Copernicium (Cn)
transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
Standart Atom Ağırlığı
[285]Elektron dizilimi
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 (Öngörülen)Erime noktası
Mevcut değilKaynama noktası
-165,15 °CYoğunluk
1,4e+4 kg/m³Yükseltgenme basamakları
+2, +4Elektronegatiflik (Pauling)
Mevcut değilİyonlaşma enerjisi (1.)
Mevcut değilKeşif yılı
1996Atom yarıçapı
147 pmAyrıntılar
Copernicium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 12, below zinc, cadmium, and mercury. It is known only from accelerator experiments that create individual atoms of short-lived isotopes. Relativistic effects are expected to make its chemistry unusually noble for a group 12 element, with weak metallic bonding and a comparatively volatile elemental state. Its confirmed properties are therefore mainly nuclear, while its chemical behavior remains partly experimental and partly theoretical.
Copernicium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Copernicium was synthesized by scientists at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany in 1996 (Fig. IUPAC.112.1). Sigurd Hofmann and an international team of scientists used the nuclear reaction 208Pb (70Zn, n) 277Cn. The observed alpha decays led to the known nuclide, 269Sg. The name, copernicium, was given to element 112 to honor astronomer Nicholas Copernicus, who is known for his heliocentric theory of how the planets orbit the Sun [663], [664]. Copernicium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Copernicium is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
Copernicium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany on February 9, 1996. They bombarded atoms of lead with ions of zinc with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced atoms of copernicium-277, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.24 milliseconds (0.00024 seconds). Copernicium's most stable isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of about 30 seconds. It decays into darmstadtium-281 through alpha decay.
On February 9, 1996, element 277Cn was created at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany by using the reaction 208Pb + 70Zn. Unlike element 110, Copernicium has properties more similar to radon than mercury, but due to its short half-life, it is difficult to study. As of 2011, Copernicum's most stable isotope has an atomic weight of 285.
No macroscopic sample of copernicium has been made, so its visible appearance is unknown. Calculations suggest a very volatile, weakly bound metal, possibly more gas-like in atom-at-a-time conditions than mercury, but this is not a directly observed bulk property.
Copernicium has no practical use outside scientific research. Its isotopes are produced one atom at a time to study superheavy nuclei, decay chains, and the influence of strong relativistic effects on chemical behavior. Experimental work with copernicium also helps test models used to predict the stability and chemistry of still heavier elements. No commercial, medical, structural, or electronic application is known or feasible with present production methods and isotope lifetimes.
Since only a few atoms of copernicium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
Originally, the symbol Cp was recommended for Copernicium. That symbol was rejected because Cp had previously been used for the element lutetium which, prior to 1949, had cassiopeium as an alternative allowed name. Please see this file for additional details.
Copernicium chemistry has been investigated only in atom-at-a-time experiments and by theory. The element is expected to favor the +2 oxidation state in compounds, by analogy with group 12 elements, but strong relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons may make neutral copernicium especially inert. Studies of adsorption behavior suggest that elemental Cn interacts weakly with gold surfaces compared with mercury. Predicted species include copernicium(II) fluoride, CnF₂, and copernicium(II) chloride, CnCl₂, but well-characterized bulk compounds do not exist.
See more information at the Copernicium compound page.
The hazards of copernicium are dominated by radioactivity rather than ordinary chemical toxicity. All known isotopes are short-lived and decay mainly by alpha emission, with some decay chains involving spontaneous fission. The element is produced in quantities far too small for conventional handling or environmental exposure. In laboratories, risk control concerns the accelerator target, recoil products, and radioactive decay products, not bulk copernicium material.
Copernicium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no environmental cycle. Any atoms formed naturally, if at all, would decay rapidly and would not accumulate. Laboratory production yields isolated atoms that decay within controlled experimental systems. Consequently, environmental behavior such as solubility, transport in soils or waters, bioaccumulation, and ecological effects has not been observed for copernicium.
Copernicium has no commodity market, industrial supply chain, or recoverable source. It is made in heavy-ion fusion experiments, commonly by bombarding heavy actinide targets with accelerated ions, followed by separation and detection of a few decay events. Production depends on specialized accelerators, rare target materials, long beam times, and highly sensitive detectors. The limiting factors are nuclear reaction cross sections and isotope half-lives, not ore availability or refining capacity. Recycling and substitution have no practical meaning for this element outside research planning.
Made by bombarding lead-208 with zinc-70.
Copernicium is not expected to be a primordial or cosmically abundant element because its known isotopes decay far too quickly to survive since nucleosynthesis. Superheavy nuclei may be formed fleetingly in extreme astrophysical neutron-rich events, but no stable or long-lived copernicium isotope is known. It has no established role in planetary chemistry or extraterrestrial materials.
- Copernicium was named for Nicolaus Copernicus.
- Its chemistry is strongly affected by relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons.
- Only individual atoms have been studied experimentally.
- The most useful evidence for its chemistry comes from rapid gas-phase adsorption experiments.
- Copernicium sits below mercury but may be even more volatile.
- Its discovery was credited to work at GSI in Darmstadt, Germany.
Görseller
Özellikler
Fiziksel
- Atom yarıçapı (ampirik)
- 147 pm Tüm elementlerin Atom yarıçapı (ampirik) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Yoğunluk
- 1,4 × 104 kg/m³ Tüm elementlerin Yoğunluk değerlerini karşılaştır →
- STP'deki faz
- Gaz Tüm elementlerin STP'deki faz değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kaynama noktası
- -165,15 °C Tüm elementlerin Kaynama noktası değerlerini karşılaştır →
Kimyasal
- Elektron ilgisi
- -0,8 eV (negatif değer — atomun ek bir elektron bağlaması beklenmez)
- Yükseltgenme basamakları
- +2, +4 Tüm elementlerin Yükseltgenme basamakları değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Değerlik elektronları
- 2 Tüm elementlerin Değerlik elektronları değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Elektron dizilimi
- [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 (Öngörülen)
Termodinamik
Mevcut değil
Nükleer
- Protonlar
- 112 Tüm elementlerin Protonlar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Nötronlar
- 173 Tüm elementlerin Nötronlar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Bilinen izotoplar
- 13 Tüm elementlerin Bilinen izotoplar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kararlı izotoplar
- 0 Tüm elementlerin Kararlı izotoplar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kütle numarası (en kararlı)
- 285
- En kararlı izotop
- Cn-285
- Keşif yılı
- 1996
Bolluk
Mevcut değil
Kristal Yapı
Mevcut değil
Elektronik Yapı
- Kabuk başına elektron sayısı
- 14, 10, 2 Tüm elementlerin Kabuk başına elektron sayısı değerlerini karşılaştır →
Tanımlayıcılar
- CAS numarası
- 54084-26-3 Tüm elementlerin CAS numarası değerlerini karşılaştır →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cn
- InChI Anahtarı
- NOTIIDSZELDPOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Elektron Dizilimi Öngörülen
——Bu iyon için elektron dizilimi verileri mevcut değil.
Atom modeli
İzotoplar nötron sayısını, kütleyi ve kararlılığı değiştirir; nötr bir atomun elektron dizilimini değiştirmez.
Mevcut değil
Şematik atom modeli, ölçekli değildir.
Atomik Parmak İzi
Emisyon / Soğurma Spektrumu
İzotop Dağılımı
Kararlı izotop yok.
| Kütle numarası | Atom kütlesi (u) | Doğal bolluk | Yarı ömür |
|---|---|---|---|
| 277 Radyoaktif | 277,16364 ± 0,00015 | Mevcut değil | 790 us |
| 281 Radyoaktif | 281,16975 ± 0,00042 | Mevcut değil | 180 ms |
| 284 Radyoaktif | 284,17416 ± 0,00091 | Mevcut değil | 102 ms |
| 276 Radyoaktif | 276,16141 ± 0,00064 | Mevcut değil | 100 us |
| 279 Radyoaktif | 279,16654 ± 0,0005 | Mevcut değil | 60 us |
Faz / Hâl
Neden: kaynama noktasının (-165,15 °C) 190,1 °C üzerinde
Şematik, ölçekli değil
Faz geçiş noktaları
Yoğunluk
Standart koşullarda
Mevcut T değerinde ideal gaz yasasıyla tahmin edilmiştir
Katı faz için kristal yapı verileri mevcut değil
İzotoplar (5)
| Kütle numarası | Atom kütlesi (u) | Doğal bolluk | Yarı ömür | Bozunma türü | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 277 Radyoaktif | 277,16364 ± 0,00015 | Mevcut değil | 790 us | α =100% | |
| 281 Radyoaktif | 281,16975 ± 0,00042 | Mevcut değil | 180 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 284 Radyoaktif | 284,17416 ± 0,00091 | Mevcut değil | 102 ms | SF =100% | |
| 276 Radyoaktif | 276,16141 ± 0,00064 | Mevcut değil | 100 us | α ?SF ? | |
| 279 Radyoaktif | 279,16654 ± 0,0005 | Mevcut değil | 60 us | α ?SF ? |
Genişletilmiş Özellikler
Kovalent Yarıçaplar (Genişletilmiş)
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö)
- 122 pm
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö, çift bağ)
- 137 pm
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö, üçlü bağ)
- 130 pm
Numaralandırma Ölçekleri
- Mendeleev
- 80
Kutuplanabilirlik ve Dispersiyon
- Dipol kutuplanabilirliği
- 28 a.u.
- Dipol kutuplanabilirliği (belirsizlik)
- 2 a.u.
Yükseltgenme Basamağı Kategorileri
İleri Düzey Referans Verileri
İzotop Bozunma Türleri (23)
| İzotop | Mod | Şiddet |
|---|---|---|
| 276 | A | — |
| 276 | SF | — |
| 277 | A | 100% |
| 278 | A | — |
| 278 | SF | — |
| 279 | A | — |
| 279 | SF | — |
| 280 | A | — |
| 280 | SF | — |
| 281 | A | 100% |
Ek Veriler
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
Kaynaklar (1)
- [5] Copernicium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele112.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Kaynaklar (1)
- [5] Copernicium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele112.html
Kaynaklar
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Copernicium.