Cadmium (Cd)
transition-metalSolid
Peso atômico padrão
112,414 uConfiguração eletrônica
[Kr] 5s2 4d10Ponto de fusão
321,07 °CPonto de ebulição
766,85 °CDensidade
8690 kg/m³Estados de oxidação
−2, +1, +2Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
1,69Energia de ionização (1ª)
8,99382 eVAno da descoberta
1817Raio atômico
155 pmDetalhes
Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white post-transition metal in group 12. It occurs mainly as a minor constituent of zinc ores and is usually recovered as a by-product of zinc refining. Chemically it is dominated by the +2 oxidation state and forms many salts with ionic character. Its technological importance has declined in some applications because cadmium and many cadmium compounds are highly toxic, but it remains useful where particular electrochemical, pigment, or semiconductor properties are required.
Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.
The name derives from Greek kadmeia for "calamine" (zinc carbonate), with which it was found as an impurity in nature. It may have been found in furnace flue dust in Thebes, a city in the Boeottia region of central Greece. The mythological king of Phoenicia, Cadmus, founded Thebes and would be a source for the name of the ore. The element was discovered and first isolated by German physician Friedrich Stromeyer in 1817.
Cadmium was discovered by Friedrich Strohmeyer, a German chemist, in 1817 while studying samples of calamine (ZnCO3). When heated, Strohmeyer noticed that some samples of calamine glowed with a yellow color while other samples did not. After further examination, he determined that the calamine that changed color when heated contained trace amounts of a new element. There is only one mineral that contains significant amounts of cadmium, greenockite (CdS), but it is not common enough to mine profitably. Fortunately, small amounts of cadmium are found in zinc ores and most of the cadmium produced today is obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining zinc.
From the Latin word cadmia, Greek kadmeia - the ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate. Discovered by Stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium most often occurs in small quantities associated with zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite (CdS) is the only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatment of zinc, copper, and lead ores. It is a soft, bluish-white metal which is easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc. In 1927 the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of the wavelength of the red cadmium spectral line (i.e. 1m = 1.553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has been changed (see Krypton).
Pure cadmium is a silvery to bluish-white metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly cut. It is soft, malleable, and relatively low-melting for a structural metal. On exposure to air it slowly develops a dull surface film rather than remaining mirror-bright.
Cadmium metal has been used for corrosion-resistant electroplating on steel, especially where coatings must remain reliable in marine or aerospace service. Nickel-cadmium batteries use cadmium as the negative-electrode active material and remain important in some industrial and emergency applications, although many consumer uses have been replaced. Cadmium compounds are used in selected red, orange, and yellow pigments, in some plastics stabilizers of historical importance, and in cadmium telluride photovoltaic cells. Cadmium is also an efficient neutron absorber in control rods and shielding components.
Cadmium is a poisonous metal and its use is somewhat limited for this reason. Like zinc, cadmium can be electroplated to other materials to protect them from corrosion. Cadmium easily absorbs neutrons and is used to make control rods for nuclear reactors. Cadmium is also used in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries.
Cadmium is alloyed with silver to form solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Cadmium based solders must be handled with care to prevent cadmium poisoning. Cadmium alloys are also used to make low friction bearings that are highly resistant to fatigue.
Hydrated cadmium sulfate (3CdSO4·5H2O), one of cadmium's compounds, is used in a device called a Weston cell, a type of battery that produces a precise voltage used to calibrate medical and laboratory equipment. Cadmium sulfide (CdS), another cadmium compound, is a yellow powder that is used as a pigment. Other cadmium compounds are used in the phosphors of black and white television sets and in the blue and green phosphors in color television sets.
Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for Ni-Cd batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. It forms a number of salts, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and solutions of its compounds are toxic.
Isotopes in Biology
Metal accumulation is a threat to our world’s water systems and wildlife. As a way to measure the influence of heavy metals on wildlife utilizing mass spectrometric techniques, some researchers use animal food enriched in specific cadmium isotopes. These experiments work by exposing the animals to a diet enriched in 106Cd and/or other stable isotopes of metals (for example, 65Cu and/or 62Ni) for a period of time. Depending on the purpose of the experiment, the residence time of the food in the gut is determined and isotopic compositions of the gut and/or feces are measured viainductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This information is used to measure bio-uptake (absorption and incorporation of a substance by living tissue) and accumulation rates of metals in an exposed animal [355] M. N. Croteau, S. N. Luoma, B. Pellet. Aquat. Toxicol.83, 116 (2007)., [356] M. N. Croteau, S. N. Luoma. Environ. Sci. Technol.43, 4915 (2009)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of cadmium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are small but measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of dissolved cadmium in ocean water, which are a consequence of isotopic fractionation associated with biological uptake (Fig. IUPAC.48.1) [357] F. Lacan, R. Francois, Y. Ji, R. M. Sherrell. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta70, 5104 (2006)., [358] W. Abouchami, S. J. G. Galer, H. J. W. d. Baar, A. C. Alderkamp, R. Middag, P. Laan, H. Feldmann, M. O. Andreae. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett.305, 83 (2011)., [359] Z. Xue, M. Rehkämper, T. J. Horner, W. Abouchami, R. Middag, T. v. d. Flierd, H. J. W. d. Baar. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett.382, 161 (2013)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
112Cd is used to produce the diagnostic radioisotope 111In (with a half-life of 2.8 days) via the reaction 112Cd (p, 2n) 111In [94] International Atomic Energy Agency. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Physical Characteristics and Production Methods, Technical Reports Series No. 468. International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna (2009)..
Cadmium chemistry is centered on Cd²⁺; the +1 state is uncommon and usually involves metal-metal bonded species rather than simple stable salts. Cadmium sulfide, CdS, is a yellow semiconductor and pigment, while cadmium selenide, CdSe, and cadmium telluride, CdTe, are important semiconducting materials. Cadmium oxide, CdO, is a brown to black oxide used in some electronic and plating-related applications. Soluble salts such as cadmium chloride, CdCl₂, and cadmium nitrate, Cd(NO₃)₂, are important laboratory or industrial intermediates but are especially hazardous because they make Cd²⁺ readily bioavailable.
See more information at the Cadmium compound page.
Cadmium metal dust, fumes, and soluble cadmium salts are highly toxic. Inhalation of cadmium oxide, CdO, fumes from heating or welding cadmium-containing materials can cause severe acute lung injury. Chronic exposure can damage kidneys and bones, and cadmium compounds are recognized human carcinogens in occupational settings. Cadmium has no known essential biological role, and exposure control is central to its handling.
Failure to appreciate the toxic properties of cadmium may cause workers to be unwittingly exposed to dangerous fumes. Silver solder, for example, which contains cadmium, should be handled with care. Serious toxicity problems have been found from long-term exposure and work with cadmium plating baths. Exposure to cadmium dust should not exceed 0.01 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average, 40-hour week). The ceiling concentration (maximum), for a period of 15 min, should not exceed 0.14 mg/m3. Cadmium oxide fume exposure (8-hour, 40-hour week) should not exceed 0.05 mg/m3, and the maximum concentration should not exceed 0.05 mg/m3. These values are presently being restudied and recommendations have been made to reduce the exposure.
Cadmium is a naturally occurring trace element released by weathering, volcanism, and the processing or combustion of mineral materials. It is relatively mobile under acidic conditions and can accumulate in soils and sediments. Plants can take up Cd²⁺ from contaminated soil, allowing entry into food chains, especially near smelters, phosphate fertilizers, or waste sites. In aquatic systems, sulfide-rich sediments can immobilize cadmium as poorly soluble sulfides.
Cadmium supply is tied closely to zinc production because most recoverable cadmium is obtained from flue dusts, residues, and electrolytic refining streams during zinc processing. Demand has contracted in many regions as restrictions and substitution reduced uses in pigments, stabilizers, and consumer batteries. Remaining demand is concentrated in industrial nickel-cadmium batteries, specialized coatings, semiconductors, and control materials. Recycling is important for batteries and some industrial scrap, both to recover material and to keep cadmium out of general waste streams. There is no large independent cadmium mining industry comparable to major base metals.
Obtained as a by product of zinc refining.
Cadmium is a relatively rare element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, followed by dispersal into interstellar material. In planets it behaves as a chalcophile and moderately volatile element, so it tends to associate with sulfide phases and can be depleted from high-temperature condensed materials.
- Cadmium was identified in the early 19th century as an impurity in zinc compounds.
- Cadmium plating offers good sacrificial protection but is now tightly restricted in many applications.
- Cadmium yellow pigment is based largely on cadmium sulfide, CdS.
- Natural cadmium consists of several stable isotopes and a few very long-lived radioisotopes.
- Cadmium can form low-melting alloys used in some fusible safety devices.
- Rice and leafy vegetables can be significant dietary cadmium sources in contaminated areas.
Imagens
Propriedades
Física
- Raio atômico (empírico)
- 155 pm Comparar Raio atômico (empírico) de todos os elementos →
- Raio covalente
- 144 pm Comparar Raio covalente de todos os elementos →
- Raio de van der Waals
- 158 pm Comparar Raio de van der Waals de todos os elementos →
- Raio metálico
- 138 pm Comparar Raio metálico de todos os elementos →
- Densidade
- 8690 kg/m³ Comparar Densidade de todos os elementos →
- Volume molar
- 0,0131 L/mol
- Fase nas CNTP
- Sólido Comparar Fase nas CNTP de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de fusão
- 321,07 °C Comparar Ponto de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de ebulição
- 766,85 °C Comparar Ponto de ebulição de todos os elementos →
- Condutividade térmica
- 96,9 W/(m·K) Comparar Condutividade térmica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica específica
- 0,232 J/(g·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica específica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica molar
- 26,02 J/(mol·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica molar de todos os elementos →
- Estrutura cristalina
- Hexagonal compacta Comparar Estrutura cristalina de todos os elementos →
Química
- Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
- 1,69 Comparar Eletronegatividade (Pauling) de todos os elementos →
- Eletronegatividade (Allen)
- 1,52
- Afinidade eletrônica
- -0,7 eV (valor negativo — prevê-se que o átomo não capte um eletrão adicional)
- Energia de ionização (1ª)
- 8,99382 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (1ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (2ª)
- 16,908371 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (2ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (3ª)
- 37,468129 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (3ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (4ª)
- 51,000176 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (4ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (5ª)
- 67,900234 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (5ª) de todos os elementos →
- Estados de oxidação
- −2, +1, +2 Comparar Estados de oxidação de todos os elementos →
- Elétrons de valência
- 12 Comparar Elétrons de valência de todos os elementos →
- Configuração eletrônica
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10
Termodinâmica
- Calor de fusão
- 0,06436234 eV Comparar Calor de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Calor de vaporização
- 1,036431 eV Comparar Calor de vaporização de todos os elementos →
- Calor de sublimação
- 1,160802 eV
- Calor de atomização
- 1,160802 eV
- Entalpia de atomização
- 1,158729 eV
Nuclear
- Prótons
- 48 Comparar Prótons de todos os elementos →
- Nêutrons
- 64 Comparar Nêutrons de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos conhecidos
- 42 Comparar Isótopos conhecidos de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos estáveis
- 3 Comparar Isótopos estáveis de todos os elementos →
- Isótopo mais estável
- Cd-112
- Ano da descoberta
- 1817
Abundância
- Abundância (crosta terrestre)
- 0,15 mg/kg Comparar Abundância (crosta terrestre) de todos os elementos →
- Abundância (oceano)
- 1,1 × 10−4 mg/L Comparar Abundância (oceano) de todos os elementos →
Estrutura cristalina
- Constante de rede a
- 298 pm
Estrutura eletrônica
- Elétrons por camada
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 Comparar Elétrons por camada de todos os elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 7440-43-9 Comparar Número CAS de todos os elementos →
- Símbolo de termo
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cd
- Chave InChI
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuração eletrônica Medido
Cd: 4d¹⁰ 5s²[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s²Modelo atômico
Os isótopos alteram o número de nêutrons, a massa e a estabilidade — não a configuração eletrônica de um átomo neutro.
Modelo atômico esquemático, sem escala.
Assinatura atômica
Espectro de emissão / absorção
Distribuição isotópica
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida |
|---|---|---|---|
| 110 Estável | 109,90300661 ± 0,00000061 | 12,4900% | Estável |
| 111 Estável | 110,90418287 ± 0,00000061 | 12,8000% | Estável |
| 112 Estável | 111,90276287 ± 0,0000006 | 24,1300% | Estável |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 296,1 °C abaixo do ponto de fusão (321,07 °C)
Esquemático, sem escala
Pontos de transição de fase
Energias de transição
Energia necessária para fundir 1 mol no ponto de fusão
Energia necessária para vaporizar 1 mol no ponto de ebulição
Energia necessária para sublimar 1 mol no ponto de sublimação
Densidade
Em condições padrão
Em condições padrão
Espectros atômicos
Mostrando 10 de 48. Ordenado por carga do íon (ordem crescente).
Dados de linhas disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Total de linhas | Probabilidades de transição | Designações dos níveis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd I | 0 | 69 | 18 | 69 |
| Cd II | +1 | 173 | 87 | 173 |
| Cd III | +2 | 95 | 0 | 0 |
| Cd IV | +3 | 102 | 0 | 0 |
Dados de níveis disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Níveis |
|---|---|---|
| Cd I | 0 | 128 |
| Cd II | +1 | 101 |
| Cd III | +2 | 48 |
| Cd IV | +3 | 52 |
| Cd V | +4 | 2 |
| Cd VI | +5 | 2 |
| Cd VII | +6 | 2 |
| Cd VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Cd IX | +8 | 2 |
| Cd X | +9 | 2 |
Raios iônicos
| Carga | Coordenação | Spin | Raio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | N/D | 78 pm |
| +2 | 5 | N/D | 87 pm |
| +2 | 6 | N/D | 95 pm |
| +2 | 7 | N/D | 103 pm |
| +2 | 8 | N/D | 110.00000000000001 pm |
| +2 | 12 | N/D | 131 pm |
Compostos
Isótopos (3)
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida | Modo de decaimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 110 Estável | 109,90300661 ± 0,00000061 | 12,4900% ± 0,1800% | Estável | stable | |
| 111 Estável | 110,90418287 ± 0,00000061 | 12,8000% ± 0,1200% | Estável | stable | |
| 112 Estável | 111,90276287 ± 0,0000006 | 24,1300% ± 0,2100% | Estável | stable |
Linhas espectrais
| Comprimento de onda (nm) | Intensidade | Estágio de ionização | Tipo | Transição | Exatidão | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 398.19257 nm | 10 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.9s 1S | Medida | NIST | |
| 414.03021 nm | N/D | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.7d 1D | Medida | NIST | |
| 430.66718 nm | 8 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.8s 1S | Medida | NIST | |
| 441.29894 nm | 3 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 3P* → 4d10.5s.6s 1S | Medida | NIST | |
| 466.2352 nm | 8 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.6d 1D | Medida | NIST | |
| 467.815 nm | 200 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 3P* → 4d10.5s.6s 3S | Medida | NIST | |
| 479.99121 nm | 300 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 3P* → 4d10.5s.6s 3S | Medida | NIST | |
| 508.58214 nm | N/D | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 3P* → 4d10.5s.6s 3S | Medida | NIST | |
| 515.46618 nm | 6 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.7s 1S | Medida | NIST | |
| 609.9142 nm | 300 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.8p 3P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 611.1495 nm | 100 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.8p 3P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 632.51689 nm | 100 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.5d 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 633.00149 nm | 30 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.5d 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 643.84695 nm | 2000 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.5p 1P* → 4d10.5s.5d 1D | Medida | NIST | |
| 677.8116 nm | 30 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.8p 1P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 734.5665 nm | 1000 | Cd I | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.7p 3P* | Medida | NIST |
Propriedades ampliadas
Raios covalentes (dados ampliados)
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 136 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação dupla)
- 144 pm
- Raio covalente (Bragg)
- 160 pm
Raios de van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 249 pm
- UFF
- 284,8 pm
- MM3
- 250 pm
Raios atômicos e metálicos
- Raio atômico (Rahm)
- 238 pm
- Raio metálico (C12)
- 151 pm
Escalas de numeração
- Mendeleev
- 78
- Pettifor
- 75
- Glawe
- 75
Escalas de eletronegatividade
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarizabilidade e dispersão
- Polarizabilidade dipolar
- 46 a.u.
- Polarizabilidade dipolar (incerteza)
- 2 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 405 Ha·Bohr6
Parâmetros de Miedema
- Volume molar de Miedema
- 13 cm3/mol
- Densidade eletrônica de Miedema
- 2
Risco de abastecimento e economia
- Concentração da produção
- 32
- Risco relativo de abastecimento
- 7
- Distribuição das reservas
- 20
- Estabilidade política (maior produtor)
- 24
- Estabilidade política (detentor das maiores reservas)
- 11
Transições de fase e alótropos
| Ponto de fusão | 594,22 K |
| Ponto de ebulição | 1040,15 K |
Categorias de estados de oxidação
Dados de referência avançados
Constantes de blindagem (10)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,9744 |
| 2 | p | 4,091 |
| 2 | s | 12,6142 |
| 3 | d | 14,3931 |
| 3 | p | 17,3085 |
| 3 | s | 17,1588 |
| 4 | d | 32,1232 |
| 4 | p | 28,5888 |
| 4 | s | 27,1308 |
| 5 | s | 39,808 |
Detalhes dos raios cristalinos (6)
| Carga | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origem |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 92 | ||
| 2 | V | 101 | ||
| 2 | VI | 109 | ||
| 2 | VII | 117 | calculated, | |
| 2 | VIII | 124 | calculated, | |
| 2 | XII | 145 |
Modos de decaimento dos isótopos (59)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidade |
|---|---|---|
| 94 | B+ | — |
| 94 | B+p | — |
| 95 | B+ | 100% |
| 95 | B+p | 4,6% |
| 96 | B+ | 100% |
| 96 | B+p | 1,6% |
| 97 | B+ | 100% |
| 97 | B+p | 7,4% |
| 98 | B+ | 100% |
| 98 | B+p | 0% |
Fatores de espalhamento de raios X (510)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0,40004 |
| 10,1617 | — | 0,41842 |
| 10,3261 | — | 0,43764 |
| 10,4931 | — | 0,45775 |
| 10,6628 | — | 0,49362 |
| 10,8353 | — | 0,53685 |
| 11,0106 | — | 0,59258 |
| 11,1886 | — | 0,66328 |
| 11,3696 | — | 0,74242 |
| 11,5535 | — | 0,86125 |
Dados adicionais
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
Referências (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.1×10-4 milligrams per liter
Referências (1)
Referências
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Cadmium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.