Yttrium (Y)
transition-metalSolid
Peso atômico padrão
88,90584 uConfiguração eletrônica
[Kr] 5s2 4d1Ponto de fusão
1521,85 °CPonto de ebulição
3344,85 °CDensidade
4470 kg/m³Estados de oxidação
0, +1, +2, +3Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
1,22Energia de ionização (1ª)
6,21726 eVAno da descoberta
1794Raio atômico
180 pmDetalhes
Yttrium is a silvery transition metal grouped with the rare-earth elements because it commonly occurs with lanthanides and forms predominantly trivalent cations. Its chemistry is close to the heavier lanthanides, especially holmium and erbium, rather than to scandium. Although not itself a lanthanide, yttrium is a key component of phosphors, ceramics, lasers, and high-temperature oxide materials.
Yttrium has a silver-metallic luster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400°C. Finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air.
The name derives from the Swedish village of Ytterby where the mineral gadolinite was found. In 1794, the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium in the mineral ytterbite, which was later renamed gadolinite for Gadolin. Gadolin originally called the element ytterbium after ytterbite. The name was subsequently shortened to yttrium, and later another element was given the name ytterbium.
Yttrium was discovered by Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10) in 1789. Gadolinite, which was named for Johan Gadolin, was discovered several years earlier in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden. Today, yttrium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.
Namded after Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm. Yttria earth containing yttrium was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusual minerals containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as well as yttrium.
In 1843 Mosander showed that yttira could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia.
Pure yttrium is a soft, silvery-white metal with a metallic luster. It is reasonably stable in dry air at room temperature because a thin oxide film forms, but finely divided metal is more reactive and can ignite when heated.
Yttrium is used mainly through its compounds and oxide ceramics. Yttrium oxide, Y₂O₃, is a host and stabilizer in red phosphors, optical ceramics, and refractory materials. Yttrium aluminum garnet, Y₃Al₅O₁₂, is the host crystal for Nd:YAG lasers. Yttria-stabilized zirconia is used in oxygen sensors, thermal-barrier coatings, and solid oxide fuel cells. Small additions of yttrium improve oxidation resistance and grain behavior in some alloys.
Although metallic yttrium is not widely used, several of its compounds are. Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) are both combined with europium to produce the red phosphor used in color televisions. Garnets made from yttrium and iron (Y3Fe5O12) are used as microwave filters in microwave communications equipment. Garnets made from yttrium and aluminum (Y3Al5O12) are used in jewelry as simulated diamond.
Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in making YVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application.
Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters.
Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond).
Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys.
Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of nuclear explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility.
Yttrium also can be used in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions.
It also has potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass.
Isotopes in Medicine
Carbon nanotubes (CNT), which are nano-scaled carbon tubes, are being examined in nanobiotechnology research studies because it has been discovered that CNTs labeled with 86Y (with a half-life of 0.6 day) are soluble when they are injected into mice. This discovery was made after mice were given an intravenous or intraperitoneal (directly into a body cavity) injection with the 86Y CNT and then were examined using positron emission tomography (PET) scans to observe whether the 86Y had been flushed from their systems. The PET scan determined that accumulation of 86Y occurred in the liver, kidney, and spleen with very rapid blood clearance. This has broad implications for developing drug treatments [303] M. R. McDevitt, D. Chattopadhyay, J. S. Jaggi, R. D. Finn, P. B. Zanzonico, C. Villa, D. Rey, J. Mendenhall, C. A. Batt, J. T. Njardarson, D. A. Scheinberg. PLoS One2, e907 (2007).. Radiomicrosphere therapy (RT) that uses 90Y (with a half-life of 64 h) microspheres is a proven therapy that helps treat hepatic (liver) cancer (Fig. IUPAC.39.1) [304] C. D. South, M. M. Meyer, G. Meis, E. Y. Kim, F. B. Thomas, A. A. Rikabi, H. Khabiri, M. Bloomston. World J. Surg. Oncol.6, 93 (2008).. 90Y is also used in radiosynovectomy to reduce joint pain [305] E. ‐C. Rodríguez‐Merchán, L. A. Valentino (Eds.), Current and Future Issues in Hemophilia Care, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2011)..
Yttrium most often occurs in the +3 oxidation state, forming colorless or white salts because Y³⁺ has no f electrons. Yttrium oxide, Y₂O₃, is basic and refractory, and yttrium fluoride, YF₃, is a stable, sparingly soluble fluoride. Yttrium chloride, YCl₃, and yttrium nitrate, Y(NO₃)₃, are common soluble laboratory precursors. Mixed oxides such as yttrium barium copper oxide, YBa₂Cu₃O₇−δ, are important in superconductivity, with properties strongly dependent on oxygen content.
See more information at the Yttrium compound page.
Massive yttrium metal has low acute toxicity, but metal dust is a fire hazard and can irritate the lungs or skin. Soluble yttrium salts can be harmful if inhaled or ingested in significant amounts, and insoluble dusts require ordinary industrial dust control. Radioisotope ⁹⁰Y is a strong beta emitter used medically; its hazard is isotope-specific and mainly radiological, not a property of stable natural yttrium.
Yttrium is dispersed in the crust and is usually associated with rare-earth minerals rather than concentrated in its own ores. It is relatively immobile under neutral to alkaline conditions because Y³⁺ hydrolyzes and binds to oxides, phosphates, and organic matter. Weathering can concentrate yttrium with heavy rare earths in ion-adsorption clays and lateritic deposits. No essential biological role is known.
Yttrium is produced as part of rare-earth mining and separation, not as an independent primary metal commodity. Important sources include xenotime, monazite, bastnäsite fractions, and heavy-rare-earth-rich ion-adsorption clays. Separation is difficult because yttrium tracks the heavy lanthanides chemically, so solvent extraction and ion-exchange processes are central to supply. Demand is tied to phosphors, ceramics, lasers, and stabilized zirconia, with substitution possible in some phosphor applications but harder in structural ceramic uses. Recycling is limited and mostly associated with specialized phosphor and electronic waste streams.
Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content.
It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques.
Yttrium is a trace element in the cosmos, made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar environments. In the Solar System it is far less abundant than iron-group elements but more abundant than many neighboring heavy elements. Its single stable isotope, ⁸⁹Y, makes extraterrestrial yttrium isotopically simple compared with many rare earths.
- Yttrium has only one stable isotope, ⁸⁹Y.
- It was named from Ytterby, the Swedish village linked to several rare-earth discoveries.
- Y³⁺ is diamagnetic, unlike many neighboring lanthanide ions.
- Yttrium is often counted with the heavy rare earths in mining and trade.
- Nd:YAG laser crystals contain yttrium in the host lattice, not as the lasing ion.
- Yttria-stabilized zirconia conducts oxide ions at high temperature.
Imagens
Propriedades
Física
- Raio atômico (empírico)
- 180 pm Comparar Raio atômico (empírico) de todos os elementos →
- Raio covalente
- 190 pm Comparar Raio covalente de todos os elementos →
- Raio de van der Waals
- 219 pm Comparar Raio de van der Waals de todos os elementos →
- Raio metálico
- 162 pm Comparar Raio metálico de todos os elementos →
- Densidade
- 4470 kg/m³ Comparar Densidade de todos os elementos →
- Volume molar
- 0,0198 L/mol
- Fase nas CNTP
- Sólido Comparar Fase nas CNTP de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de fusão
- 1521,85 °C Comparar Ponto de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Ponto de ebulição
- 3344,85 °C Comparar Ponto de ebulição de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica específica
- 0,298 J/(g·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica específica de todos os elementos →
- Capacidade calorífica molar
- 26,53 J/(mol·K) Comparar Capacidade calorífica molar de todos os elementos →
- Estrutura cristalina
- Hexagonal compacta Comparar Estrutura cristalina de todos os elementos →
Química
- Eletronegatividade (Pauling)
- 1,22 Comparar Eletronegatividade (Pauling) de todos os elementos →
- Eletronegatividade (Allen)
- 1,12
- Afinidade eletrônica
- 0,307 eV
- Energia de ionização (1ª)
- 6,21726 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (1ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (2ª)
- 12,223642 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (2ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (3ª)
- 20,524481 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (3ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (4ª)
- 60,607409 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (4ª) de todos os elementos →
- Energia de ionização (5ª)
- 75,350259 eV Comparar Energia de ionização (5ª) de todos os elementos →
- Estados de oxidação
- 0, +1, +2, +3 Comparar Estados de oxidação de todos os elementos →
- Elétrons de valência
- 3 Comparar Elétrons de valência de todos os elementos →
- Configuração eletrônica
- [Kr] 5s2 4d1
Termodinâmica
- Calor de fusão
- 0,11836037 eV Comparar Calor de fusão de todos os elementos →
- Calor de vaporização
- 3,762243 eV Comparar Calor de vaporização de todos os elementos →
- Calor de sublimação
- 4,394465 eV
- Calor de atomização
- 4,394465 eV
- Entalpia de atomização
- 4,40172 eV
Nuclear
- Prótons
- 39 Comparar Prótons de todos os elementos →
- Nêutrons
- 50 Comparar Nêutrons de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos conhecidos
- 35 Comparar Isótopos conhecidos de todos os elementos →
- Isótopos estáveis
- 1 Comparar Isótopos estáveis de todos os elementos →
- Isótopo mais estável
- Y-89
- Ano da descoberta
- 1794
Abundância
- Abundância (crosta terrestre)
- 33 mg/kg Comparar Abundância (crosta terrestre) de todos os elementos →
- Abundância (oceano)
- 1,3 × 10−5 mg/L Comparar Abundância (oceano) de todos os elementos →
Estrutura cristalina
- Constante de rede a
- 365 pm
Estrutura eletrônica
- Elétrons por camada
- 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 Comparar Elétrons por camada de todos os elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 7440-65-5 Comparar Número CAS de todos os elementos →
- Símbolo de termo
- 2D3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Y
- Chave InChI
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuração eletrônica Medido
Y: 4d¹ 5s²[Kr] 4d¹ 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹ 5s²Modelo atômico
Os isótopos alteram o número de nêutrons, a massa e a estabilidade — não a configuração eletrônica de um átomo neutro.
Modelo atômico esquemático, sem escala.
Assinatura atômica
Espectro de emissão / absorção
Distribuição isotópica
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida |
|---|---|---|---|
| 89 Estável | 88,9058403 ± 0,0000024 | 100,0000% | Estável |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 1496,8 °C abaixo do ponto de fusão (1521,85 °C)
Esquemático, sem escala
Pontos de transição de fase
Energias de transição
Energia necessária para fundir 1 mol no ponto de fusão
Energia necessária para vaporizar 1 mol no ponto de ebulição
Energia necessária para sublimar 1 mol no ponto de sublimação
Densidade
Em condições padrão
Em condições padrão
Espectros atômicos
Mostrando 10 de 39. Ordenado por carga do íon (ordem crescente).
Dados de linhas disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Total de linhas | Probabilidades de transição | Designações dos níveis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y I | 0 | 361 | 189 | 351 |
| Y II | +1 | 116 | 66 | 116 |
| Y III | +2 | 113 | 0 | 0 |
| Y IV | +3 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
| Y V | +4 | 632 | 632 | 632 |
| Y VII | +6 | 168 | 168 | 168 |
| Y VIII | +7 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
Dados de níveis disponíveis ?
| Íon | Carga | Níveis |
|---|---|---|
| Y I | 0 | 194 |
| Y II | +1 | 249 |
| Y III | +2 | 51 |
| Y IV | +3 | 130 |
| Y V | +4 | 114 |
| Y VI | +5 | 2 |
| Y VII | +6 | 57 |
| Y VIII | +7 | 33 |
| Y IX | +8 | 2 |
| Y X | +9 | 2 |
Raios iônicos
| Carga | Coordenação | Spin | Raio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | N/D | 90 pm |
| +3 | 7 | N/D | 96 pm |
| +3 | 8 | N/D | 101.89999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 9 | N/D | 107.5 pm |
Compostos
Isótopos (1)
Natural yttrium contains one isotope, 89Y. Nineteen other unstable isotopes have been characterized.
| Número de massa | Massa atômica (u) | Abundância natural | Meia-vida | Modo de decaimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 89 Estável | 88,9058403 ± 0,0000024 | 100,0000% | Estável | stable |
Linhas espectrais
Mostrando 50 de 266. Por padrão, são mostradas apenas as linhas espectrais com intensidade medida.
| Comprimento de onda (nm) | Intensidade | Estágio de ionização | Tipo | Transição | Exatidão | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 410.23691 nm | 9900 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 407.735998 nm | 9400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 412.829876 nm | 8900 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 414.28358 nm | 7500 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 404.76281 nm | 2400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 416.750671 nm | 2400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 423.5934 nm | 2200 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 408.37033 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 417.41339 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 464.368813 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 467.48486 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 619.17183 nm | 1200 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 643.50036 nm | 1000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 403.982219 nm | 940 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 452.72342 nm | 890 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 483.9861 nm | 770 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 552.75472 nm | 740 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 546.6464 nm | 710 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 558.18694 nm | 620 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 563.01301 nm | 560 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 484.56655 nm | 550 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 450.59441 nm | 500 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 452.77815 nm | 440 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 476.09753 nm | 410 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 485.26766 nm | 410 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 485.98428 nm | 330 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 425.11994 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).5d e 4G | Medida | NIST | |
| 448.74634 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 550.3466 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 622.25784 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 543.82242 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 546.62434 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).6s e 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 679.37029 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 524.08001 nm | 181 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d2.(1G).5p z 2H* | Medida | NIST | |
| 447.69471 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 469.67994 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d2.(1D).5p w 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 479.92999 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 513.51993 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d2.(1G).5p z 2H* | Medida | NIST | |
| 557.74153 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 2G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 447.57178 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 472.8516 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.6s e 2S | Medida | NIST | |
| 478.68762 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d2.(3P).5p x 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 421.77985 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.(2D).5d e 2D | Medida | NIST | |
| 447.74436 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 475.2787 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3P).5p x 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 570.67133 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).6s e 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 492.18769 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.6s e 2S | Medida | NIST | |
| 613.84349 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 668.75669 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 465.37837 nm | 140 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d2.(3P).5p y 4P* | Medida | NIST |
Propriedades ampliadas
Raios covalentes (dados ampliados)
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 163 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação dupla)
- 130 pm
- Raio covalente (Pyykkö, ligação tripla)
- 124 pm
Raios de van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 240 pm
- Alvarez
- 275 pm
- UFF
- 334,5 pm
- MM3
- 271 pm
Raios atômicos e metálicos
- Raio atômico (Rahm)
- 274 pm
- Raio metálico (C12)
- 180 pm
Escalas de numeração
- Mendeleev
- 12
- Pettifor
- 19
- Glawe
- 21
Escalas de eletronegatividade
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarizabilidade e dispersão
- Polarizabilidade dipolar
- 162 a.u.
- Polarizabilidade dipolar (incerteza)
- 12 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2600 Ha·Bohr6
Afinidade química
- Afinidade protônica
- 967 kJ/mol
- Basicidade em fase gasosa
- 945,9 kJ/mol
Parâmetros de Miedema
- Volume molar de Miedema
- 19,9 cm3/mol
- Densidade eletrônica de Miedema
- 2
Risco de abastecimento e economia
- Concentração da produção
- 97
- Risco relativo de abastecimento
- 10
- Distribuição das reservas
- 50
- Estabilidade política (maior produtor)
- 24
- Estabilidade política (detentor das maiores reservas)
- 24
Transições de fase e alótropos
| Ponto de fusão | 1795,15 K |
| Ponto de ebulição | 3618,15 K |
Categorias de estados de oxidação
Dados de referência avançados
Constantes de blindagem (10)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,8244 |
| 2 | p | 3,9968 |
| 2 | s | 10,3778 |
| 3 | d | 13,6029 |
| 3 | p | 15,9075 |
| 3 | s | 15,4485 |
| 4 | d | 23,0416 |
| 4 | p | 26,2544 |
| 4 | s | 24,7364 |
| 5 | s | 32,744 |
Detalhes dos raios cristalinos (4)
| Carga | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origem |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 104 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 110 | ||
| 3 | VIII | 115,9 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 121,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
Modos de decaimento dos isótopos (60)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidade |
|---|---|---|
| 75 | B+ | — |
| 75 | B+p | — |
| 75 | p | — |
| 76 | B+ | — |
| 76 | p | — |
| 76 | B+p | — |
| 77 | B+ | 100% |
| 77 | B+p | — |
| 77 | p | — |
| 78 | B+ | 100% |
Fatores de espalhamento de raios X (619)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2,26036 |
| 10,1617 | — | 2,25621 |
| 10,3261 | — | 2,25207 |
| 10,4931 | — | 2,24793 |
| 10,6628 | — | 2,2438 |
| 10,8353 | — | 2,23968 |
| 11,0105 | — | 2,23344 |
| 11,1886 | — | 2,21122 |
| 11,3696 | — | 2,18921 |
| 11,5535 | — | 2,16742 |
Dados adicionais
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.3×101 milligrams per kilogram
Referências (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.3×10-5 milligrams per liter
Referências (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content.
It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques.
Referências (1)
- [6] Yttrium https://periodic.lanl.gov/39.shtml
Referências
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Yttrium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.