxides, and organic matter. Natural concentrations are low, and biological uptake is limited. Environmental concern is usually associated with mining, acid leaching, and waste handling rather than with terbium metal itself.
Terbium is produced as a separated rare-earth product, not mined alone. Ores and concentrates are processed to dissolve mixed rare earths, then solvent extraction or ion exchange separates terbium from chemically similar lanthanides. Supply is constrained by the low abundance of terbium in many deposits, the complexity of separation, and dependence on rare-earth refining capacity. Demand is driven by phosphors and magnetostrictive alloys, but use per device is usually small. Recycling is technically possible from phosphor powders and some magnets or alloys, yet collection and separation are often limiting.
Found with other rare earths in monazite sand, which typically contain 0.03% terbium. Other sources are xenotime and euxenite, both of which are oxide mixtures that can contain up to 1% terbium.
Terbium is a heavy rare-earth element made mainly by neutron-capture nucleosynthesis in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from slow and rapid neutron-capture processes. It is far less abundant cosmically than iron-group elements and lighter rock-forming elements. In planetary materials it follows other trivalent lanthanides and concentrates in refractory mineral phases rather than volatile reservoirs.
- Terbium has only one stable natural isotope, ¹⁵⁹Tb.
- Its name comes from Ytterby, the Swedish locality linked to several rare-earth element names.
- Tb³⁺ emission is commonly used as a green reference in luminescence spectroscopy.
- Terfenol-D takes its name from terbium, iron, Naval Ordnance Laboratory, and dysprosium.
- Terbium can form stable Tb⁴⁺ in oxides more readily than most lanthanides.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 175 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 194 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 221 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 密度
- 8230 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0192 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 1355.85 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 3229.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 11.1 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.182 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 28.91 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 六方密堆积 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电子亲和能
- 1.124 eV
- 第一电离能
- 5.8638 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 11.51304 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 21.820075 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 39.330135 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 66.500229 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 3 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Xe] 6s2 4f9
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.1119345 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 3.016013 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 4.031715 eV
- 原子化热
- 4.031715 eV
- 原子化焓
- 4.028605 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 65 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 94 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 40 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 1 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Tb-159
- 发现年份
- 1843
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 1.2 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 1.4 × 10−7 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 360 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-27-9 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 6H°15/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Tb
- InChI Key
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Tb: 4f⁹ 6s²[Xe] 4f⁹ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f⁹ 6s²原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 159 稳定 | 158.9253547 ± 0.0000019 | 100.0000% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（1355.85 °C）1330.8 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共65项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Tb I | 0 | 600 |
| Tb II | +1 | 154 |
| Tb III | +2 | 125 |
| Tb IV | +3 | 26 |
| Tb V | +4 | 2 |
| Tb VI | +5 | 2 |
| Tb VII | +6 | 2 |
| Tb VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Tb IX | +8 | 2 |
| Tb X | +9 | 2 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | 暂无 | 92.30000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 7 | 暂无 | 98 pm |
| +3 | 8 | 暂无 | 104 pm |
| +3 | 9 | 暂无 | 109.5 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 暂无 | 76 pm |
| +4 | 8 | 暂无 | 88 pm |
化合物
同位素 (1)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 159 稳定 | 158.9253547 ± 0.0000019 | 100.0000% | 稳定 | stable |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 168 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 135 pm
范德华半径
- Alvarez
- 279 pm
- UFF
- 345.1 pm
- MM3
- 270 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 276 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 29
- Pettifor
- 26
- Glawe
- 25
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 170 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 20 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2590 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 19.32 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 2
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 97
- 相对供应风险
- 10
- 储量分布
- 50
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 24
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 1632.15 K |
| 沸点 | 3503.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (13)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.2739 |
| 2 | p | 4.3076 |
| 2 | s | 17.0278 |
| 3 | d | 13.7015 |
| 3 | p | 19.9853 |
| 3 | s | 20.4485 |
| 4 | d | 34.69 |
| 4 | f | 39.1352 |
| 4 | p | 31.6012 |
| 4 | s | 30.98 |
晶体半径详情 (6)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 106.3 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 112 | estimated, | |
| 3 | VIII | 118 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 123.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VI | 90 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VIII | 102 |
同位素衰变方式 (63)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 135 | p | 100% |
| 135 | B+ | — |
| 136 | B+ | — |
| 136 | B+p | — |
| 137 | p | — |
| 137 | B+ | — |
| 138 | B+ | — |
| 138 | B+p | — |
| 138 | p | 0% |
| 139 | B+ | 100% |
X射线散射因子 (514)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.15974 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.16625 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.17301 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.18005 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.18738 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.19501 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.20295 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.21121 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.21981 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.22823 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.2 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.4×10-7 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Terbium has been isolated only in recent years with the development of ion-exchange techniques for separating the rare-earth elements. As with other rare earth metals, it can be produced by reducing the anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal in a tantalum crucible. Calcium and tantalum impurities can be removed by vacuum remelting. Other methods of isolation are possible.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Terbium https://periodic.lanl.gov/65.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Terbium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.