Meitnerium (Mt)
transition-metalSolid
Nguyên tử khối chuẩn
[278]Cấu hình electron
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d7 (Tính toán)Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
Không cóNhiệt độ sôi
Không cóKhối lượng riêng
3,74e+4 kg/m³Trạng thái oxi hóa
+1, +3, +4, +6, +8, +9Độ âm điện (Pauling)
Không cóNăng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
Không cóNăm phát hiện
1982Bán kính nguyên tử
128 pmChi tiết
Meitnerium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 9, below cobalt, rhodium, and iridium. It has been made only atom by atom in heavy-ion accelerator experiments, and all known isotopes are radioactive with very short half-lives. Its chemistry is expected to be influenced strongly by relativistic effects, but direct chemical data are extremely limited or absent. The element is chiefly significant for nuclear-structure studies of the heaviest nuclei.
Meitnerium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Meitnerium was first synthesized by German scientists at the GSI Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany in 1984 using the nuclear reaction 209Bi (58Fe, n) 266MtHs. The element is named for the physicist, Lise Meitner (Fig. IUPAC.109.1), who discovered the element protactinium [653], [655]. Meitnerium is used only for scientific research.
Meitnerium is named after Lise Meitner.
Meitnerium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in 1982. They bombarded atoms of bismuth-209 with ions of iron-58 with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced atoms of meitnerium-266, an isotope with a half-life of about 3.8 milliseconds (0.0038 seconds), and a free neutron. Meitnerium's most stable isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of about 8 seconds. It decays into bohrium-274 through alpha decay.
On August 29, 1982, physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany made and identified element 109 by bombing a target of 209Bi with accelerated nuclei of 58Fe. If the combined energy of two nuclei is sufficiently high, the repulsive forces between the nuclei can be overcome.
In this experiment, a week of target bombardment was required to produce a single fused nucleus. The team confirmed the existence of element 109 by four independent measurements. The newly formed atom recoiled from the target at predicted velocity and was separated from smaller, faster nuclei by a newly developed velocity filter. The time of flight to the detector and the striking energy were measured and found to match predicted values.
The nucleus of 266X started to decay 5 ms after striking the detector. A high-energy alpha particle was emitted, producing 262/107X. This in turn emitted an alpha particle, becoming 258/105Db, which in turn captured an electron and became 258/104Rf. This in turn decayed into other nuclides. This experiment demonstrated the feasibility of using fusion techniques as a method of making new, heavy nuclei.
No macroscopic sample of meitnerium has been prepared, so its visible appearance and bulk physical properties are unknown. Calculations usually treat it as a dense metallic solid under ordinary conditions, broadly analogous to the heavier platinum-group metals, but this remains unobserved.
Meitnerium has no practical commercial, medical, or industrial use. Its use is confined to basic research, where individual atoms are produced and identified through their decay chains. These experiments test models of nuclear stability, fusion-evaporation reactions, and detector methods for superheavy elements. Some meitnerium isotopes also appear as daughters in decay chains from still heavier synthetic elements, providing evidence used to link and verify those chains.
Since only small amounts of meitnerium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No bulk compound of meitnerium has been isolated, and its chemical behavior has not been characterized in ordinary laboratory quantities. As a group 9 element it is expected to show some resemblance to iridium, with metallic bonding and possible positive oxidation states, especially +3, in suitable compounds. Theoretical work has considered species such as meitnerium hexafluoride, MtF₆, and oxo or halide complexes, but these predictions have not been confirmed by direct compound isolation. Relativistic effects may alter ligand bonding compared with lighter homologues.
See more information at the Meitnerium compound page.
The safety concerns for meitnerium are radiological rather than chemical, because only individual atoms are produced. Known isotopes decay mainly by alpha emission and sometimes through decay modes that lead quickly to other radioactive nuclides. Chemical toxicity has not been measured and is not practically separable from the radiation hazard. Experiments require accelerator shielding, contamination control for radioactive targets and recoils, and remote handling appropriate to the associated nuclear materials.
Meitnerium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in accelerators are formed in targets, recoil separators, or detector systems and decay rapidly. The quantities are far too small and short-lived for observed transport, bioaccumulation, or ecological effects. Any environmental concern from its production would instead come from activated equipment, target materials, and daughter radionuclides handled in the laboratory.
Meitnerium has no commodity market, no industrial supply chain, and no recoverable stock. It is produced only in specialized nuclear physics facilities by bombarding heavy target nuclei with accelerated ions, commonly in fusion-evaporation reactions designed to make a few atoms. The limiting factors are accelerator time, target preparation, detection efficiency, and the very low reaction probability, not raw material demand. Recycling is not meaningful for the element itself because the atoms decay before collection as material.
Obtained by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58.
Meitnerium is not expected to be a primordial element, because its known isotopes are far too short-lived to survive since the formation of the Solar System. It may be formed fleetingly in extreme nucleosynthetic environments, if at all, but no extraterrestrial occurrence has been observed. Its relevance to cosmic chemistry is mainly theoretical, in discussions of the limits of nuclear stability.
- Meitnerium was first identified in experiments at GSI Darmstadt in 1982.
- It is named for the physicist Lise Meitner.
- The first reported isotope was ²⁶⁶Mt, made from bismuth and iron nuclei.
- Only atom-at-a-time nuclear decay data are available for most meitnerium isotopes.
- Meitnerium sits in the same periodic group as iridium, but its chemistry remains essentially untested.
Hình ảnh
Tính chất
Vật lý
- Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm)
- 128 pm So sánh Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Khối lượng riêng
- 3,74 × 104 kg/m³ So sánh Khối lượng riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
Hóa học
- Ái lực electron
- 1,7 eV
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 5)
- 50,000172 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 5) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Trạng thái oxi hóa
- +1, +3, +4, +6, +8, +9 So sánh Trạng thái oxi hóa của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Electron hóa trị
- 25 So sánh Electron hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu hình electron
- [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d7 (Tính toán)
Nhiệt động lực học
Không có
Hạt nhân
- Proton
- 109 So sánh Proton của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Neutron
- 170 So sánh Neutron của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Các đồng vị đã biết
- 18 So sánh Các đồng vị đã biết của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền
- 0 So sánh Đồng vị bền của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Số khối (đồng vị bền nhất)
- 278
- Đồng vị bền nhất
- Mt-279
- Năm phát hiện
- 1982
Độ phổ biến
Không có
Cấu trúc tinh thể
Không có
Cấu trúc electron
- Số electron trong mỗi lớp
- 7, 25 So sánh Số electron trong mỗi lớp của tất cả nguyên tố →
Mã định danh
- Số CAS
- 54038-01-6 So sánh Số CAS của tất cả nguyên tố →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mt
- Khóa InChI
- VAJSJTKWMRUWBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cấu hình electron Dự đoán
——Không có dữ liệu cấu hình electron cho ion này.
Mô hình nguyên tử
Các đồng vị khác nhau về số neutron, khối lượng và độ bền — không khác nhau về cấu hình electron của nguyên tử trung hòa.
Không có
Mô hình nguyên tử minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ.
Dấu vân tay nguyên tử
Phổ phát xạ / hấp thụ
Phân bố đồng vị
Không có đồng vị bền.
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã |
|---|---|---|---|
| 274 Phóng xạ | 274,14724 ± 0,00038 | Không có | 850 ms |
| 270 Phóng xạ | 270,14033 ± 0,00018 | Không có | 800 ms |
| 273 Phóng xạ | 273,1444 ± 0,00052 | Không có | 800 ms |
| 276 Phóng xạ | 276,15159 ± 0,00059 | Không có | 700 ms |
| 271 Phóng xạ | 271,14074 ± 0,00035 | Không có | 400 ms |
Pha / Trạng thái
Không có dữ liệu pha/trạng thái
Phổ nguyên tử
Đang hiển thị 10 trên 94. Sắp xếp theo điện tích ion (tăng dần).
Dữ liệu mức năng lượng ?
| Ion | Điện tích | Mức năng lượng |
|---|---|---|
| Mt V | +4 | 2 |
| Mt VI | +5 | 1 |
| Mt VII | +6 | 1 |
| Mt VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Mt IX | +8 | 2 |
| Mt X | +9 | 2 |
| Mt XI | +10 | 2 |
| Mt XII | +11 | 2 |
| Mt XIII | +12 | 2 |
| Mt XIV | +13 | 2 |
Không có dữ liệu pha/trạng thái
Hợp chất
Đồng vị (5)
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã | Kiểu phân rã | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 274 Phóng xạ | 274,14724 ± 0,00038 | Không có | 850 ms | α =100% | |
| 270 Phóng xạ | 270,14033 ± 0,00018 | Không có | 800 ms | α ≈100% | |
| 273 Phóng xạ | 273,1444 ± 0,00052 | Không có | 800 ms | α ?SF ? | |
| 276 Phóng xạ | 276,15159 ± 0,00059 | Không có | 700 ms | α =100% | |
| 271 Phóng xạ | 271,14074 ± 0,00035 | Không có | 400 ms | α ? |
Tính chất mở rộng
Bán kính cộng hóa trị (mở rộng)
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö)
- 129 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö, liên kết đôi)
- 125 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö, liên kết ba)
- 113 pm
Các thang đánh số
- Mendeleev
- 66
Độ phân cực hóa và tán sắc
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực
- 34 a.u.
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực (độ không đảm bảo)
- 3 a.u.
Phân loại trạng thái oxi hóa
Dữ liệu tham khảo chuyên sâu
Các kiểu phân rã đồng vị (26)
| Đồng vị | Chế độ | Cường độ |
|---|---|---|
| 265 | A | — |
| 266 | A | 100% |
| 266 | SF | — |
| 267 | A | — |
| 268 | A | 100% |
| 269 | A | — |
| 270 | A | 100% |
| 271 | A | — |
| 272 | A | — |
| 272 | SF | — |
Dữ liệu bổ sung
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [5] Meitnerium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele109.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [5] Meitnerium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele109.html
Tài liệu tham khảo
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Meitnerium.