Cobalt (Co)
transition-metalSolid
Nguyên tử khối chuẩn
58,933194 uCấu hình electron
[Ar] 4s2 3d7Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
1494,85 °CNhiệt độ sôi
2926,85 °CKhối lượng riêng
8860 kg/m³Trạng thái oxi hóa
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5Độ âm điện (Pauling)
1,88Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
7,88101 eVNăm phát hiện
1735Bán kính nguyên tử
135 pmChi tiết
Cobalt is a hard transition metal of group 9, best known for stable high-temperature alloys, magnetic materials, rechargeable battery cathodes, and intensely colored blue pigments. It occurs in nature chiefly as a minor constituent of sulfide and arsenide minerals and is commonly recovered with copper or nickel. Chemically it is dominated by the +2 and +3 oxidation states, with coordination chemistry that includes biologically important corrinoids.
Cobalt is a brittle, hard metal, resembling iron and nickel in appearance. It has a metallic permeability of about two thirds that of iron. Cobalt tends to exist as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range. The transformation is sluggish and accounts in part for the wide variation in reported data on physical properties of cobalt.
The name derives from the German Kobold for "evil spirits" or "goblins", who were superstitiously thought to cause trouble for miners because the mineral contained arsenic that injured their health and the metallic ores did not yield metals when treated with the normal methods. Cobalt was discovered in 1735 by the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt.
Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, in 1739. Brandt was attempting to prove that the ability of certain minerals to color glass blue was due to an unknown element and not to bismuth, as was commonly believed at the time. Cobalt's primary ores are cobaltite (CoAsS) and erythrite (Co3(AsO4)2). Cobalt is usually recovered as a byproduct of mining and refining nickel, silver, lead, copper and iron.
From the German word Kobald, goblin or evil spirit; also from the Greek cobalos, mine. George Brandt discovered cobalt in 1735.
Pure cobalt is a lustrous, silvery gray metal with a faint bluish cast. It is hard, relatively brittle compared with many structural metals, and ferromagnetic near room temperature. Finely divided cobalt has a much larger reactive surface and can behave differently from compact metal.
Cobalt is used in superalloys for turbine blades and other hot, highly stressed components, where it helps retain strength and resist corrosion. It is a key constituent of some permanent magnets and magnetic recording alloys. Large quantities are used in lithium-ion battery cathode materials, especially layered oxides containing lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, or aluminum. Cobalt compounds are also used as catalysts, driers for paints and inks, and blue ceramic and glass colorants. The radioisotope cobalt-60 is used as a gamma-ray source for sterilization, radiography, and radiotherapy.
Although cobalt is used in electroplating to give objects an attractive surface that resists oxidation, it is more widely used to form alloys. Alnico, an alloy consisting of aluminum, nickel and cobalt is used to make powerful permanent magnets. Stellite alloys, which contain cobalt, chromium and tungsten, are used to make high-speed and high temperature cutting tools and dyes. Cobalt is also used to make alloys for jet engines and gas turbines, magnetic steels and some types of stainless steels.
Cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important source of gamma rays and is used to treat some forms of cancer and as a medical tracer. Cobalt-60 has a half-life of 5.27 years and decays into nickel-60 through beta decay.
Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to color porcelain, glass, pottery, tile and enamel. Some of these compounds are known as: cobalt blue, ceruleum, new blue, smalt, cobalt yellow and cobalt green. In addition to being used as a dye, cobalt is also important to human nutrition as it is an essential part of vitamin B12.
It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses. Stellite alloys, containing cobalt, chromium, and tungsten, are used for high-speed, heavy-duty, high temperature cutting tools, and for dies.
Cobalt is also used in other magnetic steels and stainless steels, and in alloys used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators. The metal is used in electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation.
Cobalt salts have been used for centuries to produce brilliant and permanent blue colors in porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. It is the principal ingredient in Sevre's and Thenard's blue. A solution of the chloride is used as a sympathetic ink. Cobalt carefully used in the form of the chloride, sulfate, acetate, or nitrate has been found effective in correcting a certain mineral deficiency disease in animals.
Soils should contain 0.13 to 0.30 ppm of cobalt for proper animal nutrition.
Isotopes in Industry
60Co (with a half-life of 5.27 years) is used to irradiate food sources as a method of preserving food (Fig. IUPAC.27.1). The gamma radiation from 60Co kills bacteria and other organisms that cause disease and spoilage of food (see Fig. IUPAC.27.1). The use of radioactive compounds for preserving food is not always viewed positively. Some individuals are concerned that harmful compounds will be produced during the irradiation process. However, there is no evidence to support the claim that irradiation is dangerous for food preservation [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html.. Many medical products today are sterilized using gamma rays from a 60Co source. This technique of sterilization is generally much cheaper and more effective than steam-heat sterilization because it is a cold process. For example, it can be performed on packaged items, such as disposable syringes. This sterilization technique is applicable to a wide range of heat-sensitive items, such as powders, ointments, and solutions, as well as biological preparations, such as bone, nerve, skin, etc., used in tissue grafts [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html..
60Co is also used in industrial radiography to detect structural flaws in metal parts. The radiation can penetrate metals and the X-ray pattern produced by the radiating material can provide information on its strength, composition, and other properties [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html.. Because of the above property, 60Co is also used in leveling devices and thickness gauges used to test welds and castings [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
60Co is a radioactive metal isotope that is used in cancer treatments by radiotherapy. When 60Co undergoes radioactive decay, high-energy gamma rays (energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV) are emitted and have been used in brachytherapy to treat various types of cancer. Brachytherapy (brachy is Greek meaning “short distance”) is a method of radiation treatment in which sealed sources are used to deliver a radiation dose at a distance of up to a few centimeters by surface, intracavitary (insertion of the radioactive isotope in a body cavity), or interstitial (between cells) application [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf.. 60Co is used as a source of high-energy ionizing gamma radiation that can be directed to cancer cells from a device outside the body (external radiotherapy).
60Co (and sometimes 57Co and 58Co, with half-lives of 0.75 year and 71 days, respectively) is the key component of the Schilling test, which is a method for determining whether a patient’s body is making and using vitamin B12 properly. The cobalt isotope is used to label cobalt in vitamin B12 to monitor how the body processes this essential vitamin [224] B. R. Krynyckyi, L. S. Zuckier. J. Nucl. Med.36, 1659 (1995)..
57Co delivers the smallest radiation dose of all the cobalt isotopes. As a result, it has been used in the past for imaging and estimating organ size and location and in evaluating tumors of the head and neck [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf., [99] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Medicine, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 23; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf55.html., [225] Royal Society of Chemistry. Cobalt, Royal Society of Chemistry (2017), Feb. 26; http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/27/cobalt., [226] US Environmental Protection Agency. Cobalt, US Environmental Protection Agency (2017), Feb. 26; https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclide-basics-cobalt-60., [227] Washington State Department of Health. Cobalt-60, Washington State Department of Health (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Pubs/320-078_co60_fs.pdf..
Cobalt commonly forms cobalt(II) compounds such as cobalt(II) oxide (CoO), cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl₂), and cobalt(II) sulfate (CoSO₄). Cobalt(III) is strongly stabilized in many coordination compounds, including hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride ([Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃), and in oxides used in battery electrodes such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂). Mixed-valence cobalt oxides include cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co₃O₄). The element also forms carbonyls, notably dicobalt octacarbonyl (Co₂(CO)₈), and complex corrinoid chemistry in vitamin B₁₂ derivatives.
See more information at the Cobalt compound page.
Cobalt is an essential trace element only as part of vitamin B₁₂, but soluble cobalt salts, metal dusts, and some cobalt-containing powders can be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Industrial exposure may cause respiratory sensitization, dermatitis, and other toxic effects. Cobalt metal powder can present fire or dust hazards. Cobalt-60 is radioactive and hazardous because it emits penetrating gamma radiation; its risks are isotope-specific and depend on activity and shielding.
Exposure to cobalt (metal fumes and dust) should be limited to 0.05 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average 40-hour week).
Cobalt is a trace element in soils, waters, and living systems. It is released naturally by weathering of rocks and minerals and also through mining, smelting, combustion residues, and disposal of cobalt-bearing products. In soils and sediments it can adsorb to iron and manganese oxides or occur in sulfide-rich phases, which affects mobility. It is nutritionally important for organisms that require vitamin B₁₂, but elevated bioavailable concentrations can be toxic.
Cobalt is produced mainly as a by-product of copper and nickel mining, so supply is tied to markets and operations whose primary product is usually another metal. Ores are processed by flotation, leaching, solvent extraction, precipitation, and refining to metal, salts, or battery-grade intermediates. Demand is strongly influenced by rechargeable batteries, superalloys, catalysts, and hard metals. Supply concentration, by-product dependence, and processing capacity make substitution and recycling important. Recycling recovers cobalt from spent batteries, superalloy scrap, and cemented carbides, but collection and chemistry vary by product type.
Cobalt occurs in the minerals cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. It is also present in meteorites.
Important ore deposits are found in Zaire, Morocco, and Canada. The U.S. Geological Survey has announced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in water close to the the Hawaiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories.
Cobalt is far less abundant than iron and nickel but is a normal product of stellar nucleosynthesis. Stable cobalt is represented in nature by ⁵⁹Co, while radioactive cobalt isotopes can be produced in supernovae, cosmic-ray interactions, and neutron activation. In meteorites and planetary materials, cobalt tends to follow siderophile and chalcophile behavior, associating with metal and sulfide phases.
- Natural cobalt is essentially monoisotopic, consisting of stable ⁵⁹Co.
- The name comes from miners’ terms for troublesome ores that yielded toxic arsenic fumes.
- Cobalt blue pigments were valued long before cobalt was isolated as a metal.
- Cobalt remains ferromagnetic at temperatures above ordinary ambient conditions.
- Vitamin B₁₂ contains cobalt in a corrin ring, not as free cobalt metal.
Hình ảnh
Tính chất
Vật lý
- Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm)
- 135 pm So sánh Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị
- 126 pm So sánh Bán kính cộng hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính van der Waals
- 192 pm So sánh Bán kính van der Waals của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính kim loại
- 116 pm So sánh Bán kính kim loại của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Khối lượng riêng
- 8860 kg/m³ So sánh Khối lượng riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Thể tích mol
- 0,0067 L/mol
- Pha ở STP
- Rắn So sánh Pha ở STP của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
- 1494,85 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ nóng chảy của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ sôi
- 2926,85 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ sôi của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ dẫn nhiệt
- 100 W/(m·K) So sánh Độ dẫn nhiệt của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt dung riêng
- 0,421 J/(g·K) So sánh Nhiệt dung riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt dung mol
- 24,81 J/(mol·K) So sánh Nhiệt dung mol của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu trúc tinh thể
- Lục phương xếp chặt So sánh Cấu trúc tinh thể của tất cả nguyên tố →
Hóa học
- Độ âm điện (Pauling)
- 1,88 So sánh Độ âm điện (Pauling) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ âm điện (Allen)
- 1,84
- Ái lực electron
- 0,661 eV
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
- 7,88101 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 2)
- 17,084459 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 2) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 3)
- 33,500115 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 3) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 4)
- 51,270176 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 4) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 5)
- 79,500274 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 5) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Trạng thái oxi hóa
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 So sánh Trạng thái oxi hóa của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Electron hóa trị
- 9 So sánh Electron hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu hình electron
- [Ar] 4s2 3d7
Nhiệt động lực học
- Nhiệt nóng chảy
- 0,1677981 eV So sánh Nhiệt nóng chảy của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt hóa hơi
- 3,886614 eV So sánh Nhiệt hóa hơi của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt thăng hoa
- 4,40172 eV
- Nhiệt nguyên tử hóa
- 4,40172 eV
- Enthalpy nguyên tử hóa
- 4,422449 eV
Hạt nhân
- Proton
- 27 So sánh Proton của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Neutron
- 32 So sánh Neutron của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Các đồng vị đã biết
- 32 So sánh Các đồng vị đã biết của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền
- 1 So sánh Đồng vị bền của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền nhất
- Co-59
- Năm phát hiện
- 1735
Độ phổ biến
- Độ phổ biến (vỏ Trái Đất)
- 25 mg/kg So sánh Độ phổ biến (vỏ Trái Đất) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ phổ biến (đại dương)
- 2 × 10−5 mg/L So sánh Độ phổ biến (đại dương) của tất cả nguyên tố →
Cấu trúc tinh thể
- Hằng số mạng a
- 251 pm
Cấu trúc electron
- Số electron trong mỗi lớp
- 2, 8, 15, 2 So sánh Số electron trong mỗi lớp của tất cả nguyên tố →
Mã định danh
- Số CAS
- 7440-48-4 So sánh Số CAS của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Ký hiệu số hạng
- 4F9/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Co
- Khóa InChI
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cấu hình electron Đo đạc
Co: 3d⁷ 4s²[Ar] 3d⁷ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁷ 4s²Mô hình nguyên tử
Các đồng vị khác nhau về số neutron, khối lượng và độ bền — không khác nhau về cấu hình electron của nguyên tử trung hòa.
Mô hình nguyên tử minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ.
Dấu vân tay nguyên tử
Phổ phát xạ / hấp thụ
Phân bố đồng vị
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã |
|---|---|---|---|
| 59 Bền | 58,93319429 ± 0,00000056 | 100,0000% | Bền |
Pha / Trạng thái
Lý do: thấp hơn nhiệt độ nóng chảy (1494,85 °C) một lượng 1469,8 °C
Sơ đồ minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ
Điểm chuyển pha
Năng lượng chuyển pha
Năng lượng cần để làm nóng chảy 1 mol tại nhiệt độ nóng chảy
Năng lượng cần để hóa hơi 1 mol tại nhiệt độ sôi
Năng lượng cần để làm thăng hoa 1 mol tại nhiệt độ thăng hoa
Khối lượng riêng
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Phổ nguyên tử
Đang hiển thị 10 trên 27. Sắp xếp theo điện tích ion (tăng dần).
Dữ liệu vạch phổ ?
| Ion | Điện tích | Tổng số vạch | Xác suất chuyển mức | Ký hiệu mức năng lượng |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co I | 0 | 420 | 338 | 338 |
| Co II | +1 | 3168 | 2761 | 3168 |
| Co III | +2 | 2064 | 1957 | 2064 |
| Co IV | +3 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
| Co V | +4 | 55 | 0 | 0 |
| Co VIII | +7 | 165 | 150 | 165 |
| Co IX | +8 | 48 | 19 | 48 |
| Co X | +9 | 22 | 5 | 22 |
Dữ liệu mức năng lượng ?
| Ion | Điện tích | Mức năng lượng |
|---|---|---|
| Co I | 0 | 330 |
| Co II | +1 | 482 |
| Co III | +2 | 288 |
| Co IV | +3 | 297 |
| Co V | +4 | 268 |
| Co VI | +5 | 180 |
| Co VII | +6 | 65 |
| Co VIII | +7 | 73 |
| Co IX | +8 | 40 |
| Co X | +9 | 31 |
Bán kính ion
| Điện tích | Phối trí | Spin | Bán kính |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | high | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 5 | Không có | 67 pm |
| +2 | 6 | low | 65 pm |
| +2 | 6 | high | 74.5 pm |
| +2 | 8 | Không có | 90 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 54.50000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 6 | high | 61 pm |
| +4 | 4 | Không có | 40 pm |
| +4 | 6 | high | 53 pm |
Hợp chất
Đồng vị (1)
Cobalt-60, an artificial isotope, is an important gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a tracer and a radiotherapeutic agent.
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã | Kiểu phân rã | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 59 Bền | 58,93319429 ± 0,00000056 | 100,0000% | Bền | stable |
Vạch phổ
Đang hiển thị 50 trên 738. Theo mặc định, chỉ hiển thị các vạch phổ có cường độ đã được đo.
| Bước sóng (nm) | Cường độ | Bậc ion hóa | Loại | Chuyển mức | Độ chính xác | Nguồn | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 389.4073 nm | 7900 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d8.(3F).4p y 2G* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 384.5461 nm | 6900 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d8.(3F).4p y 2G* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 399.5302 nm | 6000 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d8.(3F).4p y 4G* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 512.92021 nm | 5800 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5H → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[15/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 387.3114 nm | 5500 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s b 4F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 412.1311 nm | 4400 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 2G* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 516.315 nm | 4100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3H → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[13/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 521.43464 nm | 3900 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5H → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[15/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 505.07089 nm | 3800 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[13/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 517.06829 nm | 3200 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5H → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[13/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 387.3955 nm | 2800 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s b 4F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 411.8767 nm | 2800 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 2G* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 519.95128 nm | 2800 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3H → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 513.56812 nm | 2700 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5H → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 509.92115 nm | 2500 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3G → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 523.11044 nm | 2300 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3H → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 496.41682 nm | 2200 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d f 5F → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 505.7416 nm | 1700 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 393.5959 nm | 1500 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d8.(3F).4p y 4F* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 384.2046 nm | 1400 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 2D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 509.52694 nm | 1400 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3G → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 510.75362 nm | 1400 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 506.70997 nm | 1200 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5P → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 396.31 nm | 1100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5F* → 3d7.(4F).6d 5G | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 496.23566 nm | 1100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d f 5F → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 517.6949 nm | 1100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[13/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 657.13038 nm | 1100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5G* → 3d7.(4F).5d 5H | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 657.62238 nm | 1100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 3G* → 3d7.(4F).5d 3H | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 502.59107 nm | 990 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5D → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 399.79 nm | 970 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d8.(3F).4p * | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 512.9972 nm | 960 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3G → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 743.9418 nm | 960 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5D* → 3d7.(4F).6s 5F | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 637.37856 nm | 920 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5F* → 3d7.(4F).5d 5G | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 495.82966 nm | 900 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d f 5F → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 502.25161 nm | 900 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3D → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 642.58717 nm | 900 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5F* → 3d7.(4F).5d 5F | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 510.45696 nm | 890 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5D → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 502.36685 nm | 860 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d f 5F → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 620.5716 nm | 860 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5D* → 3d7.(4F).5d 5F | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 409.2384 nm | 830 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 2F* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 508.31892 nm | 780 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5D → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 502.6664 nm | 680 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 517.75201 nm | 680 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3H → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 662.16287 nm | 680 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 3G* → 3d7.(4F).5d 3H | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 495.25711 nm | 670 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 500.77152 nm | 640 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d f 5F → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 510.63945 nm | 640 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5D → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 499.59719 nm | 600 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5H → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[13/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 509.2051 nm | 600 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5D → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 510.07741 nm | 600 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3G → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Đo đạc | NIST |
Tính chất mở rộng
Bán kính cộng hóa trị (mở rộng)
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö)
- 111 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö, liên kết đôi)
- 103 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö, liên kết ba)
- 96 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Bragg)
- 137 pm
Bán kính van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 240 pm
- UFF
- 287,2 pm
- MM3
- 223 pm
Bán kính nguyên tử và kim loại
- Bán kính nguyên tử (Rahm)
- 233 pm
- Bán kính kim loại (C12)
- 125 pm
Các thang đánh số
- Mendeleev
- 63
- Pettifor
- 64
- Glawe
- 70
Các thang độ âm điện
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
Độ phân cực hóa và tán sắc
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực
- 55 a.u.
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực (độ không đảm bảo)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆
- 408 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 461 Ha·Bohr6
Ái lực hóa học
- Ái lực proton
- 742,7 kJ/mol
- Độ bazơ pha khí
- 719,8 kJ/mol
Thông số Miedema
- Thể tích mol Miedema
- 6,7 cm3/mol
- Mật độ electron Miedema
- 5
Rủi ro nguồn cung và kinh tế
- Mức độ tập trung sản xuất
- 67
- Rủi ro nguồn cung tương đối
- 8
- Phân bố trữ lượng
- 45
- Ổn định chính trị (quốc gia sản xuất lớn nhất)
- 3
- Ổn định chính trị (quốc gia có trữ lượng lớn nhất)
- 3
Chuyển pha và các dạng thù hình
| Nhiệt độ nóng chảy | 1768,15 K |
| Nhiệt độ sôi | 3200,15 K |
Phân loại trạng thái oxi hóa
Dữ liệu tham khảo chuyên sâu
Hằng số chắn (7)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,6332 |
| 2 | p | 3,9076 |
| 2 | s | 7,595 |
| 3 | d | 15,1446 |
| 3 | p | 13,5654 |
| 3 | s | 12,6777 |
| 4 | s | 21,4236 |
Chi tiết bán kính tinh thể (9)
| Điện tích | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Nguồn gốc |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | HS | 72 | |
| 2 | V | 81 | calculated, | |
| 2 | VI | LS | 79 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 2 | VI | HS | 88,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 2 | VIII | 104 | ||
| 3 | VI | LS | 68,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 3 | VI | HS | 75 | |
| 4 | IV | 54 | ||
| 4 | VI | HS | 67 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
Các kiểu phân rã đồng vị (57)
| Đồng vị | Chế độ | Cường độ |
|---|---|---|
| 47 | p | — |
| 48 | p | — |
| 49 | p | — |
| 50 | B+ | 100% |
| 50 | B+p | 70,5% |
| 50 | 2p | — |
| 51 | B+ | 100% |
| 51 | B+p | 3,8% |
| 52 | B+ | 100% |
| 52 | B+p | — |
Hệ số tán xạ tia X (504)
| Năng lượng (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1,42071 |
| 10,1617 | — | 1,45925 |
| 10,3261 | — | 1,49884 |
| 10,4931 | — | 1,53949 |
| 10,6628 | — | 1,58125 |
| 10,8353 | — | 1,62415 |
| 11,0106 | — | 1,6682 |
| 11,1886 | — | 1,71345 |
| 11,3696 | — | 1,75993 |
| 11,5535 | — | 1,80767 |
Dữ liệu bổ sung
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.5×101 milligrams per kilogram
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-5 milligrams per liter
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Cobalt occurs in the minerals cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. It is also present in meteorites.
Important ore deposits are found in Zaire, Morocco, and Canada. The U.S. Geological Survey has announced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in water close to the the Hawaiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories.
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [6] Cobalt https://periodic.lanl.gov/27.shtml
Tài liệu tham khảo
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Cobalt.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.