Platinum (Pt)
transition-metalSolid
Peso atômico padrão
195,084 uConfiguração eletrônica
[Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d9Ponto de fusão
1768,4 °CPonto de ebulição
3824,85 °CDensidade
2,146e+4 kg/m³Estados de oxidação
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
2,28Energia de ionização (1ª)
8,95883 eVAno da descoberta
1735Raio atômico
135 pmDetalhes
Platinum is a dense, silvery-white transition metal in group 10 and a member of the platinum-group elements. It is exceptionally resistant to corrosion and oxidation, yet it can catalyze many reactions at its surface. The metal is chemically noble in bulk but forms well-defined complexes, especially in the +2 and +4 oxidation states. Its combination of durability, catalytic activity, and electrical stability gives it technological importance disproportionate to its crustal abundance.
Platinum is a beautiful silvery-white metal, when pure, and is malleable and ductile. It has a coefficient of expansion almost equal to that of soda-lime-silica glass, and is therefore used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature, but is corroded by halogens, cyanides, sulfur, and caustic alkalis.
It is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves when they are mixed as aqua regia, forming chloroplatinic acid.
The name derives from the Spanish platina for "silver". In 1735, the Spanish astronomer Antonio de Ulloa found platinum in Peru, South America. In 1741, the English metallurgist Charles Wood found platinum from Colombia, South America. In 1750, the English physician William Brownrigg prepared purified platinum metal.
Used by the pre-Columbian Indians of South America, platinum wasn't noticed by western scientists until 1735. Platinum can occur free in nature and is sometimes found in deposits of gold-bearing sands, primarily those found in the Ural mountains, Columbia and the western United States. Platinum, in the form of the mineral sperrylite (PtAs2), is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. Credit for the modern rediscovery of platinum is usually given to Antonio de Ulloa.
Discovered in South America by Ulloa in 1735 and by Wood in 1741. The metal was used by pre-Columbian Indians.
Pure platinum is a lustrous, silvery-white metal with a high density and a high melting point. It is ductile and malleable, and clean metal surfaces retain their metallic sheen in air because oxide formation is not favored under ordinary conditions.
Platinum is used chiefly as a catalyst, especially in automotive catalytic converters, petroleum refining, chemical synthesis, and fuel-cell electrodes. It is also used in jewelry, laboratory ware, electrical contacts, thermocouples, resistance thermometers, and high-stability electrodes. Some platinum coordination compounds are important anticancer drugs, including cisplatin, cis-[PtCl₂(NH₃)₂], although their medical use is compound-specific rather than a property of the metal itself.
Platinum is a soft, dense, ductile metal that is very resistant to corrosion. It is used to make jewelry, wire, electrical contacts and laboratory vessels. Platinum expands at nearly the same rate as soda-lime-silica glass, so it is used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems. Platinum is used to coat missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles and other devices that must operate reliably for long periods of time at high temperatures. Platinum resistance wires are used in high temperature electric furnaces. Platinum anodes are used in cathodic protection systems to prevent ships, pipelines and steel piers from corroding in salt water.
Platinum is widely used as a catalyst. It will convert methyl alcohol vapors (CH4O) into formaldehyde (CH2O) on contact, glowing red hot in the process. This effect is used to make small hand warmers. Platinum is also used in a device called a catalytic converter, a device found in the exhaust systems of most cars. Catalytic converters combine carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned fuel from a car's exhaust with oxygen from the air, forming carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). Platinum is also used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and in the cracking of petroleum products. Fuel cells, devices that combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water, also use platinum as a catalyst.
The metal is extensively used in jewelry, wire, and vessels for laboratory use, and in many valuable instruments including therocouple elements. It is also used for electrical contacts, corrosion-resistant apparatus, and in dentistry.
Platinum-cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. One such alloy made of 76.7% Pt and 23.3% Co, by weight, is an extremely powerful magnet that offers a B-H (max) almost twice that of Alnico V. Platinum resistance wires are used for constructing high-temperature electric furnaces.
The metal is used for coating missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles, etc., which must perform reliably at high temperatures for long periods of time. The metal, like palladium, absorbs large volumes of hydrogen, retaining it at ordinary temperatures but giving it up when heated.
In the finely divided state platinum is an excellent catalyst, having long been used in the contact process for producing sulfuric acid. It is also used as a catalyst in cracking petroleum products. Much interest exists in using platinum as a catalyst in fuel cells and in antipollution devices for automobiles.
Platinum anodes are extensively used in cathodic protection systems for large ships and ocean-going vessels, pipelines, steel piers, etc. Fine platinum wire will glow red hot when placed in the vapor of methyl alcohol. It acts here as a catalyst, converting the alcohol to formaldehyde. The phenomenon has been used commercially to produce cigarette lighters and hand warmers. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in the presence of platinum.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Astrophysicists have confirmed an anomaly in the isotopic composition of platinum in the chemically peculiar HgMn star χ Lupi, where the platinum isotopic composition was shown to be a mixture of 196Pt and 198Pt (Fig. IUPAC.78.1) [526] G. Kalus, S. Johansson, G. M. Wahlgren, D. S. Leckrone, A. P. Thorne, J. C. Brandt. Astrophys. J.494, 792 (1998)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The decay of 190Pt (with a half-life of 4.9×1011 years) to 186Os over time has been used for dating rocks and iron meteorites [527] J. A. Coggona, G. M. Nowella, D. G. Pearsona, T. Oberthürb, J.-P. Lorandc, F. Melcherb, S. W. Parmand. Chem. Geol.302-303, 48 (2012)..
Isotopes in Medicine
195mPt (with a half-life of 4 days) is used for pharmacokinetic studies of platinum-based anti-tumor agents in cancer diagnosis and cancer therapy [188] S. J. Adelstein, F. J. Manning. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, pp. 20–25, National Academy Press, Washington DC (1995).. The m in the superscript of 195mPt indicates a metastable state of the isotope. 195mPt can be produced from the stable isotopes 192Os or 195Pt via the 192Os (α, n) 195mPt reaction and the 195Pt (n, n′) 195mPt reaction, respectively.
Platinum chemistry is dominated by square-planar Pt(II) and octahedral Pt(IV) complexes, with lower and higher formal states known in specialized compounds. Chloroplatinic acid, H₂PtCl₆, and hexachloroplatinate salts are common precursors for catalysts and coordination chemistry. Platinum(II) chloride, PtCl₂, and platinum(IV) chloride, PtCl₄, illustrate its stable chlorides. Platinum forms many ammine, phosphine, carbonyl, and organometallic complexes; its ability to bind and activate H₂, CO, alkenes, and other small molecules underlies much of its catalytic value.
See more information at the Platinum compound page.
Massive platinum metal is generally of low chemical toxicity and is poorly reactive in the body, but finely divided platinum can be a fire or explosion hazard in some atmospheres and may catalyze unwanted reactions. Soluble platinum salts and some coordination compounds can cause allergic sensitization, asthma, skin reactions, or systemic toxicity. Industrial exposure risks are greatest during refining, catalyst manufacture, and handling of soluble or dusty forms.
Platinum occurs naturally at very low concentrations, mainly in ultramafic and mafic ore systems and in placer deposits with other platinum-group elements. In the environment it is mostly present as resistant metallic particles, sulfides, alloys, or strongly bound complexes. Road dust can contain platinum released from catalytic converters, but its mobility and bioavailability depend strongly on particle size, oxidation state, chloride content, and local chemistry.
Platinum is produced mostly as a by-product or co-product from ores rich in platinum-group elements, nickel, and copper. Mining and refining require concentration of very low-grade material followed by complex separation of closely related metals. Supply is geographically concentrated and sensitive to ore quality, energy costs, labor conditions, and refining capacity. Demand is led by emission-control catalysts, jewelry, chemical catalysts, electronics, and electrochemical technologies. Recycling from spent automotive catalysts and industrial catalysts is an important secondary source because the metal is valuable and durable.
Platinum occurs natively, accompanied by small quantities of iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium, all belonging to the same group of metals. These are found in the alluvial deposits of the Ural mountains, of Columbia, and of certain western American states. Sperrylite, occurring with the nickel-bearing deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, is the source of a considerable amount of metal.
The large production of nickel makes up for the fact that is only one part of the platinum metals in two million parts of ore.
Platinum is a rare heavy element in the cosmos, produced mainly by rapid neutron-capture processes in extreme astrophysical events. It is present in meteorites and planetary materials at trace levels, with siderophile behavior that caused much of Earth’s original inventory to partition into the core. Crustal platinum is therefore scarce and concentrated only by later geological processes.
- Platinum resists attack by most single mineral acids but dissolves in aqua regia.
- The international prototype metre and kilogram were made from a platinum-iridium alloy.
- Finely divided platinum can absorb and activate hydrogen at its surface.
- Native platinum commonly contains iron and other platinum-group metals rather than being perfectly pure.
- Platinum resistance thermometers are used because its electrical resistance is stable and reproducible.
Imagens
Propriedades
Física
- Raio atômico (empírico)
- 135 pm Comparar Raio atômico (empírico) de todos os elementos →
- Raio covalente
- 136 pm Comparar Raio covalente de todos os elementos →
- Raio de van der Waals
- 209 pm Comparar Raio de van der Waals de todos os elementos →
- Raio metálico
- 130 pm Comparar Raio metálico de todos os elementos →
- Densidade
- 2,146 × 104 kg/m³ Comparar Densidade de todos os elementos →
- Volume molar
- 0,0091 L/mol
- Fase nas CNTP
- Sólido Comparar Fase nas CNTP de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de fusão
- 1768,4 °C Comparar Ponto de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de ebulição
- 3824,85 °C Comparar Ponto de ebulição de todos os elementos →
- Condutividade térmica
- 71,6 W/(m·K) Comparar Condutividade térmica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica específica
- 0,133 J/(g·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica específica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica molar
- 25,86 J/(mol·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica molar de todos os elementos →
- Estrutura cristalina
- Cúbica de faces centradas Comparar Estrutura cristalina de todos os elementos →
Química
- Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
- 2,28 Comparar Eletronegatividade (Pauling) de todos os elementos →
- Eletronegatividade (Allen)
- 1,72
- Afinidade eletrônica
- 2,1228 eV
- Energia de ionização (1ª)
- 8,95883 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (1ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (2ª)
- 18,560064 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (2ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (3ª)
- 29,0001 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (3ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (4ª)
- 43,000148 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (4ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (5ª)
- 56,000193 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (5ª) de todos os elementos →
- Estados de oxidação
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 Comparar Estados de oxidação de todos os elementos →
- Elétrons de valência
- 10 Comparar Elétrons de valência de todos os elementos →
- Configuração eletrônica
- [Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d9
Termodinâmica
- Calor de fusão
- 0,20490232 eV Comparar Calor de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Calor de vaporização
- 4,860859 eV Comparar Calor de vaporização de todos os elementos →
- Calor de sublimação
- 5,845468 eV
- Calor de atomização
- 5,845468 eV
- Entalpia de atomização
- 5,863088 eV
Nuclear
- Prótons
- 78 Comparar Prótons de todos os elementos →
- Nêutrons
- 116 Comparar Nêutrons de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos conhecidos
- 44 Comparar Isótopos conhecidos de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos estáveis
- 3 Comparar Isótopos estáveis de todos os elementos →
- Isótopo mais estável
- Pt-194
- Ano da descoberta
- 1735
Abundância
- Abundância (crosta terrestre)
- 0,005 mg/kg Comparar Abundância (crosta terrestre) de todos os elementos →
Estrutura cristalina
- Constante de rede a
- 392 pm
Estrutura eletrônica
- Elétrons por camada
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 Comparar Elétrons por camada de todos os elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 7440-06-4 Comparar Número CAS de todos os elementos →
- Símbolo de termo
- 3D3
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Pt
- Chave InChI
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuração eletrônica Medido
Pt: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s¹[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s¹Modelo atômico
Os isótopos alteram o número de nêutrons, a massa e a estabilidade — não a configuração eletrônica de um átomo neutro.
Modelo atômico esquemático, sem escala.
Assinatura atômica
Espectro de emissão / absorção
Distribuição isotópica
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida |
|---|---|---|---|
| 194 Estável | 193,9626809 ± 0,000001 | 32,8600% | Estável |
| 196 Estável | 195,96495209 ± 0,00000099 | 25,2100% | Estável |
| 198 Estável | 197,9678949 ± 0,0000023 | 7,3560% | Estável |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 1743,4 °C abaixo do ponto de fusão (1768,4 °C)
Esquemático, sem escala
Pontos de transição de fase
Energias de transição
Energia necessária para fundir 1 mol no ponto de fusão
Energia necessária para vaporizar 1 mol no ponto de ebulição
Energia necessária para sublimar 1 mol no ponto de sublimação
Densidade
Em condições padrão
Em condições padrão
Espectros atômicos
Mostrando 10 de 78. Ordenado por carga do íon (ordem crescente).
Dados de linhas disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Total de linhas | Probabilidades de transição | Designações dos níveis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pt I | 0 | 995 | 166 | 995 |
| Pt II | +1 | 2268 | 183 | 2268 |
| Pt IV | +3 | 1531 | 1531 | 1531 |
| Pt V | +4 | 1729 | 1729 | 1729 |
| Pt VI | +5 | 1467 | 1467 | 1467 |
| Pt VII | +6 | 786 | 786 | 786 |
| Pt VIII | +7 | 360 | 360 | 360 |
Dados de níveis disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Níveis |
|---|---|---|
| Pt I | 0 | 202 |
| Pt II | +1 | 282 |
| Pt III | +2 | 2 |
| Pt IV | +3 | 238 |
| Pt V | +4 | 259 |
| Pt VI | +5 | 251 |
| Pt VII | +6 | 178 |
| Pt VIII | +7 | 80 |
| Pt IX | +8 | 2 |
| Pt X | +9 | 2 |
Raios iônicos
| Carga | Coordenação | Spin | Raio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | N/D | 60 pm |
| +2 | 6 | N/D | 80 pm |
| +4 | 6 | N/D | 62.5 pm |
| +5 | 6 | N/D | 56.99999999999999 pm |
Compostos
Isótopos (3)
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida | Modo de decaimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 194 Estável | 193,9626809 ± 0,000001 | 32,8600% ± 0,4000% | Estável | stable | |
| 196 Estável | 195,96495209 ± 0,00000099 | 25,2100% ± 0,3400% | Estável | stable | |
| 198 Estável | 197,9678949 ± 0,0000023 | 7,3560% ± 0,1300% | Estável | stable |
Linhas espectrais
Mostrando 50 de 264. Por padrão, são mostradas apenas as linhas espectrais com intensidade medida.
| Comprimento de onda (nm) | Intensidade | Estágio de ionização | Tipo | Transição | Exatidão | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 381.86875 nm | 8300 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 676.00069 nm | 6500 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d9.7s 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 530.10143 nm | 3900 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p 5G* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | Medida | NIST | |
| 396.6357 nm | 3400 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 416.45502 nm | 3300 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d9.6p 3F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 411.86745 nm | 3000 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6s b 1D → 5d9.6p 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 652.34376 nm | 3000 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p b 3P* → 5d9.7s 1D | Medida | NIST | |
| 444.25477 nm | 2400 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d9.6p a 3P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 432.70524 nm | 2300 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | Medida | NIST | |
| 709.475 nm | 2300 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p 3G* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(1S<0>) (4,0) | Medida | NIST | |
| 711.37244 nm | 2300 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3P → 5d9.6p a 3P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 671.03998 nm | 2200 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3D* → 5d9.7s 1D | Medida | NIST | |
| 522.76459 nm | 2100 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6s b 1D → 5d9.6p a 3P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 505.94815 nm | 1900 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p a 3P* → 5d9.7s 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 547.57631 nm | 1900 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d9.7s 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 584.01269 nm | 1800 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d9.6p a 3P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 419.24241 nm | 1700 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6s b 1D → 5d9.6p b 3P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 547.84793 nm | 1500 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p b 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | Medida | NIST | |
| 684.25984 nm | 1500 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3D* → 5d9.7s 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 449.8748 nm | 1100 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d9.6d 3G | Medida | NIST | |
| 539.07754 nm | 1100 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d9.7s 1D | Medida | NIST | |
| 632.6577 nm | 1100 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 1G → 5d9.6p 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 584.48054 nm | 1000 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p b 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | Medida | NIST | |
| 536.89866 nm | 960 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d9.6p 3F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 631.83662 nm | 930 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3P* → 5d9.7s 1D | Medida | NIST | |
| 602.60247 nm | 860 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | Medida | NIST | |
| 695.7507 nm | 800 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(2F).6p a 3F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.6d b (4,?) | Medida | NIST | |
| 455.24119 nm | 730 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | Medida | NIST | |
| 428.80508 nm | 680 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d8.6s.(2D).6p a 3F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 713.16333 nm | 650 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(2F).6p b 3D* → 5d9.7s 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 689.67056 nm | 590 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(2F).6p a 3F* → 5d8.(3F<3>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (3,1) | Medida | NIST | |
| 409.22515 nm | 580 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5D* → 5d9.6d a 3G | Medida | NIST | |
| 707.8062 nm | 580 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p b 5D* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | Medida | NIST | |
| 401.37143 nm | 570 | Pt II | emission | 5d8.6p 76610* → 5d8.(3P).7s (2,1/2) | Medida | NIST | |
| 628.34779 nm | 570 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(2F).6p a 3D* → 5d9.7s 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 683.80564 nm | 560 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.7s.(3S<1>) (4,1) | Medida | NIST | |
| 452.29919 nm | 550 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3D* → 5d9.6d 1F | Medida | NIST | |
| 664.83039 nm | 550 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p b 3P* → 5d9.7s 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 703.00606 nm | 540 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4P).6p a 5D* → 5d9.7s 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 448.46871 nm | 520 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3F* → 5d9.6d 3F | Medida | NIST | |
| 748.60309 nm | 520 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 1G → 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 576.3566 nm | 510 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p a 5D* → 5d9.7s 1D | Medida | NIST | |
| 712.5028 nm | 500 | Pt I | emission | 5d7.(4F).6s2.6p a 3G* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.6d b (4,?) | Medida | NIST | |
| 427.3898 nm | 490 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(2F).6p a 3D* → 5d9.6d b 3G | Medida | NIST | |
| 439.18207 nm | 490 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 1G → 5d8.6s.(2F).6p a 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 392.53348 nm | 480 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s2 3F → 5d8.6s.(4F).6p 5G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 712.2889 nm | 480 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4P).6p 5D* → 5d9.7d 3P | Medida | NIST | |
| 386.84222 nm | 470 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p b 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.6d b (4,?) | Medida | NIST | |
| 387.57161 nm | 470 | Pt I | emission | 5d8.6s.(4F).6p b 5F* → 5d8.(3F<4>).6s.6d b (4,?) | Medida | NIST | |
| 420.12097 nm | 470 | Pt I | emission | 5d9.6p 3P* → 5d9.7s 3D | Medida | NIST |
Propriedades ampliadas
Raios covalentes (dados ampliados)
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 123 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação dupla)
- 112 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação tripla)
- 110 pm
Raios de van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 229 pm
- UFF
- 275,4 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
Raios atômicos e metálicos
- Raio atômico (Rahm)
- 230 pm
- Raio metálico (C12)
- 139 pm
Escalas de numeração
- Mendeleev
- 69
- Pettifor
- 68
- Glawe
- 64
Escalas de eletronegatividade
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 6
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarizabilidade e dispersão
- Polarizabilidade dipolar
- 48 a.u.
- Polarizabilidade dipolar (incerteza)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 470 Ha·Bohr6
Parâmetros de Miedema
- Volume molar de Miedema
- 9,1 cm3/mol
- Densidade eletrônica de Miedema
- 6
Risco de abastecimento e economia
- Concentração da produção
- 60
- Risco relativo de abastecimento
- 8
- Distribuição das reservas
- 95
- Estabilidade política (maior produtor)
- 44
- Estabilidade política (detentor das maiores reservas)
- 44
Transições de fase e alótropos
| Ponto de fusão | 2041,35 K |
| Ponto de ebulição | 4098,15 K |
Categorias de estados de oxidação
Dados de referência avançados
Constantes de blindagem (14)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1,506 |
| 2 | p | 4,4746 |
| 2 | s | 20,3702 |
| 3 | d | 13,5027 |
| 3 | p | 22,1139 |
| 3 | s | 23,0157 |
| 4 | d | 37,37 |
| 4 | f | 38,494 |
| 4 | p | 35,2696 |
| 4 | s | 34,3612 |
Detalhes dos raios cristalinos (4)
| Carga | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origem |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IVSQ | 74 | ||
| 2 | VI | 94 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 4 | VI | 76,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 71 | estimated, from r^3 vs V plots, |
Modos de decaimento dos isótopos (67)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidade |
|---|---|---|
| 165 | A | 100% |
| 166 | A | 100% |
| 167 | A | 100% |
| 168 | A | 100% |
| 168 | B+ | — |
| 169 | A | 100% |
| 169 | B+ | — |
| 170 | A | 100% |
| 170 | B+ | — |
| 171 | A | 86% |
Fatores de espalhamento de raios X (945)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0,1 | -0,0027 | 0,00979 |
| 0,13 | -0,0033 | 0,01359 |
| 0,15 | -0,0035 | 0,01538 |
| 0,17 | -0,0037 | 0,01722 |
| 0,2 | -0,0043 | 0,02103 |
| 0,22 | -0,0045 | 0,02279 |
| 0,25 | -0,0051 | 0,02656 |
| 0,28 | -0,0056 | 0,0304 |
| 0,3 | -0,0058 | 0,03194 |
| 0,32 | -0,0058 | 0,03342 |
Dados adicionais
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
Referências (1)
- [5] Platinum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele078.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Referências (1)
- [5] Platinum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele078.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Platinum occurs natively, accompanied by small quantities of iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium, all belonging to the same group of metals. These are found in the alluvial deposits of the Ural mountains, of Columbia, and of certain western American states. Sperrylite, occurring with the nickel-bearing deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, is the source of a considerable amount of metal.
The large production of nickel makes up for the fact that is only one part of the platinum metals in two million parts of ore.
Referências (1)
- [6] Platinum https://periodic.lanl.gov/78.shtml
Referências
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Platinum.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.