Livermorium (Lv)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
标准原子量
[293]电子排布
[Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (预测值)熔点
506.85 °C沸点
861.85 °C密度
1.29e+4 kg/m³氧化态
−2, +2, +4电负性（鲍林）
暂无第一电离能
暂无发现年份
2000原子半径
183 pm详细信息
Livermorium is a synthetic superheavy element in group 16, below polonium. It has only been made atom by atom in nuclear reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are extremely short-lived. Its placement suggests a heavy chalcogen, but relativistic effects are expected to alter its chemistry. No macroscopic sample has existed, so most chemical and physical properties remain predicted rather than measured.
Livermorium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. In 2000, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia (Fig. IUPAC.116.1) worked with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of California and other collaborators to synthesize element 116. This element was first given the placeholder name ununhexium; in May of 2012 it was granted the name livermorium, with the symbol Lv. Researchers first studied livermorium as a decay product of oganesson and then synthesized livermorium by bombarding atoms of 248Cm with ions of 48Ca. The initial reaction of 248Cm with 48Ca produced the isotope 292Lv. Researchers were also able to produce livermorium by bombarding 245Cm with 48Ca. There are four known isotopes of livermorium [669], [674]. Livermorium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
On December 6, 2000, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, announced the creation of livermorium. They produced livermorium by bombarding atoms of curium-248 with ions of calcium-48. This produced livermorium-292, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.6 milliseconds (0.0006 seconds), and four free neutrons. Livermorium's most stable isotope, livermorium-293, has a half-life of about 53 milliseconds. It decays into flerovium-289 through alpha decay.
Livermorium is a synthetic element with the symbol Lv and an atomic number of 116.
It was first reported by Russian scientists from Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) in 2000. Its former name was ununhexium and the name Livermorium name was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012.
The appearance of livermorium is unknown because no visible or weighable sample has been produced. Predictions generally treat it as a very heavy metallic solid under ordinary conditions, but this has not been experimentally observed.
Livermorium has no practical use outside nuclear and chemical research. Its atoms are produced to study superheavy nuclei, decay chains, nuclear shell effects, and the limits of the periodic table. Any chemical experiments would necessarily be atom-at-a-time studies with rapidly decaying isotopes, not applications using a stored material.
Since only a few atoms of livermorium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No bulk livermorium compounds are known. As a group 16 element, it is expected to show chemistry related to tellurium and polonium, with oxidation states such as +2 and possibly +4 considered plausible. The +6 state, common for lighter chalcogens in compounds such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), is predicted to be less stable for livermorium because of strong relativistic effects. Specific compounds such as livermorium dioxide (LvO₂) or livermorium hydride (LvH₂) remain theoretical.
See more information at the Livermorium compound page.
Livermorium presents a radiological hazard in principle, but only minute numbers of atoms have been made. Its known isotopes decay rapidly by alpha emission and spontaneous fission pathways within decay chains. Laboratory risk is governed mainly by accelerator targets, intense beams, recoil separators, and the radioactive daughter products, rather than by chemical exposure to livermorium itself.
Livermorium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in laboratories decay too quickly and in too small a number to produce measurable environmental concentrations. Any release would be negligible in chemical terms, with radiological relevance limited to the immediate experimental context and its decay products.
Livermorium has no commodity market, commercial supply, or industrial demand. Production requires heavy-ion accelerators, rare target materials, and specialized detection systems capable of identifying single atoms through their decay chains. The cost is therefore embedded in large-scale nuclear research rather than in the price of a material. There is no recycling or stockpiling of livermorium, because produced atoms decay before any macroscopic inventory could exist.
Made by bombardng curium-248 with calcium-48.
Livermorium is not expected to occur in ordinary cosmic or planetary matter. If formed in extreme nucleosynthetic events, its known isotopes would decay far too quickly to survive to the present. Searches for long-lived superheavy nuclei concern possible islands of stability, but no naturally occurring livermorium isotope has been confirmed.
- Livermorium was named for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
- Confirmed livermorium atoms have been identified through decay chains, not by weighing a sample.
- Its chemistry is expected to be strongly affected by relativistic electron behavior.
- The element lies below polonium but is not simply a heavier ordinary chalcogen.
- Even the longest-lived known livermorium isotopes have half-lives measured on very short experimental timescales.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 183 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 密度
- 1.29 × 104 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 506.85 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 861.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
化学性质
- 电子亲和能
- 0.7 eV
- 氧化态
- −2, +2, +4 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 6 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (预测值)
热力学性质
暂无
核性质
- 质子
- 116 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 177 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 5 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 0 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 质量数（最稳定同位素）
- 293
- 最稳定同位素
- Lv-293
- 发现年份
- 2000
丰度
暂无
晶体结构
暂无
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 14, 10, 6 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 54100-71-9 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Lv
- InChI Key
- ONFASNXETZOODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 预测值
——暂无该离子的电子排布数据。
原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
暂无
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
无稳定同位素。
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 289 放射性 | 289.19816 ± 0.00057 | 暂无 | 16 ms |
| 290 放射性 | 290.19864 ± 0.00071 | 暂无 | 9 ms |
| 291 放射性 | 291.20108 ± 0.00066 | 暂无 | 26 ms |
| 292 放射性 | 292.20174 ± 0.00091 | 暂无 | 16 ms |
| 293 放射性 | 293.20449 ± 0.0006 | 暂无 | 70 ms |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（506.85 °C）481.9 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
暂无晶体结构数据
同位素 (5)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 289 放射性 | 289.19816 ± 0.00057 | 暂无 | 16 ms | α ? | |
| 290 放射性 | 290.19864 ± 0.00071 | 暂无 | 9 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 291 放射性 | 291.20108 ± 0.00066 | 暂无 | 26 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 292 放射性 | 292.20174 ± 0.00091 | 暂无 | 16 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 293 放射性 | 293.20449 ± 0.0006 | 暂无 | 70 ms | α ≈100%SF ? |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 175 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 104
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
同位素衰变方式 (9)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 289 | A | — |
| 290 | A | 100% |
| 290 | SF | — |
| 291 | A | 100% |
| 291 | SF | — |
| 292 | A | 100% |
| 292 | SF | — |
| 293 | A | 100% |
| 293 | SF | — |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
参考文献
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Livermorium.