Titanium (Ti)
transition-metalSolid
标准原子量
47.867 u电子排布
[Ar] 4s2 3d2熔点
1667.85 °C沸点
3286.85 °C密度
4500 kg/m³氧化态
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4电负性（鲍林）
1.54第一电离能
6.82812 eV发现年份
1791原子半径
140 pm详细信息
Titanium is a light, strong transition metal with a high melting point and exceptional resistance to corrosion in many natural and industrial environments. Its chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, although +3 and lower states occur in specialized compounds. The metal is abundant in Earth’s crust but is rarely found in concentrated metallic form because it bonds strongly to oxygen and nitrogen. Its combination of low density, strength, and passivation makes it important in aerospace, chemical equipment, pigments, and medical materials.
Titanium, when pure, is a lustrous, white metal. It has a low density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is ductile only when it is free of oxygen. The metal, which burns in air, is the only element that burns in nitrogen.
Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, most chlorine gas, and chloride solutions.
Natural titanium is reported to become very radioactive after bombardment with deuterons. The emitted radiations are mostly positrons and hard gamma rays. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal alpha form changes to the cubic beta form very slowly at about 880°C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550°C.
Titanium metal is considered to be physiologically inert. When pure, titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has an extremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher than diamond.
The name derives from the Latin titans, who were the mythological "first sons of the earth". It was originally discovered by the English clergyman William Gregor in the mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3) in 1791. He called this mineral menachanite and the element menachin, for the Menachan parish where it was found. It was rediscovered in 1795 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who called it titanium because it had no characteristic properties to use as a name. Titanium metal was first isolated by the Swedish chemists Sven Otto Pettersson and Lars Fredrik Nilson.
Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the Reverend William Gregor, an English pastor. Pure titanium was first produced by Matthew A. Hunter, an American metallurgist, in 1910. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust and is primarily found in the minerals rutile (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) and sphene (CaTiSiO5). Titanium makes up about 0.57% of the earth's crust.
From the Latin titans, the first sons of the Earth, Greek mythology.
Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; however, the pure metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 when Hunter heated TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb.
Pure titanium is a silvery gray metal. It is ductile when sufficiently pure, but interstitial oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, or hydrogen can harden and embrittle it. At ordinary temperatures it is protected by a thin, adherent oxide film that reforms rapidly after scratching in air or water.
Most titanium mined is not converted to metal but to titanium dioxide, TiO₂, a white pigment used in paints, plastics, paper, inks, ceramics, and sunscreens. Metallic titanium and its alloys are used where high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance justify the cost, including aircraft structures, jet-engine parts, marine hardware, heat exchangers, and chemical-process equipment. Biocompatible titanium alloys are used for dental and orthopedic implants. Titanium is also used in some sporting goods, architecture, and as a getter or alloying addition in metallurgy.
Titanium is a strong, light metal. It is as strong as steel and twice as strong as aluminum, but is 45% lighter than steel and only 60% heavier than aluminum. Titanium is not easily corroded by sea water and is used in propeller shafts, rigging and other parts of boats that are exposed to sea water. Titanium and titanium alloys are used in airplanes, missiles and rockets where strength, low weight and resistance to high temperatures are important. Since titanium does not react within the human body, it is used to create artificial hips, pins for setting bones and for other biological implants. Unfortunately, the high cost of titanium has limited its widespread use.
Titanium oxide (TiO2) is used as a pigment to create white paint and accounts for the largest use of the element. Pure titanium oxide is relatively clear and is used to create titania, an artificial gemstone. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), another titanium compound, has been used to make smoke screens.
A final bit of titanium trivia titanium is one of the few elements that will burn in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen.
Titanium is important as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Alloys of titanium are principally used for aircraft and missiles where lightweight strength and ability to withstand extremes of temperature are important.
Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heavier than aluminum, but twice as strong.
Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water.
It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit their asterism as a result of the presence of TiO2.
Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist's paint, because it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor viewing conditions.
Titanium tetrachloride is used to iridize glass. This compound fumes strongly in air and has been used to produce smoke screens.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The isotope-amount ratio n(50Ti)/n(46Ti) is used to study the early history of the Solar System. The value of the ratio can help determine whether the Solar System was created from a well-homogenized source [197] I. Leya, M. Schönbächler, U. Krähenbühl, A. N. Halliday. Astrophys. J.702, 1118 (2009)., [198] R. Courtland. Titanium Reveals Explosive Origins of the Solar System, New Scientist (2014), Feb. 25; http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16969-titanium-reveals-explosive-origins-of-the-solar-system.html.. For example, variations in titanium isotopic compositions of various groups of meteorites can be observed (Fig. IUPAC.22.1) [199] J. Zhang, N. Dauphas, A. M. Davis, A. Pourmand. J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26, 2197 (2011)..
Isotopes in Industry
The isotope-amount ratio n(48Ti)/n(49Ti) has been used in Isotope Ratio Method (IRM) analysis (initial titanium ratio/final titanium ratio) to estimate the energy production of nuclear reactors. This ratio can also be used to confirm that a reactor is being used for non-proliferation purposes (purposes other than to assist in the formation of nuclear weapon grade materials) [201] D. C. Gerlach, C. J. Gesh, D. E. Hurley, M. R. Mitchell, G. H. Meriwether, B. D. Reid. Final Report on Isotope Ratio Techniques for Light Water Reactors, PNNL-18573. U.S. Department of Energy (2009)..
Titanium forms stable oxides, halides, nitrides, carbides, and organometallic compounds. Titanium dioxide, TiO₂, occurs mainly as rutile, anatase, and brookite and is chemically durable and optically important. Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl₄, is a volatile liquid used in metal production and pigment processing; it fumes in moist air by hydrolysis. Titanium nitride, TiN, is a hard, gold-colored ceramic coating. Titanium carbide, TiC, is a very hard refractory material. In aqueous chemistry, Ti⁴⁺ hydrolyzes strongly, while Ti³⁺ compounds are reducing and less stable in air.
See more information at the Titanium compound page.
Massive titanium metal is generally of low toxicity and is widely used in implants, but fine powder, turnings, and dust can burn vigorously and may pose explosion hazards when dispersed. Hot titanium reacts readily with oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Titanium tetrachloride, TiCl₄, is highly corrosive and releases hydrogen chloride, HCl, on contact with moisture. Titanium dioxide, TiO₂, is chemically inert in many uses, but inhalation of respirable dust is controlled in occupational settings.
Titanium is a common lithophile element in rocks and soils, mostly locked in resistant oxide and silicate minerals. It has low biological availability because Ti⁴⁺ is strongly hydrolyzed and insoluble under many environmental conditions. Weathering can concentrate titanium minerals such as rutile and ilmenite in heavy-mineral sands. Titanium dioxide particles are persistent, and their environmental behavior depends on particle size, surface coating, and light exposure rather than simple dissolution.
Titanium supply is tied mainly to mineral feedstocks used for pigment production, especially ilmenite and rutile, rather than to metallic titanium demand. Metal production is energy- and process-intensive because titanium cannot be reduced easily from its oxide; the Kroll process converts titanium tetrachloride, TiCl₄, with magnesium to produce sponge metal. Alloy fabrication and machining are costly compared with steel or aluminum. Recycling of clean titanium scrap is important in aerospace and medical supply chains, while contaminated scrap is harder to reuse in high-grade alloys.
Titanium is present in meteorites and the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2; rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages.
Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them.
It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in ash of coal, in plants, and in human body.
The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is still largely used for producing the metal. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide.
Titanium is produced in massive stars and supernova environments by nuclear burning and related explosive nucleosynthesis. It is a minor but widely detected element in the Sun, meteorites, and many stellar spectra. In rocky planets it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and is incorporated into oxide and silicate minerals rather than metallic cores. Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in meteorites can contain titanium-bearing refractory phases.
- Titanium was named after the Titans of Greek mythology, not after the element’s strength.
- The metal’s useful corrosion resistance comes from a nanometer-scale TiO₂ film.
- Titanium can burn in nitrogen at high temperature, forming titanium nitride.
- Commercially pure titanium grades differ largely by controlled oxygen content.
- Titanium tetrachloride produces dense white fumes in humid air.
- Rutile TiO₂ has one of the highest refractive indices of common colorless solids.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 140 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 160 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 187 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 132 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 4500 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0106 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 1667.85 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 3286.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 21.9 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.523 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 25.06 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 六方密堆积 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 1.54 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 1.38
- 电子亲和能
- 0.0755 eV
- 第一电离能
- 6.82812 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 13.575547 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 27.491805 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 43.267319 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 99.299342 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 4 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Ar] 4s2 3d2
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.14665492 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 4.40483 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 4.851531 eV
- 原子化热
- 4.851531 eV
- 原子化焓
- 4.902316 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 22 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 26 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 29 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 5 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Ti-48
- 发现年份
- 1791
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 5650 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 0.001 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 295 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 10, 2 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-32-6 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 3F2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ti
- InChI Key
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Ti: 3d² 4s²[Ar] 3d² 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d² 4s²原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 46 稳定 | 45.95262772 ± 0.00000035 | 8.2500% | 稳定 |
| 47 稳定 | 46.95175879 ± 0.00000038 | 7.4400% | 稳定 |
| 48 稳定 | 47.94794198 ± 0.00000038 | 73.7200% | 稳定 |
| 49 稳定 | 48.94786568 ± 0.00000039 | 5.4100% | 稳定 |
| 50 稳定 | 49.94478689 ± 0.00000039 | 5.1800% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（1667.85 °C）1642.8 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共22项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti I | 0 | 4029 | 496 | 4029 |
| Ti II | +1 | 1872 | 470 | 1872 |
| Ti III | +2 | 819 | 297 | 819 |
| Ti IV | +3 | 86 | 39 | 86 |
| Ti V | +4 | 252 | 4 | 252 |
| Ti VI | +5 | 71 | 14 | 71 |
| Ti VII | +6 | 92 | 13 | 92 |
| Ti VIII | +7 | 85 | 37 | 85 |
| Ti IX | +8 | 85 | 50 | 85 |
| Ti X | +9 | 162 | 78 | 162 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Ti I | 0 | 559 |
| Ti II | +1 | 253 |
| Ti III | +2 | 200 |
| Ti IV | +3 | 40 |
| Ti V | +4 | 66 |
| Ti VI | +5 | 59 |
| Ti VII | +6 | 62 |
| Ti VIII | +7 | 44 |
| Ti IX | +8 | 32 |
| Ti X | +9 | 83 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | 暂无 | 86 pm |
| +3 | 6 | 暂无 | 67 pm |
| +4 | 4 | 暂无 | 42 pm |
| +4 | 5 | 暂无 | 51 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 暂无 | 60.5 pm |
| +4 | 8 | 暂无 | 74 pm |
化合物
同位素 (5)
Natural titanium consists of five isotopes with atomic masses from 46 to 50. All are stable. Eight other unstable isotopes are known.
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46 稳定 | 45.95262772 ± 0.00000035 | 8.2500% ± 0.0300% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 47 稳定 | 46.95175879 ± 0.00000038 | 7.4400% ± 0.0200% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 48 稳定 | 47.94794198 ± 0.00000038 | 73.7200% ± 0.0300% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 49 稳定 | 48.94786568 ± 0.00000039 | 5.4100% ± 0.0200% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 50 稳定 | 49.94478689 ± 0.00000039 | 5.1800% ± 0.0200% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
已显示50项，共1717项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 521.03843 nm | 21000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 506.46526 nm | 17000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 519.29686 nm | 17000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 517.37431 nm | 15000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 498.17305 nm | 14000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 503.99574 nm | 14000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 468.19089 nm | 13000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 499.1066 nm | 13000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 499.9503 nm | 12000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 501.41861 nm | 11000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 399.86363 nm | 10000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 466.75845 nm | 10000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 500.72093 nm | 10000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 453.32394 nm | 9200 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 398.17616 nm | 8800 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 398.97582 nm | 8800 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 501.42762 nm | 8700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 395.82055 nm | 8600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 465.64693 nm | 8400 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 3G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 395.63338 nm | 8000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 453.47761 nm | 7900 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 394.86705 nm | 7000 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 484.08737 nm | 6600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 1D → 3d2.(1D).4s.4p.(1P*) y 1D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 430.59074 nm | 6400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 453.55686 nm | 6100 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 394.77683 nm | 5700 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(1D).4s.4p.(3P*) 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 502.00263 nm | 5100 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 430.10787 nm | 4900 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 503.5903 nm | 4900 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s b 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p w 3G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 502.28679 nm | 4800 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 453.59176 nm | 4700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 430.05538 nm | 4400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 453.60403 nm | 4000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 503.64639 nm | 4000 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s b 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p w 3G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 501.61609 nm | 3800 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 451.8022 nm | 3700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 488.50794 nm | 3700 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(2G).4s a 3G → 3d3.(2G).4p y 3H* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 392.45264 nm | 3600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 402.45711 nm | 3600 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 390.47826 nm | 3500 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 1D → 3d2.(1D).4s.4p.(1P*) y 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 452.2797 nm | 3500 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 502.48444 nm | 3500 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 398.24811 nm | 3400 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3P).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5S* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 454.87635 nm | 3400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 455.24533 nm | 3400 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 5F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 400.89274 nm | 3300 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d2.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) y 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 503.83979 nm | 3300 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s b 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p w 3G* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 392.98737 nm | 3200 | Ti I | emission | 3d2.4s2 a 3F → 3d3.(4F).4p y 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 429.86657 nm | 3200 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d3.(4F).4p x 5D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 489.99088 nm | 3200 | Ti I | emission | 3d3.(2G).4s a 3G → 3d3.(2G).4p y 3H* | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 136 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 117 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 108 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 140 pm
范德华半径
- Batsanov
- 215 pm
- Alvarez
- 246 pm
- UFF
- 317.5 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 257 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 147 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 43
- Pettifor
- 51
- Glawe
- 51
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 100 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 10 a.u.
- C₆
- 1044 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1200 Ha·Bohr6
化学亲和力
- 质子亲和能
- 876 kJ/mol
- 气相碱性
- 853.7 kJ/mol
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 10.58 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 4
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 21
- 相对供应风险
- 5
- 储量分布
- 29
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 81
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 24
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 1943.15 K |
| 沸点 | 3560.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (7)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5591 |
| 2 | p | 3.9352 |
| 2 | s | 6.6234 |
| 3 | d | 13.8586 |
| 3 | p | 11.8963 |
| 3 | s | 10.9669 |
| 4 | s | 17.1832 |
晶体半径详情 (6)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 100 | estimated, | |
| 3 | VI | 81 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | IV | 56 | calculated, | |
| 4 | V | 65 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 74.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VIII | 88 | calculated, |
同位素衰变方式 (47)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 37 | p | — |
| 38 | 2p | — |
| 39 | B+ | 100% |
| 39 | B+p | 93.7% |
| 39 | 2p | — |
| 40 | B+ | 100% |
| 40 | B+p | 95.8% |
| 41 | B+ | 100% |
| 41 | B+p | 91.1% |
| 42 | B+ | 100% |
X射线散射因子 (530)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.51668 |
| 10.1428 | — | 1.54246 |
| 10.3068 | — | 1.57217 |
| 10.4735 | — | 1.60245 |
| 10.6429 | — | 1.63331 |
| 10.8151 | — | 1.66477 |
| 10.99 | — | 1.70636 |
| 11.1677 | — | 1.75257 |
| 11.3484 | — | 1.80003 |
| 11.5319 | — | 1.84878 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
5.65×103 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Titanium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele022.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-3 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Titanium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele022.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Titanium is present in meteorites and the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2; rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages.
Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them.
It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in ash of coal, in plants, and in human body.
The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is still largely used for producing the metal. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Titanium https://periodic.lanl.gov/22.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Titanium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.