Barium (Ba)
alkaline-earth-metalSolid
标准原子量
137.327 u电子排布
[Xe] 6s2熔点
726.85 °C沸点
1896.85 °C密度
3620 kg/m³氧化态
+1, +2电负性（鲍林）
0.89第一电离能
5.211665 eV发现年份
1808原子半径
215 pm详细信息
Barium is a soft alkaline earth metal, below strontium and above radium in group 2. It is highly reactive, forms Ba²⁺ compounds almost exclusively, and is not found free in nature. Its most important minerals are barite, barium sulfate, and witherite, barium carbonate. The element is technologically significant less as a metal than through dense, insoluble, or optically useful compounds.
Barium is a metallic element, soft, and when pure is silvery white; it belongs to the alkaline earth group, chemically resembling calcium. The metal oxidizes very easily and should be kept under petroleum or other suitable oxygen-free liquids to exclude air. It is decomposed by water or alcohol.
Barium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808 through the electrolysis of molten baryta (BaO). Barium is never found free in nature since it reacts with oxygen in the air, forming barium oxide (BaO), and with water, forming barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) and hydrogen gas (H2). Barium is most commonly found as the mineral barite (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3) and is primarily produced through the electrolysis of barium chloride (BaCl2).
From the Greek word barys, heavy. Baryta was distinguished from lime by Scheele in 1774; the element was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808.
Pure barium is a silvery-white to pale yellow metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes rapidly in air as oxide, nitride, and peroxide-containing surface films form. The metal is soft, relatively dense for an alkaline earth metal, and is normally stored under oil or inert gas.
Elemental barium has limited direct use because of its reactivity. It has been used as a getter in vacuum tubes, where it removes residual gases by forming stable compounds. Barium compounds have broader roles: barium sulfate (BaSO₄) is used as a radiopaque contrast material and as an inert filler; barium titanate (BaTiO₃) is a ferroelectric ceramic used in capacitors and related devices; and barium nitrate (Ba(NO₃)₂) and barium chlorate (Ba(ClO₃)₂) can produce green colors in pyrotechnics.
Barium is used as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes.
Barium sulfate (BaSO4), a common barium compound, is used as a filler for rubber, plastics and resins. It can be combined with zinc oxide (ZnO) to make a white pigment known as lithophone or with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) to make another white pigment known as blanc fixe. Stones made from impure barium sulfate glow when exposed to light and will glow in the dark for up to six years if intensely heated in the presence of charcoal. These stones, known as Bologna stones, were discovered near Bologna, Italy in the early 1500s and were thought to possess magical properties by alchemists. Although all barium compounds are poisonous, barium sulfate can be safely ingested since it does not dissolve in water. It is also a good absorber of X-rays and, when swallowed, can be used to produce X-ray images of the intestinal tract.
Barium carbonate (BaCO3), another common barium compound, is used in the manufacture of ceramics and some types of glass. It is a component in clay slurries used in drilling oil wells. Barium carbonate is used to purify some chemical solutions and is the primary base material for the manufacture of other barium compounds.
Barium forms several other useful compounds. Barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2) burns with a bright green color and is used in signal flares and fireworks. Barium chloride (BaCl) is used as a water softener. Barium oxide (BaO) easily absorbs moisture and is used as a desiccant. Barium peroxide (BaO2) forms hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) when it is mixed with water and is used as a bleaching agent that activates when wet. Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is used as a dielectric material in capacitors. Barium ferrite (BaO·6Fe2O3) is used to make magnets.
Barium-137m, a radioactive form of barium produced by the decay of cesium-137, has a relatively short half-life and is commonly used in high school and college physics half-life determination experiments.
The metal is used as a "getter" in vacuum tubes. The most important compounds are the peroxide, chloride, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, and chlorate. Lithopone, a pigment containing barium sulfate and zinc sulfide, has good covering power, and does not darken in the presence of sulfides. The sulfate, as permanent white is also used in paint, in X-ray diagnostic work, and in glassmaking. Barite is extensively used as a weighing agent in oil well drilling fluids, and is used in making rubber. The carbonate has been used as a rat poison, while the nitrate and chlorate give colors in pyrotechnics. The impure sulfide phosphoresces after exposure to the light. All barium compounds that are water or acid soluble are poisonous. Naturally occurring barium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Twenty two other radioactive isotopes are known to exist.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of barium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they can be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. von Allmen et al. [410] K. v. Allmen, M. E. Böttcher, E. Samankassou, T. F. Nägler. Chem. Geol.277, 70 (2010). observed barium isotopic fractionation in the global barium cycle (Fig. IUPAC.56.1).
High-precision barium isotope measurements reveal differences of up to 25 parts per million in the isotope-amount ratio n(137Ba)/n(136Ba) and 60 parts per million in the n(138Ba)/n(136Ba) ratio between chondrites and the Earth. These differences probably arose from incomplete mixing of nucleosynthetic material in the solar nebula. Barium isotopes may be the decay products of now-extinct 135Cs (with a half-life of about 1.6×106 years), which is thought to be a nucleosynthetic component. Chondritic meteorites have a slight excess of supernova-derived material as compared to Earth, demonstrating that the solar nebula was not perfectly homogenized upon formation (Fig. IUPAC.56.1) [411] M. C. Ranen, S. B. Jacobsen. Science314, 809 (2006)., [412] H. Hidaka, Y. Ohta, S. Yoneda. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett.214, 455 (2003)., [413] S. B. Jacobsen, M. C. Ranen. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta70, A286 (2006)..
Barium chemistry is dominated by the +2 oxidation state and by large, mostly ionic Ba²⁺ salts. Barium oxide (BaO) is a basic oxide, while barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)₂) is a strong base. Barium sulfate (BaSO₄) is exceptionally insoluble, a property central to analytical sulfate tests and medical contrast use. Barium carbonate (BaCO₃), barium chloride (BaCl₂), and barium nitrate (Ba(NO₃)₂) are important laboratory or industrial salts, but soluble barium salts are toxic. Mixed oxides such as barium titanate (BaTiO₃) are important functional ceramics.
See more information at the Barium compound page.
Metallic barium reacts with moisture and can ignite or release hydrogen, so it is handled as an air-sensitive reactive metal. Soluble barium compounds, including barium chloride (BaCl₂) and barium nitrate (Ba(NO₃)₂), are poisonous because Ba²⁺ interferes with potassium ion transport and muscle function. Barium sulfate (BaSO₄) is far less hazardous by ingestion because of its very low solubility, provided it is free of soluble barium impurities.
Barium occurs naturally in crustal rocks, especially as barite, barium sulfate (BaSO₄), and witherite, barium carbonate (BaCO₃). Its mobility depends strongly on sulfate, carbonate, and pH conditions; insoluble sulfate tends to immobilize it, while soluble salts can enter groundwater locally. Barium is not an essential nutrient for most organisms, and elevated soluble barium can be harmful to aquatic and terrestrial life.
Barium is supplied mainly through mining and processing of barite, barium sulfate (BaSO₄), with smaller contributions from other barium minerals where available. Much barite is consumed directly after grinding, especially where high density and chemical inertness are useful, rather than being converted to metal. Barium metal is made by reducing barium compounds under controlled conditions and is a small specialty product. Demand is driven by drilling fluids, fillers, ceramics, glass, pyrotechnics, and chemical manufacture; substitution is possible in some uses but difficult where density, insolubility, or specific electronic properties are required.
It is found only in combination with other elements, chiefly with sulfate and carbonate and is prepared by electrolysis of the chloride.
Barium is heavier than iron and is formed mainly by neutron-capture processes in stars, especially the slow s-process in evolved stars and the rapid r-process in explosive or merger environments. Its spectral lines are important in stellar abundance studies, and barium enrichment in some stars records past nucleosynthesis and mass transfer. In planetary materials it is a trace lithophile element concentrated in minerals and melts rather than metallic cores.
- Barium sulfate is so insoluble that it can be swallowed for X-ray imaging despite barium ion toxicity.
- The name comes from Greek barys, meaning heavy, reflecting the high density of barite.
- Barium flame tests give an apple-green color, though impurities can mask it.
- Natural barium is a mixture of several stable isotopes, with ¹³⁸Ba the most abundant.
- Barium titanate was one of the first widely important ferroelectric ceramics.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 215 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 215 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 268 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 198 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 3620 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.039 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 726.85 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 1896.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 比热容
- 0.204 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 28.07 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 体心立方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 0.89 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 0.881
- 电子亲和能
- 0.1447 eV
- 第一电离能
- 5.211665 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 10.00386 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 35.843923 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 47.000162 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 58.0002 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- +1, +2 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 2 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Xe] 6s2
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.07939058 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 1.461367 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 1.865575 eV
- 原子化热
- 1.865575 eV
- 原子化焓
- 1.856247 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 56 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 82 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 42 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 5 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Ba-138
- 发现年份
- 1808
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 425 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 0.013 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 502 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-39-3 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ba
- InChI Key
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Ba: 6s²[Xe] 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 6s²原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 134 稳定 | 133.90450818 ± 0.0000003 | 2.4170% | 稳定 |
| 135 稳定 | 134.90568838 ± 0.00000029 | 6.5920% | 稳定 |
| 136 稳定 | 135.90457573 ± 0.00000029 | 7.8540% | 稳定 |
| 137 稳定 | 136.90582714 ± 0.0000003 | 11.2320% | 稳定 |
| 138 稳定 | 137.905247 ± 0.00000031 | 71.6980% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（726.85 °C）701.9 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共56项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ba I | 0 | 312 | 109 | 312 |
| Ba II | +1 | 112 | 94 | 112 |
| Ba III | +2 | 535 | 5 | 529 |
| Ba IV | +3 | 42 | 3 | 42 |
| Ba V | +4 | 135 | 0 | 126 |
| Ba VI | +5 | 138 | 0 | 127 |
| Ba VII | +6 | 70 | 0 | 70 |
| Ba VIII | +7 | 141 | 141 | 141 |
| Ba IX | +8 | 110 | 110 | 110 |
| Ba X | +9 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Ba I | 0 | 356 |
| Ba II | +1 | 162 |
| Ba III | +2 | 162 |
| Ba IV | +3 | 34 |
| Ba V | +4 | 52 |
| Ba VI | +5 | 50 |
| Ba VII | +6 | 32 |
| Ba VIII | +7 | 79 |
| Ba IX | +8 | 55 |
| Ba X | +9 | 30 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | 暂无 | 135 pm |
| +2 | 7 | 暂无 | 138 pm |
| +2 | 8 | 暂无 | 142 pm |
| +2 | 9 | 暂无 | 147 pm |
| +2 | 10 | 暂无 | 152 pm |
| +2 | 11 | 暂无 | 157 pm |
| +2 | 12 | 暂无 | 161 pm |
化合物
同位素 (5)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 134 稳定 | 133.90450818 ± 0.0000003 | 2.4170% ± 0.0180% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 135 稳定 | 134.90568838 ± 0.00000029 | 6.5920% ± 0.0120% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 136 稳定 | 135.90457573 ± 0.00000029 | 7.8540% ± 0.0240% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 137 稳定 | 136.90582714 ± 0.0000003 | 11.2320% ± 0.0240% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 138 稳定 | 137.905247 ± 0.00000031 | 71.6980% ± 0.0420% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
已显示50项，共92项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 392.686 nm | 25 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 399.306 nm | 25 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 381.3128 nm | 16 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).6s 2[1/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 469.7428 nm | 15 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5d 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).6p 2[1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 448.1646 nm | 14 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5d 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 610.1987 nm | 13 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5d 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 389.6957 nm | 12 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 392.723 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.793 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 482.0642 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[3/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 485.0833 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[3/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 496.4038 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 504.9533 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 509.7537 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[7/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[9/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 513.4529 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[7/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[9/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 599.7996 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 637.7094 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[3/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 638.3756 nm | 10 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 438.5824 nm | 9 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 464.6207 nm | 9 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 542.699 nm | 9 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 491.7171 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5f 2[7/2] → 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5g 2[9/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 494.5436 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5f 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5g 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 495.2914 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5f 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5g 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 496.3235 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5f 2[7/2] → 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5g 2[9/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 503.3498 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 503.7341 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5d 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).6p 2[1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 590.0288 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[9/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 601.6412 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5d 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).6p 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 603.6589 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 607.7807 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 627.0084 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[3/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 652.6166 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).8s 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 709.5497 nm | 8 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 519.6426 nm | 7 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5g 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 552.8138 nm | 7 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5d 2[3/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 574.0413 nm | 7 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[3/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 579.8254 nm | 7 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 585.9192 nm | 7 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 588.1879 nm | 7 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[9/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 598.3721 nm | 7 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[1/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[1/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 658.3333 nm | 7 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[3/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 565.8601 nm | 6 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<1/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 569.7415 nm | 6 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[3/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 571.6614 nm | 6 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[1/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 572.6169 nm | 6 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[3/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 581.3545 nm | 6 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[3/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[1/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 607.6665 nm | 6 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[7/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 613.1372 nm | 6 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[5/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[1/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 640.614 nm | 6 | Ba III | emission | 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7p 2[1/2] → 5p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 196 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 161 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 149 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 210 pm
范德华半径
- Truhlar
- 268 pm
- Batsanov
- 270 pm
- Alvarez
- 303 pm
- UFF
- 370.3 pm
- MM3
- 307 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 293 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 222 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 9
- Pettifor
- 14
- Glawe
- 14
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 2
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 272 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 10 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 5540 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 38.1 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 1
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 44
- 相对供应风险
- 8
- 储量分布
- 42
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 24
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 1000.15 K |
| 沸点 | 2118.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (12)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.1139 |
| 2 | p | 4.1904 |
| 2 | s | 14.7532 |
| 3 | d | 13.9757 |
| 3 | p | 18.6836 |
| 3 | s | 18.8444 |
| 4 | d | 32.216 |
| 4 | p | 29.1968 |
| 4 | s | 28.08 |
| 5 | p | 41.1995 |
晶体半径详情 (7)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 149 | ||
| 2 | VII | 152 | calculated, | |
| 2 | VIII | 156 | ||
| 2 | IX | 161 | ||
| 2 | X | 166 | ||
| 2 | XI | 171 | ||
| 2 | XII | 175 | calculated, |
同位素衰变方式 (55)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 113 | p | — |
| 113 | A | — |
| 114 | B+ | 100% |
| 114 | B+p | 20% |
| 114 | A | 0.9% |
| 114 | 12C | 0% |
| 115 | B+ | 100% |
| 115 | B+p | 15% |
| 116 | B+ | 100% |
| 116 | B+p | 3% |
X射线散射因子 (508)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.10258 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.10761 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.11287 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.1184 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.1242 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.13028 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.13666 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.14335 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.15037 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.15773 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
4.25×102 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.3×10-2 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
It is found only in combination with other elements, chiefly with sulfate and carbonate and is prepared by electrolysis of the chloride.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Barium https://periodic.lanl.gov/56.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Barium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.