Rubidium (Rb)
alkali-metalSolid
Standart Atom Ağırlığı
85,4678 uElektron dizilimi
[Kr] 5s1Erime noktası
39,31 °CKaynama noktası
687,85 °CYoğunluk
1530 kg/m³Yükseltgenme basamakları
−1, +1Elektronegatiflik (Pauling)
0,82İyonlaşma enerjisi (1.)
4,177128 eVKeşif yılı
1861Atom yarıçapı
235 pmAyrıntılar
Rubidium is a soft alkali metal of group 1, chemically close to potassium and cesium. Natural rubidium is a mixture dominated by stable ⁸⁵Rb with radioactive ⁸⁷Rb, whose very long half-life makes it important in geochronology. The element is not mined as a principal metal; it is obtained from minerals and brines where it substitutes for potassium. Its low ionization energy and convenient atomic transitions make rubidium useful in precision physics.
Rubidium can be liquid at room temperature. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As with other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowish violet. Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods. It must be kept under a dry mineral oil or in a vacuum or inert atmosphere.
The name derives from the Latin rubidus for "deepest red" because of the two deep red lines in its spectra. Rubidium was discovered in the mineral lepidolite by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav-Robert Kirchoff in 1861. Bunsen isolated rubidium in 1863.
Rubidium was discovered by the German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 while analyzing samples of the mineral lepidolite (KLi2Al(Al, Si)3O10(F, OH)2) with a device called a spectroscope. The sample produced a set of deep red spectral lines they had never seen before. Bunsen was eventually able to isolate samples of rubidium metal. Today, most rubidium is obtained as a byproduct of refining lithium.
From the Latin word rubidus, deepest red. Discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope.
Pure rubidium is a very soft, silvery-white metal that quickly tarnishes in air. It melts just above ordinary room temperature and can be cut easily when protected from moisture and oxygen. Samples are kept under inert gas, vacuum, or dry mineral oil.
Rubidium has specialized rather than bulk uses. Rubidium vapor cells are used in atomic clocks, frequency standards, magnetometers, and some laser-cooling experiments, often using ⁸⁷Rb because its hyperfine transition is convenient. Rubidium compounds have been used in photocathodes, research electronics, and laboratory studies of ion transport. ⁸⁷Rb to ⁸⁷Sr decay underlies rubidium–strontium dating of minerals and rocks. There is no large structural or metallurgical use for the metal.
Rubidium is used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. It is also used in the manufacture of photocells and in special glasses. Since it is easily ionized, it might be used as a propellant in ion engines on spacecraft. Recent discoveries of large deposits of rubidium suggest that its usefulness will increase as its properties become better understood.
Rubidium forms a large number of compounds, although none of them has any significant commercial application. Some of the common rubidium compounds are: rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium monoxide (Rb2O) and rubidium copper sulfate Rb2SO4·CuSO4·6H20). A compound of rubidium, silver and iodine, RbAg4I5, has interesting electrical characteristics and might be useful in thin film batteries.
Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in "ion engines" for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose. It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an amature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component. It has been used in making special glasses. RbAg4I5 is important, as it has the highest room conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At 20°C its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulfuric acid. This suggests use in thin film batteries and other applications.
Isotopes in Biology
Due to biological similarities between rubidium and potassium, the radionuclide 86Rb (with a half-life of 18.7 days) is used as a tracer in biological or medical investigations for applications where the half-life of the radioactive-tracer 42K (half-life of 0.5 day) is too short [110] AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students. Chemistry Tutorial: Summary of Radioactive Particles, Isotopes, Properties and Uses, AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ausetute.com.au/nuclesum.html.. 86Rb (with a half-life of 18.7 days) has been used measure the metabolism in small vertebrates (Fig. IUPAC.37.1), such as dunnarts (furry, narrow-footed marsupials about the size of a mouse) [291] S. Tomlinson, S. K. Maloney, P. C. Withers, C. C. Voigt, A. P. Cruz-Neto. Methods Ecol. Evol.4, 619 (2013).. The advantage of this technique over the standard doubly labelled water method, using water enriched in 2H and 18O, include lower equipment requirements, lower technical expertise, and longer time spans over which measurements can be made. This technique could be very useful for measuring the metabolism of amphibians and insects.
Isotopes in Geochronology
87Rb (with a half-life of 4.97×1010 years) is a long-lived radioisotope that is transformed into 87Sr by emission of a beta-minus particle (an electron) and an antineutrino. From the abundance of 87Sr and the Rb/Sr amount ratio in a rock, its age of crystallization can be calculated. Rb/Sr dating is one of the most widely employed techniques for dating geological samples [292] M. A. Geyh, H. Schleicher. Absolute Age Determination: Physical and Chemical Dating Methods and Their Application, p. 503, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1990)..
Isotopes in Medicine
82Rb (with a half-life of 75 s) acts similarly to potassium and is used for imaging of the heart to better assess heart muscle function as a radioactive analog to potassium [293] J. vom Dahl, O. Muzik, E. R. Wolfe, C. Allman, G. Hutchins, M. Schwaiger. Circulation93, 238 (1996)., [294] K. L. Gould, K. Yoshida, M. J. Hess, M. Haynie, N. Mullani, R. W. Smalling. J. Nucl. Med.32, 1 (1991).. 82Rb is being considered as an alternative to highly-enriched uranium for producing medically important radioisotopes [293] J. vom Dahl, O. Muzik, E. R. Wolfe, C. Allman, G. Hutchins, M. Schwaiger. Circulation93, 238 (1996)..
Rubidium almost always forms the +1 oxidation state as Rb⁺. Its common salts resemble those of potassium and cesium, including rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium bromide (RbBr), rubidium nitrate (RbNO₃), and rubidium carbonate (Rb₂CO₃). The oxide chemistry is sensitive to oxygen conditions; rubidium can form rubidium oxide (Rb₂O), rubidium peroxide (Rb₂O₂), and rubidium superoxide (RbO₂). Rubidium hydroxide (RbOH) is a strong, highly caustic base. Complex salts and alum-type compounds are known, but lower oxidation states are not normal chemistry for the element.
See more information at the Rubidium compound page.
Metallic rubidium is highly reactive and can ignite or explode on contact with water because hydrogen gas, H₂, and rubidium hydroxide (RbOH) are produced with heat. It also reacts rapidly with air and should be handled only under dry inert conditions. Soluble rubidium salts can affect biological ion balance because Rb⁺ partly mimics K⁺, though rubidium is not an essential nutrient. Natural ⁸⁷Rb is weakly radioactive, but its specific activity is low compared with many regulated radionuclides.
Rubidium occurs dispersed in the crust, chiefly substituting for potassium in feldspars, micas, and evaporite or brine systems. It is mobile as Rb⁺ in water but is also adsorbed or fixed by clays and potassium-bearing minerals. Plants can take up rubidium because of its similarity to potassium, yet it has no established essential biological function. Environmental releases are normally small and associated with mineral processing, laboratory use, or weathering.
Rubidium supply is small and specialized. It is usually recovered as a by-product from lithium and cesium-bearing minerals such as lepidolite and pollucite, or from selected brines, rather than from ores mined solely for rubidium. Production involves separation from abundant potassium and chemically similar cesium, which limits availability and keeps costs high for high-purity material. Demand is driven mainly by atomic-clock, research, and specialty chemical markets. Recycling is limited, though sealed vapor-cell devices contain only small amounts.
The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba.
Rubidium is a trace element in the cosmos. Its isotopes are made mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars, with contributions from both slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a moderately incompatible lithophile element and follows potassium during rock differentiation. The ⁸⁷Rb–⁸⁷Sr system is widely used to study the ages and source histories of terrestrial and meteoritic materials.
- Rubidium was discovered spectroscopically from deep red emission lines, which inspired its name.
- A sealed rubidium vapor cell can serve as the frequency reference in a compact atomic clock.
- Natural rubidium contains enough ⁸⁷Rb for geologic dating despite its very long half-life.
- Rubidium metal may be liquid in a warm room because its melting point is only about 39 °C.
- Rubidium ions can enter some potassium channels, making rubidium useful as a tracer in physiology research.
Görseller
Özellikler
Fiziksel
- Atom yarıçapı (ampirik)
- 235 pm Tüm elementlerin Atom yarıçapı (ampirik) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kovalent yarıçap
- 220 pm Tüm elementlerin Kovalent yarıçap değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Van der Waals yarıçapı
- 303 pm Tüm elementlerin Van der Waals yarıçapı değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Metalik yarıçap
- 216 pm Tüm elementlerin Metalik yarıçap değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Yoğunluk
- 1530 kg/m³ Tüm elementlerin Yoğunluk değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Molar hacim
- 0,0559 L/mol
- STP'deki faz
- Katı Tüm elementlerin STP'deki faz değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Erime noktası
- 39,31 °C Tüm elementlerin Erime noktası değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kaynama noktası
- 687,85 °C Tüm elementlerin Kaynama noktası değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Isıl iletkenlik
- 58,2 W/(m·K) Tüm elementlerin Isıl iletkenlik değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Özgül ısı kapasitesi
- 0,363 J/(g·K) Tüm elementlerin Özgül ısı kapasitesi değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Molar ısı kapasitesi
- 31,06 J/(mol·K) Tüm elementlerin Molar ısı kapasitesi değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kristal yapı
- Hacim merkezli kübik Tüm elementlerin Kristal yapı değerlerini karşılaştır →
Kimyasal
- Elektronegatiflik (Pauling)
- 0,82 Tüm elementlerin Elektronegatiflik (Pauling) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Elektronegatiflik (Allen)
- 0,706
- Elektron ilgisi
- 0,4859 eV
- İyonlaşma enerjisi (1.)
- 4,177128 eV Tüm elementlerin İyonlaşma enerjisi (1.) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- İyonlaşma enerjisi (2.)
- 27,289634 eV Tüm elementlerin İyonlaşma enerjisi (2.) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- İyonlaşma enerjisi (3.)
- 39,247135 eV Tüm elementlerin İyonlaşma enerjisi (3.) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- İyonlaşma enerjisi (4.)
- 52,20018 eV Tüm elementlerin İyonlaşma enerjisi (4.) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- İyonlaşma enerjisi (5.)
- 68,440236 eV Tüm elementlerin İyonlaşma enerjisi (5.) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Yükseltgenme basamakları
- −1, +1 Tüm elementlerin Yükseltgenme basamakları değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Değerlik elektronları
- 1 Tüm elementlerin Değerlik elektronları değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Elektron dizilimi
- [Kr] 5s1
Termodinamik
- Üçlü nokta (sıcaklık)
- 39,26 °C
- Kritik nokta (sıcaklık)
- 1820 °C
- Kritik nokta (basınç)
- 1,6e+7 Pa
- Erime ısısı
- 0,02269783 eV Tüm elementlerin Erime ısısı değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Buharlaşma ısısı
- 0,71513707 eV Tüm elementlerin Buharlaşma ısısı değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Süblimleşme ısısı
- 0,84987304 eV
- Atomlaşma ısısı
- 0,84987304 eV
- Atomlaşma entalpisi
- 0,8384723 eV
Nükleer
- Protonlar
- 37 Tüm elementlerin Protonlar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Nötronlar
- 48 Tüm elementlerin Nötronlar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Bilinen izotoplar
- 34 Tüm elementlerin Bilinen izotoplar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kararlı izotoplar
- 1 Tüm elementlerin Kararlı izotoplar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- En kararlı izotop
- Rb-85
- Keşif yılı
- 1861
Bolluk
- Bolluk (yer kabuğu)
- 90 mg/kg Tüm elementlerin Bolluk (yer kabuğu) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Bolluk (okyanus)
- 0,12 mg/L Tüm elementlerin Bolluk (okyanus) değerlerini karşılaştır →
Kristal Yapı
- Örgü sabiti a
- 559 pm
Elektronik Yapı
- Kabuk başına elektron sayısı
- 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 Tüm elementlerin Kabuk başına elektron sayısı değerlerini karşılaştır →
Tanımlayıcılar
- CAS numarası
- 7440-17-7 Tüm elementlerin CAS numarası değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Terim simgesi
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rb
- InChI Anahtarı
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Elektron Dizilimi Ölçülmüş
Rb: 5s¹[Kr] 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 5s¹Atom modeli
İzotoplar nötron sayısını, kütleyi ve kararlılığı değiştirir; nötr bir atomun elektron dizilimini değiştirmez.
Şematik atom modeli, ölçekli değildir.
Atomik Parmak İzi
Emisyon / Soğurma Spektrumu
İzotop Dağılımı
| Kütle numarası | Atom kütlesi (u) | Doğal bolluk | Yarı ömür |
|---|---|---|---|
| 85 Kararlı | 84,9117897379 ± 0,0000000054 | 72,1700% | Kararlı |
Faz / Hâl
Neden: erime noktasının (39,31 °C) 14,3 °C altında
Şematik, ölçekli değil
Faz geçiş noktaları
Geçiş enerjileri
Erime noktasında 1 mol maddeyi eritmek için gereken enerji
Kaynama noktasında 1 mol maddeyi buharlaştırmak için gereken enerji
Süblimleşme noktasında 1 mol maddeyi süblimleştirmek için gereken enerji
Yoğunluk
Standart koşullarda
Standart koşullarda
İleri düzey
Atomik Spektrumlar
37 kayıttan 10 tanesi gösteriliyor. İyon yüküne göre sıralandı (artan).
Spektral Çizgi Kayıtları ?
| İyon | Yük | Toplam çizgi sayısı | Geçiş olasılıkları | Düzey gösterimleri |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rb I | 0 | 213 | 40 | 213 |
| Rb II | +1 | 699 | 49 | 602 |
| Rb III | +2 | 232 | 0 | 230 |
| Rb IV | +3 | 573 | 0 | 573 |
| Rb V | +4 | 34 | 13 | 34 |
| Rb VI | +5 | 34 | 32 | 34 |
| Rb VII | +6 | 26 | 10 | 26 |
| Rb VIII | +7 | 34 | 26 | 34 |
| Rb IX | +8 | 40 | 17 | 40 |
| Rb X | +9 | 64 | 29 | 64 |
Enerji Düzeyi Kayıtları ?
| İyon | Yük | Düzeyler |
|---|---|---|
| Rb I | 0 | 240 |
| Rb II | +1 | 166 |
| Rb III | +2 | 92 |
| Rb IV | +3 | 131 |
| Rb V | +4 | 21 |
| Rb VI | +5 | 20 |
| Rb VII | +6 | 21 |
| Rb VIII | +7 | 25 |
| Rb IX | +8 | 37 |
| Rb X | +9 | 41 |
İyon Yarıçapları
| Yük | Koordinasyon | Spin | Yarıçap |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 6 | Mevcut değil | 152 pm |
| +1 | 7 | Mevcut değil | 156 pm |
| +1 | 8 | Mevcut değil | 161 pm |
| +1 | 9 | Mevcut değil | 163 pm |
| +1 | 10 | Mevcut değil | 166 pm |
| +1 | 11 | Mevcut değil | 169 pm |
| +1 | 12 | Mevcut değil | 172 pm |
| +1 | 14 | Mevcut değil | 183 pm |
Bileşikler
İzotoplar (1)
Twenty four isotopes of rubidium are known. Naturally occurring rubidium is made of two isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb. Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.85% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 x 1010 years. Ordinary rubidium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic film in about 30 to 60 days. Rubidium forms four oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, Rb2O4.
| Kütle numarası | Atom kütlesi (u) | Doğal bolluk | Yarı ömür | Bozunma türü | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 85 Kararlı | 84,9117897379 ± 0,0000000054 | 72,1700% ± 0,0200% | Kararlı | stable |
Spektral Çizgiler
202 kayıttan 50 tanesi gösteriliyor. Varsayılan olarak yalnızca şiddeti ölçülmüş spektral çizgiler gösterilir.
| Dalga boyu (nm) | Şiddet | İyonlaşma aşaması | Tür | Geçiş | Doğruluk | Kaynak | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 424.439 nm | 90000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 477.5954 nm | 30000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 394.051 nm | 25000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 457.1765 nm | 20000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 427.3141 nm | 15000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 464.8557 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 515.2081 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 645.833 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 552.2776 nm | 5000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 656.0799 nm | 5000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 419.3079 nm | 3500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 453.0333 nm | 3000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 380.1896 nm | 2500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 437.7123 nm | 2500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 402.9485 nm | 1700 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 429.3971 nm | 1500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 382.66591 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 420.18053 nm | 1000 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5s 2S → 4p6.6p 2P* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 434.6961 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 446.9475 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).6s 2[1/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 473.0454 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 475.5304 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 655.5619 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 451.90262 nm | 700 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 392.22011 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 421.5539 nm | 500 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5s 2S → 4p6.6p 2P* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 426.6584 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 465.9284 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 551.2542 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 386.07454 nm | 450 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 454.0732 nm | 400 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 444.00924 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 516.4575 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 626.94 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6g 2[11/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 390.7292 nm | 250 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 542.244 nm | 250 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 527.0514 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 573.9645 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[7/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[9/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 613.5268 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[7/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 383.78512 nm | 175 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 740.8171 nm | 150 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.7s 2S | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 550.0635 nm | 100 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[7/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 627.5697 nm | 100 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6g 2[11/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 451.9884 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6f 2[7/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 459.989 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6f 2[7/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 543.1528 nm | 75 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.8d 2D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 589.308 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[7/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[9/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 607.0751 nm | 75 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.8s 2S | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 614.0319 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 572.4125 nm | 60 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | Ölçülmüş | NIST |
Genişletilmiş Özellikler
Kovalent Yarıçaplar (Genişletilmiş)
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö)
- 210 pm
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö, çift bağ)
- 202 pm
- Kovalent yarıçap (Bragg)
- 225 pm
Van der Waals Yarıçapları
- Truhlar
- 303 pm
- Batsanov
- 290 pm
- Alvarez
- 321 pm
- UFF
- 411,4 pm
- MM3
- 325 pm
Atom ve Metalik Yarıçaplar
- Atom yarıçapı (Rahm)
- 240 pm
- Metalik yarıçap (C12)
- 248 pm
Numaralandırma Ölçekleri
- Mendeleev
- 4
- Pettifor
- 9
- Glawe
- 9
Elektronegatiflik Ölçekleri
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 2
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 2
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 1
Kutuplanabilirlik ve Dispersiyon
- Dipol kutuplanabilirliği
- 319,8 a.u.
- Dipol kutuplanabilirliği (belirsizlik)
- 0,3 a.u.
- C₆
- 4769 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 4660 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema Parametreleri
- Miedema molar hacmi
- 56,07 cm3/mol
- Miedema elektron yoğunluğu
- 0
Faz Geçişleri ve Allotroplar
| Erime noktası | 312,45 K |
| Kaynama noktası | 961,15 K |
| Kritik nokta (sıcaklık) | 2093,15 K |
| Kritik nokta (basınç) | 16 MPa |
| Üçlü nokta (sıcaklık) | 312,41 K |
Yükseltgenme Basamağı Kategorileri
İleri Düzey Referans Verileri
Perdeleme Sabitleri (9)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,7922 |
| 2 | p | 3,9612 |
| 2 | s | 9,8432 |
| 3 | d | 15,3208 |
| 3 | p | 15,6967 |
| 3 | s | 15,1573 |
| 4 | p | 26,1192 |
| 4 | s | 24,612 |
| 5 | s | 32,0155 |
Kristal Yarıçaplarının Ayrıntıları (8)
| Yük | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Köken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | VI | 166 | ||
| 1 | VII | 170 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 175 | ||
| 1 | IX | 177 | estimated, | |
| 1 | X | 180 | ||
| 1 | XI | 183 | ||
| 1 | XII | 186 | ||
| 1 | XIV | 197 |
İzotop Bozunma Türleri (61)
| İzotop | Mod | Şiddet |
|---|---|---|
| 71 | p | — |
| 72 | p | — |
| 73 | B+ | — |
| 73 | p | 100% |
| 74 | B+ | 100% |
| 74 | B+p | — |
| 75 | B+ | 100% |
| 76 | B+ | 100% |
| 76 | B+A | 3,8% |
| 77 | B+ | 100% |
X Işını Saçılma Faktörleri (508)
| Enerji (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0,06968 |
| 10,1617 | — | 0,07104 |
| 10,3261 | — | 0,07253 |
| 10,4931 | — | 0,07441 |
| 10,6628 | — | 0,07635 |
| 10,8353 | — | 0,07833 |
| 11,0106 | — | 0,08037 |
| 11,1886 | — | 0,083 |
| 11,3696 | — | 0,08599 |
| 11,5535 | — | 0,0891 |
Ek Veriler
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
9.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
Kaynaklar (1)
- [5] Rubidium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele037.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.2×10-1 milligrams per liter
Kaynaklar (1)
- [5] Rubidium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele037.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba.
Kaynaklar (1)
- [6] Rubidium https://periodic.lanl.gov/37.shtml
Kaynaklar
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rubidium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.