Darmstadtium (Ds)
transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
标准原子量
[281]电子排布
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d8 (预测值)熔点
暂无沸点
暂无密度
3.48e+4 kg/m³氧化态
0, +2, +4, +6, +8电负性（鲍林）
暂无第一电离能
暂无发现年份
1994原子半径
132 pm详细信息
Darmstadtium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 10, below nickel, palladium, and platinum. It has been produced only atom by atom in heavy-ion fusion experiments and identified from its radioactive decay chains. Its chemistry is largely unmeasured; theoretical work treats it as a very heavy platinum-group metal, with strong relativistic effects expected to influence bonding and volatility.
Darmstadtium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Darmstadtium was first synthesized by an international team of scientists from the GSI in Darmstadt, Germany, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, the Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia and the University of Jyväskylä, Finland at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt (Fig. IUPAC.110.1), Germany in 1994 using the nuclear reaction 208Pb (62Ni, n) 269Ds. The element was named darmstadtium after the place where the first synthesis was made [656], [657], [658], [659]. Darmstadtium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Darmstadtium is named after the city Darmstadt, Germany.
Darmstadtium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany on November 9th, 1994. They bombarded atoms of lead with ions of nickel with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced one atom of darmstadtium-269, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.17 milliseconds (0.00017 seconds), after at least a billion billion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) nickel ions were fired at the lead target over the course of a week. Darmstadtium's most stable isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of about 20 seconds. About 15% of the time, it decays into hassium-277 through alpha decay. The remaining 85% of the time, it decays through spontaneous fission.
November 9, 1994 at 4:39 pm, the first atom with atomic number 110 was detected at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, in Germany.
Element 110 was produced by fusing a nickel and lead atom together. This was achieved by accelerating the nickel atoms to a high energy in the heavy ion accelerator."This rare reaction occurs only at a very specific velocity of the nickel projectile. Over a period of many days, many billion billion nickel atoms must be shot at a lead target in order to produce and identify a single atom of element 110. The atoms produced in the nickel-lead collisions are selected by a velocity filter and then captured in a detector system which measures their decay. The energy of the emitted helium nuclei serves to identify the atom" (Press Release). This element was only found to have a lifetime of less than 1/1000th of a second. It is expected that soon a heavier version of element 110 that might be more stable, and that lives slightly longer will be developed.
The name darmstatdium was confirmed by IUPAC in August 2003.
No macroscopic sample of darmstadtium has ever been prepared, so its bulk appearance is unknown. It is often predicted to be a dense metallic solid, but color, texture, melting behavior, and other ordinary physical properties have not been directly observed.
Darmstadtium has no practical use outside nuclear and chemical research. Individual atoms are made to study superheavy nuclei, alpha-decay chains, spontaneous fission, and the limits of element production. Any proposed chemical experiments must be designed for atom-at-a-time detection, because the known isotopes are too short-lived and scarce for materials use, radiotracer applications, or commercial products.
Since only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No compound of darmstadtium has been isolated in weighable quantity, and its chemistry remains mostly predictive. As a group 10 element it is expected to show metallic and coordination chemistry related in broad outline to platinum, but relativistic effects may alter trends. Calculations have considered species such as darmstadtium hexafluoride, DsF₆, and darmstadtium tetrachloride, DsCl₄; oxidation states such as +2, +4, and possibly +6 are discussed, but experimental confirmation is very limited or absent.
See more information at the Darmstadtium compound page.
All known darmstadtium isotopes are radioactive, with half-lives ranging from very short intervals to at most seconds for the better-known nuclides. The radiological hazard would come mainly from alpha decay and, for some isotopes, spontaneous fission. In practice, only a few atoms are produced, so chemical toxicity is not a practical exposure issue; accelerator targets and detectors are handled under radiological controls.
Darmstadtium has no confirmed natural occurrence and is not expected to persist in the environment because its known isotopes decay rapidly. Atoms produced in laboratories decay essentially where they are made or implanted in detector materials. There is no known environmental cycle, biological role, or ecological accumulation pathway for the element itself.
Darmstadtium has no commodity market, industrial supply chain, or recoverable stock. Production requires a heavy-ion accelerator, highly prepared target materials, and long experimental runs that may yield only a few identifiable atoms. The cost is therefore embedded in nuclear-physics research programs rather than in saleable material. Recycling is not meaningful for darmstadtium itself, although target materials and detector components may be recovered or reused after experiments.
Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with cobolt-59.
Darmstadtium is not a primordial element, and no cosmic abundance has been measured. Superheavy nuclei near this region may be formed transiently in extreme nucleosynthesis environments, but known darmstadtium isotopes would decay too quickly to accumulate. Its extraterrestrial relevance is therefore mainly theoretical, as part of studies of the limits of nuclear stability.
- Darmstadtium was named for Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized.
- It was initially reported by the GSI heavy-ion research laboratory in 1994.
- Atoms are recognized through correlated decay chains rather than by ordinary chemical analysis.
- It belongs to group 10 but has not shown platinum-like chemistry in bulk because no bulk sample exists.
- The temporary systematic name for element 110 was ununnilium.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 132 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 密度
- 3.48 × 104 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
化学性质
- 电子亲和能
- 1.6 eV
- 氧化态
- 0, +2, +4, +6, +8 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 25 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d8 (预测值)
热力学性质
暂无
核性质
- 质子
- 110 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 172 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 18 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 0 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 质量数（最稳定同位素）
- 281
- 最稳定同位素
- Ds-282
- 发现年份
- 1994
丰度
暂无
晶体结构
暂无
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 8, 25 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 54083-77-1 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ds
- InChI Key
- NCBMSFCPDGXTHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 预测值
——暂无该离子的电子排布数据。
原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
暂无
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
无稳定同位素。
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 278 放射性 | 278.15704 ± 0.00067 | 暂无 | 270 ms |
| 273 放射性 | 273.14856 ± 0.00014 | 暂无 | 240 us |
| 269 放射性 | 269.144752 ± 0.000034 | 暂无 | 230 us |
| 279 放射性 | 279.1601 ± 0.00064 | 暂无 | 210 ms |
| 270 放射性 | 270.144584 ± 0.000052 | 暂无 | 205 us |
物相 / 状态
暂无物相/状态数据
原子光谱
已显示10项，共94项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Ds VI | +5 | 2 |
| Ds VII | +6 | 1 |
| Ds VIII | +7 | 1 |
| Ds IX | +8 | 2 |
| Ds X | +9 | 2 |
| Ds XI | +10 | 2 |
| Ds XII | +11 | 2 |
| Ds XIII | +12 | 2 |
| Ds XIV | +13 | 2 |
| Ds XV | +14 | 2 |
暂无物相/状态数据
化合物
同位素 (5)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 278 放射性 | 278.15704 ± 0.00067 | 暂无 | 270 ms | α ?SF ? | |
| 273 放射性 | 273.14856 ± 0.00014 | 暂无 | 240 us | α ≈100% | |
| 269 放射性 | 269.144752 ± 0.000034 | 暂无 | 230 us | α =100% | |
| 279 放射性 | 279.1601 ± 0.00064 | 暂无 | 210 ms | SF =88±0.5%α =12±0.5% | |
| 270 放射性 | 270.144584 ± 0.000052 | 暂无 | 205 us | α ≈100%SF ? |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 128 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 116 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 118 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 70
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 32 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 3 a.u.
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
同位素衰变方式 (30)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 267 | A | 100% |
| 268 | A | — |
| 269 | A | 100% |
| 270 | A | 100% |
| 270 | SF | — |
| 271 | SF | 75% |
| 271 | A | 25% |
| 272 | SF | — |
| 273 | A | 100% |
| 274 | A | — |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Darmstadtium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele110.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Darmstadtium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele110.html
参考文献
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Darmstadtium.