Samarium (Sm)
lanthanideSolid
标准原子量
150.36 u电子排布
[Xe] 6s2 4f6熔点
1073.85 °C沸点
1793.85 °C密度
7520 kg/m³氧化态
0, +1, +2, +3电负性（鲍林）
1.17第一电离能
5.643722 eV发现年份
1878原子半径
185 pm详细信息
Samarium is a lanthanide metal with atomic number 62. It is a typical rare-earth element in its trivalent chemistry, but it is also notable for accessible divalent compounds and for the strong neutron-absorbing isotope ¹⁴⁹Sm. The element occurs with other light rare earths in minerals such as monazite and bastnäsite. Its technological importance is concentrated in permanent magnets, neutron control, phosphors, and specialized chemical reducing agents.
Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformations at 734 and 922°C. The metal ignites in air at about 150°C. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to 1100°C.
The name derives from the mineral samarskite, in which it was found and that had been named for Colonel Samarski, a Russian mine official. Samarium was originally discovered in 1878 by the Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine, who called it decipium. It was also discovered by the French chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. In 1881, Delafontaine determined that his decipium could be resolved into two elements, one of which was identical to Boisbaudran's samarium. In 1901, the French chemist Eugène-Anatole Demarçay showed that this samarium earth also contained europium.
Samarium was observed spectroscopically by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swiss chemist, in a material known as dydimia in 1853. Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, a French chemist, was the first to isolate samarium from the mineral samarskite ((Y, Ce, U, Fe)3(Nb, Ta, Ti)5O16) in 1879. Today, samarium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements that can contain as much as 2.8% samarium.
Discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1879 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in the mineral samarskite, named in honor of a Russian mine official, Col. Samarski.
Pure samarium is a silvery, moderately hard metal that tarnishes in air as oxide forms on the surface. It has the close-packed metallic character typical of lanthanides and is normally handled as ingots, pieces, powder, or alloy feedstock under conditions that limit oxidation.
The largest distinctive use of samarium is in samarium-cobalt permanent magnets, mainly SmCo₅ and Sm₂Co₁₇, which retain magnetization at higher temperatures and resist corrosion better than many neodymium magnets. ¹⁴⁹Sm is an effective neutron absorber and samarium compounds are used in control materials and reactor physics applications. Samarium-doped materials serve in some phosphors, lasers, and infrared-absorbing glasses. Samarium(II) iodide, SmI₂, is an important one-electron reducing reagent in organic synthesis.
Samarium is one of the rare earth elements used to make carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights. Samarium also makes up about 1% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters.
Samarium forms a compound with cobalt (SmCo5) which is a powerful permanent magnet with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any material known. Samarium oxide (Sm2O3) is added to glass to absorb infrared radiation and acts as a catalyst for the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethanol (C2H6O).
Samarium, along with other rare earths, is used for carbon-arc lighting for the motion picture industry. SmCo5 has been used in making a new permanent magnet material with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any known material. It is said to have an intrinsic coercive force as high as 2200 kA/m. Samarium oxide has been used in optical glass to absorb the infrared. Samarium is used to dope calcium fluoride crystal for use in optical lasers or lasers. Compounds of the metal act as sensitizers for phosphors excited in the infrared; the oxide exhibits catalytic properties in the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol. It is used in infrared absorbing glass and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
One possible origin for the Moon is from debris ejected by an indirect giant impact of Earth by an astronomical body the size of Mars when the Earth was forming [436] R. M. Canup, E. Asphaug. Nature412, 708 (2001).. The kinetic energy liberated is thought to have melted a large part of the Moon forming a lunar magma ocean. Samarium isotope measurement results [437] A. Brandon. Nature450, 1169 (2007)., along with measurements of isotopes of hafnium, tungsten, and neodymium [438] K. Righter, C. K. Shearer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta67, 2497 (2003)., suggest that lunar magma formed about 70×106 years after the Solar System formed and had crystallized by about 215×106 years after formation. 147Sm (with a half-life of 1.06×1011 years) is used to study the formation of potassium, rare earth elements, and phosphorus-rich rocks [439] J. Edmunson, L. E. Borg. “The formation age of KREEP based on the 147Sm-143Nd geochemistry of KREEP-rich rocks: duration of lunar magma ocean crystallization and similarity to early mars”, in Workshop on Early Planetary Differentiation..
Isotopes in Geochronology
147Sm is used for determining formation ages of igneous and metamorphic rocks via analysis of the minerals which compose them, such as those shown in Fig. IUPAC.62.1 [440] T. Iizuka, O. Nebel, M. McCulloch. Early Crustal Evolution Deduced from a Combined U-Pb and Sm-Nd Isotopic Study of Mt. Narryer and Jack Hills Monazites, The Australian National University (2014), Feb. 28; http://rses.anu.edu.au/highlights/view.php?article=191., [441] K. Rankenburg, A. D. Brandon, C. R. Neal. Science312 1369 (2006)., [442] F. F. Hu, H. R. Fan, S. Liu, K. F. Yang, F. Chen. Resour. Geol.59, 407 (2009)..
Isotopes in Medicine
The radioisotope 153Sm (with a half-life of 1.9 days) is used in medicine to treat the severe pain associated with cancer that has spread to bones (Fig. IUPAC.62.2) [443] International Atomic Energy Agency. Optimization of Production and Quality Control of Therapeutic Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceuticals, IAEA-TECDOC-1114, IAEA VIENNA (1999)., [444] C. L. Maini, S. Bergomi, L. Romano, R. Sciuto. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging31, S171 (2004)., [445] N. Pandit-Taskar, M. Batraki, C. R. Divgi. J. Nucl. Med.45, 1358 (2004)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
147Sm bombarded with 40Ca produces the radioisotope 182Pb [446] K. S. Toth, D. M. Moltz, J. M. Nitschke, P. A. Wilmarth, J. D. Robertson. AIP Conference Proc.283, 347 (1991)..
Samarium most commonly forms Sm³⁺ salts and oxides. Samarium(III) oxide, Sm₂O₃, is a stable sesquioxide used as a starting material for many other compounds. Halides such as samarium(III) chloride, SmCl₃, and samarium(III) fluoride, SmF₃, are typical ionic rare-earth salts. The Sm²⁺ state is less common but chemically important; samarium(II) iodide, SmI₂, is a mild, selective reductant, and samarium(II) sulfide, SmS, shows pressure-sensitive electronic behavior. Mixed-valence chemistry is known in some solids.
See more information at the Samarium compound page.
Compact samarium metal has low acute toxicity, but finely divided metal can burn and should be kept from ignition sources. Dusts and soluble samarium salts may irritate tissues and should not be inhaled or ingested. Natural samarium is weakly radioactive because of long-lived isotopes, especially ¹⁴⁷Sm and ¹⁴⁸Sm, but its specific activity is low. Reactor-produced or isotope-enriched materials can present additional radiation hazards depending on isotopic composition.
Little is known of the toxicity of samarium; therefore, it should be handled carefully.
Samarium is dispersed in the crust as a minor component of rare-earth minerals rather than as native metal. In soils and waters it is generally present as Sm³⁺ associated with phosphates, carbonates, oxides, and organic ligands. It is not known to have an essential biological role. Mining and processing can mobilize samarium together with other rare earths and, in monazite deposits, with thorium and uranium by-products.
Samarium is produced as part of rare-earth separation rather than from samarium-specific ores. Concentrates from monazite and bastnäsite are chemically processed, and individual rare earths are separated by solvent extraction or ion-exchange methods before conversion to oxides, metals, or alloys. Demand is much smaller than for cerium, lanthanum, or neodymium, but it is strategically important where high-temperature Sm-Co magnets are required. Recycling is limited compared with primary production, partly because samarium is often present in durable, specialized magnet assemblies.
Samarium is found along with other members of the rare-earth elements in many minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are commercial sources. It occurs in monazite to the extent of 2.8%. While misch metal containing about 1% of samarium metal, has long been used, samarium has not been isolated in relatively pure form until recently. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently simplified separation of the rare earths from one another; more recently, electrochemical deposition, using an electrolytic solution of lithium citrate and a mercury electrode, is said to be a simple, fast, and highly specific way to separate the rare earths. Samarium metal can be produced by reducing the oxide with lanthanum.
Samarium is a heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars. Its stable and long-lived isotopes reflect contributions from both slow and rapid neutron-capture nucleosynthesis. In planetary materials it is lithophile and follows other rare earths into refractory minerals, making samarium-neodymium isotope systematics useful in geochemistry and cosmochemistry.
- Samarium was named from the mineral samarskite, which was itself named after Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets.
- ¹⁴⁷Sm decays very slowly to ¹⁴³Nd and is used in Sm-Nd radiometric dating.
- ¹⁴⁹Sm has one of the largest thermal-neutron capture cross sections among naturally occurring nuclides.
- Samarium-cobalt magnets preceded modern neodymium-iron-boron magnets in many high-performance applications.
- SmS can change from a black semiconducting phase toward a golden metallic state under pressure.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 185 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 198 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 229 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 密度
- 7520 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0199 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 1073.85 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 1793.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 比热容
- 0.197 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 29.54 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 菱方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 1.17 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电子亲和能
- 0.156 eV
- 第一电离能
- 5.643722 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 11.078038 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 23.550081 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 41.640143 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 62.700216 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- 0, +1, +2, +3 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 3 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Xe] 6s2 4f6
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.08934031 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 1.71011 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 2.145411 eV
- 原子化热
- 2.145411 eV
- 原子化焓
- 2.142302 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 62 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 90 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 41 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 3 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Sm-152
- 发现年份
- 1878
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 7.05 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 4.5 × 10−7 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 900 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-19-9 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 7F0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sm
- InChI Key
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Sm: 4f⁶ 6s²[Xe] 4f⁶ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f⁶ 6s²原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 144 稳定 | 143.9120065 ± 0.0000021 | 3.0700% | 稳定 |
| 150 稳定 | 149.9172829 ± 0.0000018 | 7.3800% | 稳定 |
| 152 稳定 | 151.9197397 ± 0.0000018 | 26.7500% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（1073.85 °C）1048.8 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共62项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Sm I | 0 | 501 |
| Sm II | +1 | 377 |
| Sm III | +2 | 58 |
| Sm IV | +3 | 24 |
| Sm V | +4 | 2 |
| Sm VI | +5 | 2 |
| Sm VII | +6 | 2 |
| Sm VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Sm IX | +8 | 2 |
| Sm X | +9 | 2 |
暂无晶体结构数据
晶体结构: rhombohedral
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 7 | 暂无 | 122 pm |
| +2 | 8 | 暂无 | 127 pm |
| +2 | 9 | 暂无 | 132 pm |
| +3 | 6 | 暂无 | 95.8 pm |
| +3 | 7 | 暂无 | 102 pm |
| +3 | 8 | 暂无 | 107.89999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 9 | 暂无 | 113.19999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 12 | 暂无 | 124 pm |
化合物
同位素 (3)
Twenty one isotopes of samarium exist. Natural samarium is a mixture of several isotopes, three of which are unstable with long half-lives.
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 144 稳定 | 143.9120065 ± 0.0000021 | 3.0700% ± 0.0700% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 150 稳定 | 149.9172829 ± 0.0000018 | 7.3800% ± 0.0100% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 152 稳定 | 151.9197397 ± 0.0000018 | 26.7500% ± 0.1600% | 稳定 | stable |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 172 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 134 pm
范德华半径
- Alvarez
- 290 pm
- UFF
- 352 pm
- MM3
- 271 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 280 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 23
- Pettifor
- 28
- Glawe
- 27
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 192 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 20 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 3130 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 20.01 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 2
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 97
- 相对供应风险
- 10
- 储量分布
- 50
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 24
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 1345.15 K |
| 沸点 | 2067.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (13)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.2217 |
| 2 | p | 4.269 |
| 2 | s | 16.2652 |
| 3 | d | 13.7711 |
| 3 | p | 19.5815 |
| 3 | s | 19.9736 |
| 4 | d | 33.7604 |
| 4 | f | 38.4684 |
| 4 | p | 30.912 |
| 4 | s | 29.7076 |
晶体半径详情 (8)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VII | 136 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 141 | ||
| 2 | IX | 146 | ||
| 3 | VI | 109.8 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 116 | estimated, | |
| 3 | VIII | 121.9 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 127.2 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | XII | 138 | calculated, |
同位素衰变方式 (52)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 128 | B+ | — |
| 128 | B+p | — |
| 129 | B+ | 100% |
| 129 | B+p | — |
| 130 | B+ | — |
| 131 | B+ | 100% |
| 131 | B+p | — |
| 132 | B+ | 100% |
| 132 | B+p | — |
| 133 | B+ | 100% |
X射线散射因子 (508)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.18764 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.19534 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.20334 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.21168 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.22036 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.22939 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.2388 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.24859 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.25878 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.26939 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
7.05 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Samarium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele062.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4.5×10-7 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Samarium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele062.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Samarium is found along with other members of the rare-earth elements in many minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are commercial sources. It occurs in monazite to the extent of 2.8%. While misch metal containing about 1% of samarium metal, has long been used, samarium has not been isolated in relatively pure form until recently. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently simplified separation of the rare earths from one another; more recently, electrochemical deposition, using an electrolytic solution of lithium citrate and a mercury electrode, is said to be a simple, fast, and highly specific way to separate the rare earths. Samarium metal can be produced by reducing the oxide with lanthanum.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Samarium https://periodic.lanl.gov/62.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
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The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Samarium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.