Magnesium (Mg)
alkaline-earth-metalSolid
Standart Atom Ağırlığı
24,305 u [24,304, 24,307]Elektron dizilimi
[Ne] 3s2Erime noktası
649,85 °CKaynama noktası
1089,85 °CYoğunluk
1740 kg/m³Yükseltgenme basamakları
0, +1, +2Elektronegatiflik (Pauling)
1,31İyonlaşma enerjisi (1.)
7,646236 eVKeşif yılı
1755Atom yarıçapı
150 pmAyrıntılar
Magnesium is a light alkaline earth metal and a major rock-forming element. It occurs in silicate minerals, carbonates, evaporites, seawater, and brines, almost entirely as Mg²⁺ rather than as native metal. Its low density, ready formation of stable salts, and high affinity for oxygen shape both its metallurgy and its geochemistry. Magnesium is also essential in biology, where it stabilizes phosphate chemistry and is central to chlorophyll.
Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame.
The name derives from Magnesia, a district in the north-eastern region of Greece called Thessalia. The Scottish chemist Joseph Black recognized it as a separate element in 1755. In 1808, the English chemist Humphry Davy obtained the impure metal, and in 1831 the French pharmacist and chemist Antoine- Alexandre Brutus Bussy isolated the metal in the pure state.
Although it is the eighth most abundant element in the universe and the seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust, magnesium is never found free in nature. Magnesium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, through the electrolysis of a mixture of magnesium oxide (MgO) and mercuric oxide (HgO) in 1808. Today, magnesium can be extracted from the minerals dolomite (CaCO3·MgCO3) and carnallite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O), but is most often obtained from seawater. Every cubic kilometer of seawater contains about 1.3 billion kilograms of magnesium (12 billion pounds per cubic mile).
From Magnesia, district in Thessaly. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. Davy isolated it in 1808 and Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals.
Pure magnesium is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly cut. In air it slowly dulls as a thin oxide and hydroxide film develops. It is light, machinable, and solid at ordinary conditions, but finely divided metal can burn with an intense white flame.
Magnesium metal is used mainly where low mass is valuable, especially in aluminum alloys, die-cast automotive and electronic parts, and some aerospace components. It serves as a reducing agent in the production of metals such as titanium from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄). Magnesium is used in sacrificial anodes for corrosion protection, in pyrotechnic compositions and flares, and in specialty batteries. Magnesium compounds are widely used in refractories, fertilizers, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, and water treatment.
Magnesium burns with a brilliant white light and is used in pyrotechnics, flares and photographic flashbulbs. Magnesium is the lightest metal that can be used to build things, although its use as a structural material is limited since it burns at relatively low temperatures. Magnesium is frequently alloyed with aluminum, which makes aluminum easier to roll, extrude and weld. Magnesium-aluminum alloys are used where strong, lightweight materials are required, such as in airplanes, missiles and rockets. Cameras, horseshoes, baseball catchers' masks and snowshoes are other items that are made from magnesium alloys.
Magnesium oxide (MgO), also known as magnesia, is the second most abundant compound in the earth's crust. Magnesium oxide is used in some antacids, in making crucibles and insulating materials, in refining some metals from their ores and in some types of cements. When combined with water (H2O), magnesia forms magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), better known as milk of magnesia, which is commonly used as an antacid and as a laxative.
Hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO4·7H2O), better known as Epsom salt, was discovered in 1618 by a farmer in Epsom, England, when his cows refused to drink the water from a certain mineral well. He tasted the water and found that it tasted very bitter. He also noticed that it helped heal scratches and rashes on his skin. Epsom salt is still used today to treat minor skin abrasions.
Other magnesium compounds include magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2). Magnesium carbonate is used to make some types of paints and inks and is added to table salt to prevent caking. A thin film of magnesium fluoride is applied to optical lenses to help reduce glare and reflections.
Uses include flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and in alloys is essential for airplane and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesium is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron, and is used as an additive to conventional propellants.
It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters.
Isotopes in Biology
Natural magnesium enriched in the stable isotopes 25Mg and 26Mg has been used as tracers in human studies to assess absorption, excretion, distribution, and utilization of magnesium in basic and applied research [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html., [113] M. Sabatier, W. R. Keyes, F. Pont, M. J. Arnaud, J. R. Turnlund. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.77, 1206 (2003)., [114] M. Sabatier, F. Pont, M. J. Arnaud, J. R. Turnlund. Am. J. Physiol.285, R656 (2003)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of magnesium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of magnesium in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.12.1). These variations are useful in investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [17] T. B. Coplen, J. A. Hopple, J. K. Böhlke, H. S. Peiser, S. E. Rieder, H. R. Krouse, K. J. R. Rosman, T. Ding, R. D. Vocke, K. Revesz, A. Lamberty, P. D. P. Taylor, P. D. Bièvre. United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 01-4222, (2002)., [115] J. G. Montes, R. A. Sjodin, A. L. Yergey, N. E. Vieira. Biophys. J.56, 437 (1989)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
26Mg is a stable isotope and is the radiogenic product of 26Al decay. 26Al is produced by cosmic rays in space and in the atmosphere, and it was present in the primordial solar nebula. The anomalous abundance of 26Mg in meteorite inclusions indicate that this material must have been formed early in the development of the Solar System before all primordial 26Al (with half-life of 7.1×105 years) had decayed [116] S. Sahijpal, J. N. Goswami. Astrophys. J.509, L137 (1998)..
Magnesium chemistry is dominated by the +2 oxidation state and by ionic or strongly polar compounds. Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a refractory basic oxide, while magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) is sparingly soluble and used where mild alkalinity is needed. Important salts include magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃). Magnesium silicates are major constituents of rocks. Organomagnesium halides, known as Grignard reagents, are central synthetic intermediates in organic chemistry.
Organic magnesium is important in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered perphyrins.
The adult daily nutritional requirement, which is affected by various factors include weight and size, is about 300 mg/day.
See more information at the Magnesium compound page.
Bulk magnesium metal is not highly toxic, and magnesium ions are essential nutrients. The main elemental hazard is fire: shavings, powder, and molten metal can ignite, and burning magnesium is difficult to extinguish with water because hydrogen and heat may be produced. Intense ultraviolet and visible light from burning magnesium can injure eyes. Excess intake of soluble magnesium salts can cause physiological effects, especially when renal clearance is impaired, and industrial dusts require exposure control.
Because serious fires can occur, great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially when finely divided. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires.
Magnesium is abundant in the crust and hydrosphere and cycles through weathering, river transport, seawater chemistry, carbonate deposition, and biological uptake. It is a common nutrient for plants and animals, and its availability affects soil fertility and water hardness. In the ocean, Mg²⁺ is one of the major dissolved cations. Magnesium minerals also participate in long-term carbon cycling through carbonate formation and alteration of silicate rocks.
Magnesium is produced from mineral sources and brines, chiefly by electrolysis of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) or by thermal reduction of magnesium oxide (MgO)-bearing feedstocks such as dolomite-derived material. Energy cost, process emissions, and control of oxidation during melting are important industrial factors. Demand is tied to lightweight alloys, aluminum alloying, die casting, desulfurization and chemical uses. Recycling is significant for clean alloy scrap, although mixed or oxidized scrap is harder to recover efficiently. Substitution is possible in many structural applications, but magnesium remains attractive where low density outweighs cost and handling constraints.
The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water.
Magnesium is a relatively abundant cosmic element formed mainly by fusion processes in massive stars and dispersed by supernovae and stellar winds. It is common in silicate dust and rocky planetary material, where it combines with oxygen and silicon. In meteorites and terrestrial planets it is concentrated in minerals such as olivine and pyroxene rather than in metallic form.
- Magnesium burns in carbon dioxide (CO₂) as well as in air, forming magnesium oxide and carbon.
- Chlorophyll contains a magnesium ion held in a porphyrin ring.
- Seawater is an important practical source of magnesium, although the metal itself is not present there.
- Grignard reagents made from magnesium helped transform carbon-carbon bond formation in synthesis.
- Magnesium alloys often need protective atmospheres or fluxes during melting to limit oxidation.
Görseller
Özellikler
Fiziksel
- Atom yarıçapı (ampirik)
- 150 pm Tüm elementlerin Atom yarıçapı (ampirik) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kovalent yarıçap
- 141 pm Tüm elementlerin Kovalent yarıçap değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Van der Waals yarıçapı
- 173 pm Tüm elementlerin Van der Waals yarıçapı değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Metalik yarıçap
- 136 pm Tüm elementlerin Metalik yarıçap değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Yoğunluk
- 1740 kg/m³ Tüm elementlerin Yoğunluk değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Molar hacim
- 0,014 L/mol
- STP'deki faz
- Katı Tüm elementlerin STP'deki faz değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Erime noktası
- 649,85 °C Tüm elementlerin Erime noktası değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kaynama noktası
- 1089,85 °C Tüm elementlerin Kaynama noktası değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Isıl iletkenlik
- 156 W/(m·K) Tüm elementlerin Isıl iletkenlik değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Özgül ısı kapasitesi
- 1,023 J/(g·K) Tüm elementlerin Özgül ısı kapasitesi değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Molar ısı kapasitesi
- 24,869 J/(mol·K) Tüm elementlerin Molar ısı kapasitesi değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kristal yapı
- Hekzagonal sıkı paket Tüm elementlerin Kristal yapı değerlerini karşılaştır →
Kimyasal
- Elektronegatiflik (Pauling)
- 1,31 Tüm elementlerin Elektronegatiflik (Pauling) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Elektronegatiflik (Allen)
- 1,293
- Elektron ilgisi
- -0,4 eV (negatif değer — atomun ek bir elektron bağlaması beklenmez)
- İyonlaşma enerjisi (1.)
- 7,646236 eV Tüm elementlerin İyonlaşma enerjisi (1.) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- İyonlaşma enerjisi (2.)
- 15,035323 eV Tüm elementlerin İyonlaşma enerjisi (2.) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- İyonlaşma enerjisi (3.)
- 80,143876 eV Tüm elementlerin İyonlaşma enerjisi (3.) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- İyonlaşma enerjisi (4.)
- 109,265776 eV Tüm elementlerin İyonlaşma enerjisi (4.) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- İyonlaşma enerjisi (5.)
- 141,330486 eV Tüm elementlerin İyonlaşma enerjisi (5.) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Yükseltgenme basamakları
- 0, +1, +2 Tüm elementlerin Yükseltgenme basamakları değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Değerlik elektronları
- 2 Tüm elementlerin Değerlik elektronları değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Elektron dizilimi
- [Ne] 3s2
Termodinamik
- Erime ısısı
- 0,08788931 eV Tüm elementlerin Erime ısısı değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Buharlaşma ısısı
- 1,326631 eV Tüm elementlerin Buharlaşma ısısı değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Süblimleşme ısısı
- 1,524589 eV
- Atomlaşma ısısı
- 1,524589 eV
- Atomlaşma entalpisi
- 1,524589 eV
Nükleer
- Protonlar
- 12 Tüm elementlerin Protonlar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Nötronlar
- 12 Tüm elementlerin Nötronlar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Bilinen izotoplar
- 23 Tüm elementlerin Bilinen izotoplar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kararlı izotoplar
- 3 Tüm elementlerin Kararlı izotoplar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- En kararlı izotop
- Mg-24
- Keşif yılı
- 1755
Bolluk
- Bolluk (yer kabuğu)
- 2,33e+4 mg/kg Tüm elementlerin Bolluk (yer kabuğu) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Bolluk (okyanus)
- 1290 mg/L Tüm elementlerin Bolluk (okyanus) değerlerini karşılaştır →
Kristal Yapı
- Örgü sabiti a
- 321 pm
Elektronik Yapı
- Kabuk başına elektron sayısı
- 2, 8, 2 Tüm elementlerin Kabuk başına elektron sayısı değerlerini karşılaştır →
Tanımlayıcılar
- CAS numarası
- 7439-95-4 Tüm elementlerin CAS numarası değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Terim simgesi
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mg
- InChI Anahtarı
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Elektron Dizilimi Ölçülmüş
Mg: 3s²[Ne] 3s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s²Atom modeli
İzotoplar nötron sayısını, kütleyi ve kararlılığı değiştirir; nötr bir atomun elektron dizilimini değiştirmez.
Şematik atom modeli, ölçekli değildir.
Atomik Parmak İzi
Emisyon / Soğurma Spektrumu
İzotop Dağılımı
| Kütle numarası | Atom kütlesi (u) | Doğal bolluk | Yarı ömür |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Kararlı | 23,985041697 ± 0,000000014 | 78,9900% | Kararlı |
| 25 Kararlı | 24,985836976 ± 0,00000005 | 10,0000% | Kararlı |
| 26 Kararlı | 25,982592968 ± 0,000000031 | 11,0100% | Kararlı |
Faz / Hâl
Neden: erime noktasının (649,85 °C) 624,9 °C altında
Şematik, ölçekli değil
Faz geçiş noktaları
Geçiş enerjileri
Erime noktasında 1 mol maddeyi eritmek için gereken enerji
Kaynama noktasında 1 mol maddeyi buharlaştırmak için gereken enerji
Süblimleşme noktasında 1 mol maddeyi süblimleştirmek için gereken enerji
Yoğunluk
Standart koşullarda
Standart koşullarda
Atomik Spektrumlar
12 kayıttan 10 tanesi gösteriliyor. İyon yüküne göre sıralandı (artan).
Spektral Çizgi Kayıtları ?
| İyon | Yük | Toplam çizgi sayısı | Geçiş olasılıkları | Düzey gösterimleri |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mg I | 0 | 1342 | 1090 | 1342 |
| Mg II | +1 | 601 | 482 | 601 |
| Mg III | +2 | 452 | 149 | 452 |
| Mg IV | +3 | 821 | 625 | 821 |
| Mg V | +4 | 518 | 513 | 515 |
| Mg VI | +5 | 890 | 883 | 890 |
| Mg VII | +6 | 379 | 344 | 379 |
| Mg VIII | +7 | 944 | 941 | 944 |
| Mg IX | +8 | 461 | 444 | 461 |
| Mg X | +9 | 223 | 184 | 223 |
Enerji Düzeyi Kayıtları ?
| İyon | Yük | Düzeyler |
|---|---|---|
| Mg I | 0 | 323 |
| Mg II | +1 | 149 |
| Mg III | +2 | 114 |
| Mg IV | +3 | 173 |
| Mg V | +4 | 104 |
| Mg VI | +5 | 120 |
| Mg VII | +6 | 104 |
| Mg VIII | +7 | 113 |
| Mg IX | +8 | 94 |
| Mg X | +9 | 60 |
İyon Yarıçapları
| Yük | Koordinasyon | Spin | Yarıçap |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | Mevcut değil | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 5 | Mevcut değil | 66 pm |
| +2 | 6 | Mevcut değil | 72 pm |
| +2 | 8 | Mevcut değil | 89 pm |
Bileşikler
İzotoplar (3)
| Kütle numarası | Atom kütlesi (u) | Doğal bolluk | Yarı ömür | Bozunma türü | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Kararlı | 23,985041697 ± 0,000000014 | 78,9900% ± 0,0400% | Kararlı | stable | |
| 25 Kararlı | 24,985836976 ± 0,00000005 | 10,0000% ± 0,0100% | Kararlı | stable | |
| 26 Kararlı | 25,982592968 ± 0,000000031 | 11,0100% ± 0,0300% | Kararlı | stable |
Spektral Çizgiler
399 kayıttan 50 tanesi gösteriliyor. Varsayılan olarak yalnızca şiddeti ölçülmüş spektral çizgiler gösterilir.
| Dalga boyu (nm) | Şiddet | İyonlaşma aşaması | Tür | Geçiş | Doğruluk | Kaynak | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 518.36043 nm | 45 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 517.26844 nm | 44 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 516.73213 nm | 42 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 383.82919 nm | 40 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 552.84047 nm | 40 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.4d 1D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 383.23039 nm | 38 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 382.93547 nm | 36 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 470.29908 nm | 30 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.5d 1D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 571.1088 nm | 30 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.5s 1S | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 435.19057 nm | 20 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.6d 1D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 416.72713 nm | 15 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.7d 1D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 625.6757 nm | 15 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 448.1126 nm | 14 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.4f 2F* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 448.1325 nm | 13 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.4f 2F* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 738.7689 nm | 12 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.8f 1F* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 405.75052 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.8d 1D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 439.0572 nm | 10 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.5d 2D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 473.00286 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.6s 1S | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 491.5991 nm | 10 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 583.981 nm | 10 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 631.8717 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.6p 3P* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 634.6742 nm | 10 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.6f 2F* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 719.3184 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.9f 1F* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 729.1055 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 1S → 3s.6p 1P* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 438.4637 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.5d 2D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 443.3988 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.6s 2S | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 452.6219 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 459.6921 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 496.041 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 631.9237 nm | 9 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.6p 3P* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 634.6964 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.6f 2F* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 384.8211 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.5p 2P* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 398.67533 nm | 8 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.9d 1D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 442.7994 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.6s 2S | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 467.3315 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4s 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 498.1469 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 526.422 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7f 2F* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 640.6637 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 678.7855 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.5p 2P* → 2p6.7d 2D | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 681.927 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.5p 2P* → 2p6.8s 2S | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 706.0414 nm | 8 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.10f 1F* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 385.0386 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.5p 2P* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 423.9473 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 463.2537 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 480.2585 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 491.5363 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 497.0497 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 502.3674 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 526.4364 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7f 2F* | Ölçülmüş | NIST | |
| 591.6431 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7p 2P* | Ölçülmüş | NIST |
Genişletilmiş Özellikler
Kovalent Yarıçaplar (Genişletilmiş)
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö)
- 139 pm
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö, çift bağ)
- 132 pm
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö, üçlü bağ)
- 127 pm
- Kovalent yarıçap (Bragg)
- 142 pm
Van der Waals Yarıçapları
- Bondi
- 173 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 251 pm
- UFF
- 302,1 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
Atom ve Metalik Yarıçaplar
- Atom yarıçapı (Rahm)
- 240 pm
- Metalik yarıçap (C12)
- 160 pm
Numaralandırma Ölçekleri
- Mendeleev
- 76
- Pettifor
- 73
- Glawe
- 73
Elektronegatiflik Ölçekleri
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Kutuplanabilirlik ve Dispersiyon
- Dipol kutuplanabilirliği
- 71,2 a.u.
- Dipol kutuplanabilirliği (belirsizlik)
- 0,4 a.u.
- C₆
- 626 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 629 Ha·Bohr6
Kimyasal İlgi
- Proton ilgisi
- 819,6 kJ/mol
- Gaz fazı bazlığı
- 797,3 kJ/mol
Miedema Parametreleri
- Miedema molar hacmi
- 14 cm3/mol
- Miedema elektron yoğunluğu
- 2
Tedarik Riski ve Ekonomi
- Üretim yoğunlaşması
- 64
- Göreli tedarik riski
- 7
- Rezerv dağılımı
- 26
- Siyasi istikrar (en büyük üretici)
- 24
- Siyasi istikrar (en büyük rezerv sahibi)
- 18
Faz Geçişleri ve Allotroplar
| Erime noktası | 923,15 K |
| Kaynama noktası | 1363,15 K |
Yükseltgenme Basamağı Kategorileri
İleri Düzey Referans Verileri
Perdeleme Sabitleri (4)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,3911 |
| 2 | p | 4,1742 |
| 2 | s | 4,608 |
| 3 | s | 8,6925 |
Kristal Yarıçaplarının Ayrıntıları (4)
| Yük | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Köken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 71 | ||
| 2 | V | 80 | ||
| 2 | VI | 86 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 103 | calculated, |
İzotop Bozunma Türleri (43)
| İzotop | Mod | Şiddet |
|---|---|---|
| 19 | 2p | 100% |
| 20 | B+ | 100% |
| 20 | B+p | 30,3% |
| 21 | B+ | 100% |
| 21 | B+p | 20,1% |
| 21 | B+A | 0,1% |
| 21 | B+pA | 0% |
| 22 | B+ | 100% |
| 23 | B+ | 100% |
| 27 | B- | 100% |
X Işını Saçılma Faktörleri (755)
| Enerji (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0,5 | 0,117 | 0,14592 |
| 0,5079 | 0,1168 | 0,14896 |
| 0,516 | 0,1165 | 0,15206 |
| 0,5242 | 0,1165 | 0,15522 |
| 0,5325 | 0,1162 | 0,15845 |
| 0,5409 | 0,1162 | 0,16175 |
| 0,5495 | 0,1162 | 0,16511 |
| 0,5582 | 0,1161 | 0,16855 |
| 0,5671 | 0,1163 | 0,17205 |
| 0,5761 | 0,1167 | 0,17558 |
Ek Veriler
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.33×104 milligrams per kilogram
Kaynaklar (1)
- [5] Magnesium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.29×103 milligrams per liter
Kaynaklar (1)
- [5] Magnesium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water.
Kaynaklar (1)
- [6] Magnesium https://periodic.lanl.gov/12.shtml
Kaynaklar
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Magnesium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.