Darmstadtium (Ds)
transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
Standart Atom Ağırlığı
[281]Elektron dizilimi
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d8 (Öngörülen)Erime noktası
Mevcut değilKaynama noktası
Mevcut değilYoğunluk
3,48e+4 kg/m³Yükseltgenme basamakları
0, +2, +4, +6, +8Elektronegatiflik (Pauling)
Mevcut değilİyonlaşma enerjisi (1.)
Mevcut değilKeşif yılı
1994Atom yarıçapı
132 pmAyrıntılar
Darmstadtium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 10, below nickel, palladium, and platinum. It has been produced only atom by atom in heavy-ion fusion experiments and identified from its radioactive decay chains. Its chemistry is largely unmeasured; theoretical work treats it as a very heavy platinum-group metal, with strong relativistic effects expected to influence bonding and volatility.
Darmstadtium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Darmstadtium was first synthesized by an international team of scientists from the GSI in Darmstadt, Germany, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, the Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia and the University of Jyväskylä, Finland at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt (Fig. IUPAC.110.1), Germany in 1994 using the nuclear reaction 208Pb (62Ni, n) 269Ds. The element was named darmstadtium after the place where the first synthesis was made [656], [657], [658], [659]. Darmstadtium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Darmstadtium is named after the city Darmstadt, Germany.
Darmstadtium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany on November 9th, 1994. They bombarded atoms of lead with ions of nickel with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced one atom of darmstadtium-269, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.17 milliseconds (0.00017 seconds), after at least a billion billion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) nickel ions were fired at the lead target over the course of a week. Darmstadtium's most stable isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of about 20 seconds. About 15% of the time, it decays into hassium-277 through alpha decay. The remaining 85% of the time, it decays through spontaneous fission.
November 9, 1994 at 4:39 pm, the first atom with atomic number 110 was detected at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, in Germany.
Element 110 was produced by fusing a nickel and lead atom together. This was achieved by accelerating the nickel atoms to a high energy in the heavy ion accelerator."This rare reaction occurs only at a very specific velocity of the nickel projectile. Over a period of many days, many billion billion nickel atoms must be shot at a lead target in order to produce and identify a single atom of element 110. The atoms produced in the nickel-lead collisions are selected by a velocity filter and then captured in a detector system which measures their decay. The energy of the emitted helium nuclei serves to identify the atom" (Press Release). This element was only found to have a lifetime of less than 1/1000th of a second. It is expected that soon a heavier version of element 110 that might be more stable, and that lives slightly longer will be developed.
The name darmstatdium was confirmed by IUPAC in August 2003.
No macroscopic sample of darmstadtium has ever been prepared, so its bulk appearance is unknown. It is often predicted to be a dense metallic solid, but color, texture, melting behavior, and other ordinary physical properties have not been directly observed.
Darmstadtium has no practical use outside nuclear and chemical research. Individual atoms are made to study superheavy nuclei, alpha-decay chains, spontaneous fission, and the limits of element production. Any proposed chemical experiments must be designed for atom-at-a-time detection, because the known isotopes are too short-lived and scarce for materials use, radiotracer applications, or commercial products.
Since only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No compound of darmstadtium has been isolated in weighable quantity, and its chemistry remains mostly predictive. As a group 10 element it is expected to show metallic and coordination chemistry related in broad outline to platinum, but relativistic effects may alter trends. Calculations have considered species such as darmstadtium hexafluoride, DsF₆, and darmstadtium tetrachloride, DsCl₄; oxidation states such as +2, +4, and possibly +6 are discussed, but experimental confirmation is very limited or absent.
See more information at the Darmstadtium compound page.
All known darmstadtium isotopes are radioactive, with half-lives ranging from very short intervals to at most seconds for the better-known nuclides. The radiological hazard would come mainly from alpha decay and, for some isotopes, spontaneous fission. In practice, only a few atoms are produced, so chemical toxicity is not a practical exposure issue; accelerator targets and detectors are handled under radiological controls.
Darmstadtium has no confirmed natural occurrence and is not expected to persist in the environment because its known isotopes decay rapidly. Atoms produced in laboratories decay essentially where they are made or implanted in detector materials. There is no known environmental cycle, biological role, or ecological accumulation pathway for the element itself.
Darmstadtium has no commodity market, industrial supply chain, or recoverable stock. Production requires a heavy-ion accelerator, highly prepared target materials, and long experimental runs that may yield only a few identifiable atoms. The cost is therefore embedded in nuclear-physics research programs rather than in saleable material. Recycling is not meaningful for darmstadtium itself, although target materials and detector components may be recovered or reused after experiments.
Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with cobolt-59.
Darmstadtium is not a primordial element, and no cosmic abundance has been measured. Superheavy nuclei near this region may be formed transiently in extreme nucleosynthesis environments, but known darmstadtium isotopes would decay too quickly to accumulate. Its extraterrestrial relevance is therefore mainly theoretical, as part of studies of the limits of nuclear stability.
- Darmstadtium was named for Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized.
- It was initially reported by the GSI heavy-ion research laboratory in 1994.
- Atoms are recognized through correlated decay chains rather than by ordinary chemical analysis.
- It belongs to group 10 but has not shown platinum-like chemistry in bulk because no bulk sample exists.
- The temporary systematic name for element 110 was ununnilium.
Görseller
Özellikler
Fiziksel
- Atom yarıçapı (ampirik)
- 132 pm Tüm elementlerin Atom yarıçapı (ampirik) değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Yoğunluk
- 3,48 × 104 kg/m³ Tüm elementlerin Yoğunluk değerlerini karşılaştır →
Kimyasal
- Elektron ilgisi
- 1,6 eV
- Yükseltgenme basamakları
- 0, +2, +4, +6, +8 Tüm elementlerin Yükseltgenme basamakları değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Değerlik elektronları
- 25 Tüm elementlerin Değerlik elektronları değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Elektron dizilimi
- [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d8 (Öngörülen)
Termodinamik
Mevcut değil
Nükleer
- Protonlar
- 110 Tüm elementlerin Protonlar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Nötronlar
- 172 Tüm elementlerin Nötronlar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Bilinen izotoplar
- 18 Tüm elementlerin Bilinen izotoplar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kararlı izotoplar
- 0 Tüm elementlerin Kararlı izotoplar değerlerini karşılaştır →
- Kütle numarası (en kararlı)
- 281
- En kararlı izotop
- Ds-282
- Keşif yılı
- 1994
Bolluk
Mevcut değil
Kristal Yapı
Mevcut değil
Elektronik Yapı
- Kabuk başına elektron sayısı
- 8, 25 Tüm elementlerin Kabuk başına elektron sayısı değerlerini karşılaştır →
Tanımlayıcılar
- CAS numarası
- 54083-77-1 Tüm elementlerin CAS numarası değerlerini karşılaştır →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ds
- InChI Anahtarı
- NCBMSFCPDGXTHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Elektron Dizilimi Öngörülen
——Bu iyon için elektron dizilimi verileri mevcut değil.
Atom modeli
İzotoplar nötron sayısını, kütleyi ve kararlılığı değiştirir; nötr bir atomun elektron dizilimini değiştirmez.
Mevcut değil
Şematik atom modeli, ölçekli değildir.
Atomik Parmak İzi
Emisyon / Soğurma Spektrumu
İzotop Dağılımı
Kararlı izotop yok.
| Kütle numarası | Atom kütlesi (u) | Doğal bolluk | Yarı ömür |
|---|---|---|---|
| 278 Radyoaktif | 278,15704 ± 0,00067 | Mevcut değil | 270 ms |
| 273 Radyoaktif | 273,14856 ± 0,00014 | Mevcut değil | 240 us |
| 269 Radyoaktif | 269,144752 ± 0,000034 | Mevcut değil | 230 us |
| 279 Radyoaktif | 279,1601 ± 0,00064 | Mevcut değil | 210 ms |
| 270 Radyoaktif | 270,144584 ± 0,000052 | Mevcut değil | 205 us |
Faz / Hâl
Faz/hâl verileri mevcut değil
Atomik Spektrumlar
94 kayıttan 10 tanesi gösteriliyor. İyon yüküne göre sıralandı (artan).
Enerji Düzeyi Kayıtları ?
| İyon | Yük | Düzeyler |
|---|---|---|
| Ds VI | +5 | 2 |
| Ds VII | +6 | 1 |
| Ds VIII | +7 | 1 |
| Ds IX | +8 | 2 |
| Ds X | +9 | 2 |
| Ds XI | +10 | 2 |
| Ds XII | +11 | 2 |
| Ds XIII | +12 | 2 |
| Ds XIV | +13 | 2 |
| Ds XV | +14 | 2 |
Faz/hâl verileri mevcut değil
Bileşikler
İzotoplar (5)
| Kütle numarası | Atom kütlesi (u) | Doğal bolluk | Yarı ömür | Bozunma türü | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 278 Radyoaktif | 278,15704 ± 0,00067 | Mevcut değil | 270 ms | α ?SF ? | |
| 273 Radyoaktif | 273,14856 ± 0,00014 | Mevcut değil | 240 us | α ≈100% | |
| 269 Radyoaktif | 269,144752 ± 0,000034 | Mevcut değil | 230 us | α =100% | |
| 279 Radyoaktif | 279,1601 ± 0,00064 | Mevcut değil | 210 ms | SF =88±0.5%α =12±0.5% | |
| 270 Radyoaktif | 270,144584 ± 0,000052 | Mevcut değil | 205 us | α ≈100%SF ? |
Genişletilmiş Özellikler
Kovalent Yarıçaplar (Genişletilmiş)
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö)
- 128 pm
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö, çift bağ)
- 116 pm
- Kovalent yarıçap (Pyykkö, üçlü bağ)
- 118 pm
Numaralandırma Ölçekleri
- Mendeleev
- 70
Kutuplanabilirlik ve Dispersiyon
- Dipol kutuplanabilirliği
- 32 a.u.
- Dipol kutuplanabilirliği (belirsizlik)
- 3 a.u.
Yükseltgenme Basamağı Kategorileri
İleri Düzey Referans Verileri
İzotop Bozunma Türleri (30)
| İzotop | Mod | Şiddet |
|---|---|---|
| 267 | A | 100% |
| 268 | A | — |
| 269 | A | 100% |
| 270 | A | 100% |
| 270 | SF | — |
| 271 | SF | 75% |
| 271 | A | 25% |
| 272 | SF | — |
| 273 | A | 100% |
| 274 | A | — |
Ek Veriler
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
Kaynaklar (1)
- [5] Darmstadtium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele110.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Kaynaklar (1)
- [5] Darmstadtium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele110.html
Kaynaklar
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Darmstadtium.