Scandium (Sc)
transition-metalSolid
ਮਿਆਰੀ ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਭਾਰ
44.955908 uਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ
[Ar] 4s2 3d1ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜਾ
1540.85 °Cਉਬਾਲ ਦਰਜਾ
2835.85 °Cਘਣਤਾ
2990 kg/m³ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ
0, +1, +2, +3ਬਿਜਲਈ ਰਿਣਾਤਮਕਤਾ (ਪਾਲਿੰਗ)
1.36ਆਇਨੀਕਰਨ ਊਰਜਾ (ਪਹਿਲੀ)
6.56149 eVਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਸਾਲ
1879ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ
160 pmਵੇਰਵੇ
Scandium is a light transition metal with chemistry dominated by the +3 oxidation state. It is chemically similar to yttrium and the lanthanides, but its small ionic radius gives some distinct coordination behavior. The element is widely dispersed in minerals and rarely occurs in rich, easily worked ores. Its technological importance is concentrated in specialty aluminum alloys, high-intensity lighting, and research materials rather than large-volume metal use.
Scandium is a silver-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. A relatively soft element, scandium resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium.
It is a very light metal and has a much higher melting point than aluminum, making it of interest to designers of spacecraft. Scandium is not attacked by a 1:1 mixture of HNO3 and 48% HF.
Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of nitride in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellow-red flame.
The name derives from the Latin scandia for Scandinavia, where the mineral was found. It was discovered by the Swedish chemist Lars-Fredrik Nilson in 1879 in an ytterbium sample. In the same year, the Swedish chemist Per Theodore Cleve proved that scandium was Mendeleev's predicted "eka-boron".
Scandium was discovered by Lars Fredrik Nilson, a Swedish chemist, in 1879 while attempting to produce a sample of pure ytterbia from 10 kilograms of the mineral euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6). Scandium can be obtained from the minerals thortveitite ((Sc, Y)2Si2O7), bazzite (Be3(Sc, Al)2Si6O18) and wiikite, but is usually obtained as a byproduct of refining uranium. Metallic scandium was first produced in 1937 and the first pound (0.45 kilograms) of pure scandium was produced in 1960. Scandium is a soft, light metal that might have applications in the aerospace industry. With a cost of $270 per gram ($122,500 per pound), scandium is too expensive for widespread use.
From the Latin word Scandia, Scandinavia. On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron, which would have an atomic weight between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite, which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2g of highly pure scandium oxide. Later scientists pointed out that Nilson's scandium was identical with Mendeleev's ekaboron.
Pure scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal that tarnishes slowly in air, developing a yellowish or pinkish cast from surface oxidation. It is much less dense than most transition metals and can be cut or worked more readily than refractory metals.
Small additions of scandium strengthen aluminum alloys and improve weldability, especially in high-performance aerospace, sporting, and additive-manufactured components. Scandium iodide, ScI₃, has been used with sodium iodide, NaI, in metal-halide lamps to produce a bright, sunlight-like spectrum. Scandium compounds are also used in research on solid oxide fuel cells, ceramics, catalysts, and optical materials. The radioisotope ⁴⁴Sc is investigated for positron emission tomography, but such medical use depends on isotope production and radiochemical handling rather than bulk scandium metal.
Alloys of scandium and aluminum are used in some kinds of athletic equipment, such as aluminum baseball bats, bicycle frames and lacrosse sticks. It is expected that scandium-aluminum alloys will be important in the manufacture of fuel cells.
Scientists have only studied a few compounds of scandium. About 20 kilograms (44 pounds) of scandium oxide (Sc2O3), also known as scandia, are used each year in the United States in the production of high intensity lights. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is added to mercury vapor lamps so that they will emit light that closely resembles sunlight.
About 20 kg of scandium (as Sc2O3) are used yearly in the U.S. to produce high-intensity lights. The radioactive isotope 46Sc is used as a tracing agent in refinery crackers for crude oil, etc.
Scandium iodide added to mercury vapor lamps produces a highly efficient light source resembling sunlight, which is important for indoor or night-time color TV.
Isotopes in Biology
Radioactive 46Sc is used as a non-absorbed isotopic reference material for determining digestibility, absorption in the gut, and secretion sites for nutrients associated with feed residues in ruminating animals (animals that chew their food repeatedly for an extended period of time) [190] J. K. Miller, W. F. Byrne. J. Nutr.100, 1287 (1970)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The radioactive isotope 46Sc has been used for sediment labeling to determine the transportation of sediments by water flow in rivers, estuaries, harbors, and seas. The half-life of 46Sc is about 84 days and when released into an estuary with similar grain density and grain size, a gamma spectrometer (instrument for measuring the intensity of gamma radiation versus the energy of each photon) can be used to measure the intensities of 46Sc in the sediments and the movement of the sediments can be determined [191] A. Plata-Bedmar. Topical Reports, IAEA Bulletin (1988)., [192] K. Krishnamurthy, S. M. Rao. J. Hydrol.19, 189 (1973)., [193] I. Rehana, K. A. Shahid, S. Husain, D. Muhammad. Appl. Radiat. Isot.51, 115 (1999)..
Isotopes in Industry
46Sc is a beta emitter and has been used as a tracer in oil refinery crackers for crude oil (converting crude oil into gasoline and other lower-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions). Its beta radiation enables the substance to be tracked as the oil travels [194] J. Guizerix, V. Markovic, P. Airey. Nuclear Techniques for Peaceful Development, IAEA Bulletin (1987).. Due to its easily traceable properties, coastal engineers use 46Sc to develop dredging strategies and to design navigation channels based on silt movement [192] K. Krishnamurthy, S. M. Rao. J. Hydrol.19, 189 (1973)..
Isotopes in Medicine
46Sc is used in isotope-carrying antibodies for bonding with tumor-associated cell surface antigens (substances that causes the production of an antibody when introduced into the body, e.g. toxins, bacteria, and viruses). 46Sc is added to DTPA-derivatized (process by which a compound is chemically changed, producing a new compound that has properties more amenable to a particular analytical method) monoclonal antibodies and has been shown to target tumor cells, specifically in vivo, where it accumulates to high levels in the tumor (Fig. IUPAC.21.1) [195] W. T. Anderson, M. Strand. Cancer Res.45, 2154 (1985)., [196] J. E. Eyles, I. D. Spiers, E. D. Williamson, H. O. Alpar, E. D. Williamson. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.53, 601 (2001)..
Scandium forms predominantly trivalent compounds containing Sc³⁺. Scandium oxide, Sc₂O₃, is a refractory white solid and an important intermediate for preparing other scandium materials. Scandium fluoride, ScF₃, and scandium chloride, ScCl₃, are common salts, with the anhydrous chloride used in some synthetic chemistry. Organoscandium and scandium triflate, Sc(OTf)₃, are useful Lewis acids in research-scale catalysis. Stable lower oxidation states are uncommon under ordinary conditions, although unusual low-valent scandium species can be stabilized in specialized molecular or solid-state environments.
See more information at the Scandium compound page.
Massive scandium metal has low acute toxicity data and is not known to be biologically essential. Finely divided metal dust can present fire or explosion hazards and may irritate the respiratory tract. Soluble scandium salts should be handled as toxicologically incompletely characterized metal compounds. Radioactive scandium isotopes present isotope-specific radiation hazards; ⁴⁶Sc, for example, is a gamma emitter used mainly as a tracer and calibration source.
Little is yet known about the toxicity of scandium; therefore it should be handled with care.
Scandium is a trace constituent of many crustal rocks, commonly substituting for magnesium, iron, aluminum, or rare-earth elements in minerals. It has no major independent biogeochemical cycle and is not a nutrient. Weathering can disperse scandium into soils and sediments, where it tends to remain in mineral phases or adsorb to oxides and clays. Environmental releases are usually associated with mining, ore processing, and industrial handling of scandium-bearing residues.
Scandium is not mined widely as a primary product. Commercial supply is usually recovered as a by-product from selected uranium, titanium, nickel, rare-earth, or bauxite-related processing streams, where scandium is present at low concentrations. The main barrier to wider alloy use is not intrinsic performance but dependable, low-cost supply and purification capacity. Recycling is limited because scandium is used in small amounts and often dispersed in aluminum alloy scrap. Substitution is possible in many applications, but few substitutes reproduce the same strengthening effect in aluminum at such low additions.
Scandium is apparently much more abundant (the 23rd most) in the sun and certain stars than on earth (the 50th most abundant). It is widely distributed on earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite, found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite.
Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grienelaus who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal.
The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960.
Scandium is a relatively rare odd-Z element in the cosmos. It is produced in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova-related processes, but in lower abundance than neighboring even-Z elements such as calcium and titanium. In planetary materials it behaves lithophile, concentrating mainly in silicate minerals rather than metallic cores or volatile phases.
- Scandium was discovered after its existence was predicted from a gap below boron in early periodic tables.
- Its name comes from Scandinavia, where scandium-bearing minerals were first studied.
- Aluminum-scandium alloys can retain fine strengthening precipitates after welding better than many conventional aluminum
- Scandium is often grouped with rare-earth elements in processing, although it is not a lanthanide.
- Natural scandium consists almost entirely of the stable isotope ⁴⁵Sc.
- Scandium oxide has a high melting point and is used as a precursor for many scandium chemicals.
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- 1.19
- ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਬੰਧੁਤਾ
- 0.188 eV
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- ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ
- [Ar] 4s2 3d1
ਤਾਪਗਤੀਕੀ
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- 3.923926 eV
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- 3.923926 eV
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- 3.915635 eV
ਨਾਭਿਕੀ
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- Sc-45
- ਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਸਾਲ
- 1879
ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ
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ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟਲ ਬਣਤਰ
- ਜਾਲਕ ਸਥਿਰਾਂਕ a
- 331 pm
ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨਿਕ ਬਣਤਰ
- ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਖੋਲ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ
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- ਟਰਮ ਪ੍ਰਤੀਕ
- 2D3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sc
- InChI ਕੁੰਜੀ
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ ਮਾਪਿਆ
Sc: 3d¹ 4s²[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s²ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਮਾਡਲ
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਨਿਊਟ੍ਰਾਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ, ਪੁੰਜ ਅਤੇ ਸਥਿਰਤਾ ਬਦਲਦੇ ਹਨ — ਉਦਾਸੀਨ ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਦਾ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ ਨਹੀਂ।
ਸੰਕੇਤਕ ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਮਾਡਲ, ਪੈਮਾਨੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ।
ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਪਛਾਣ-ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ
ਨਿਕਾਸ / ਅਵਸ਼ੋਸ਼ਣ ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮ
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਵੰਡ
| ਪੁੰਜ ਸੰਖਿਆ | ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਪੁੰਜ (u) | ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ | ਅਰਧ-ਆਯੂ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 45 ਸਥਿਰ | 44.95590828 ± 0.00000077 | 100.0000% | ਸਥਿਰ |
ਫੇਜ਼ / ਅਵਸਥਾ
ਕਾਰਨ: ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜੇ (1540.85 °C) ਤੋਂ 1515.8 °C ਘੱਟ
ਸੰਕੇਤਕ, ਪੈਮਾਨੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ
ਅਵਸਥਾ ਪਰਿਵਰਤਨ ਬਿੰਦੂ
ਸੰਕ੍ਰਮਣ ਊਰਜਾਵਾਂ
ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜੇ 'ਤੇ 1 mol ਨੂੰ ਪਿਘਲਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਲੋੜੀਂਦੀ ਊਰਜਾ
ਉਬਾਲ ਦਰਜੇ 'ਤੇ 1 mol ਦੇ ਵਾਸ਼ਪੀਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਲੋੜੀਂਦੀ ਊਰਜਾ
ਉਰਧਪਾਤਨ ਦਰਜੇ 'ਤੇ 1 mol ਦੇ ਉਰਧਪਾਤਨ ਲਈ ਲੋੜੀਂਦੀ ਊਰਜਾ
ਘਣਤਾ
ਮਿਆਰੀ ਹਾਲਤਾਂ 'ਤੇ
ਮਿਆਰੀ ਹਾਲਤਾਂ 'ਤੇ
ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮ
21 ਵਿੱਚੋਂ 10 ਦਿਖਾਏ ਜਾ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ। ਆਇਨ ਦੇ ਆਵੇਸ਼ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਕ੍ਰਮਬੱਧ (ਵਧਦੇ ਕ੍ਰਮ ਵਿੱਚ)।
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮੀ ਰੇਖਾਵਾਂ ?
| ਆਇਨ | ਆਵੇਸ਼ | ਕੁੱਲ ਰੇਖਾਵਾਂ | ਸੰਕ੍ਰਮਣ ਸੰਭਾਵਨਾਵਾਂ | ਪੱਧਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਮਾਂਕਨ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sc I | 0 | 2198 | 260 | 1682 |
| Sc II | +1 | 829 | 139 | 829 |
| Sc III | +2 | 133 | 97 | 133 |
| Sc IV | +3 | 408 | 4 | 408 |
| Sc V | +4 | 456 | 16 | 456 |
| Sc VI | +5 | 79 | 12 | 75 |
| Sc VII | +6 | 70 | 37 | 70 |
| Sc VIII | +7 | 75 | 48 | 75 |
| Sc IX | +8 | 42 | 22 | 42 |
| Sc X | +9 | 99 | 29 | 99 |
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਊਰਜਾ ਪੱਧਰ ?
| ਆਇਨ | ਆਵੇਸ਼ | ਪੱਧਰ |
|---|---|---|
| Sc I | 0 | 478 |
| Sc II | +1 | 169 |
| Sc III | +2 | 44 |
| Sc IV | +3 | 129 |
| Sc V | +4 | 119 |
| Sc VI | +5 | 40 |
| Sc VII | +6 | 35 |
| Sc VIII | +7 | 27 |
| Sc IX | +8 | 27 |
| Sc X | +9 | 68 |
ਆਇਨਿਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ
| ਆਵੇਸ਼ | ਉਪਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਨ | ਸਪਿਨ | ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 74.5 pm |
| +3 | 8 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 87 pm |
ਯੋਗਿਕ
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ (1)
| ਪੁੰਜ ਸੰਖਿਆ | ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਪੁੰਜ (u) | ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ | ਅਰਧ-ਆਯੂ | ਖ਼ੈ ਦੀ ਵਿਧੀ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 45 ਸਥਿਰ | 44.95590828 ± 0.00000077 | 100.0000% | ਸਥਿਰ | stable |
ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮੀ ਰੇਖਾਵਾਂ
946 ਵਿੱਚੋਂ 50 ਦਿਖਾਏ ਜਾ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ। ਮੂਲ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਮਾਪੀ ਹੋਈ ਤੀਬਰਤਾ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮੀ ਰੇਖਾਵਾਂ ਦਿਖਾਈਆਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ।
| ਤਰੰਗ-ਲੰਬਾਈ (nm) | ਤੀਬਰਤਾ | ਆਇਨੀਕਰਨ ਪੜਾਅ | ਕਿਸਮ | ਸੰਕ੍ਰਮਣ | ਸ਼ੁੱਧਤਾ | ਸਰੋਤ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 683.5026 nm | 640 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3P).4s 2P → 3d2.(3P).4p 2S* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 681.9491 nm | 485 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(1D).4p 2F* → 3d.4s.(3D).5s 2D | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 673.7872 nm | 465 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2F* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2G | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 673.945 nm | 360 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2F* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2G | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 681.7117 nm | 345 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3P).4s 2P → 3d2.(3P).4p 2S* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 682.9509 nm | 335 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(1D).4p 2F* → 3d.4s.(3D).5s 2D | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 406.8661 nm | 100 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.4d 2D → 3p6.4f 2F* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 744.9141 nm | 90 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.5s 2S → 3p6.5p 2P* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 406.121 nm | 80 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.4d 2D → 3p6.4f 2F* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 625.6013 nm | 80 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.4d 2D → 3p6.5p 2P* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 503.2072 nm | 60 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.5p 2P* → 3p6.5d 2D | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 630.7603 nm | 60 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.4d 2D → 3p6.5p 2P* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 499.2886 nm | 50 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.5p 2P* → 3p6.5d 2D | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 652.5571 nm | 40 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2D* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2D | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 671.4599 nm | 40 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2D* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 4D | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 655.7842 nm | 35 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(1D).4p 2F* → 3d3 2D2 | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 688.5119 nm | 27 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d2.(3F).4d 4G | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 716.9083 nm | 27 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2D* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2F | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 688.1012 nm | 26 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d2.(3F).4d 4G | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 662.0207 nm | 21 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2F* → 3d3 2F | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 713.8107 nm | 19 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2D* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2F | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 467.0407 nm | 18 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 1D → 3p6.3d.4p 1F* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 673.0754 nm | 18 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4D* → 4P | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 687.7343 nm | 18 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d2.(3F).4d 4G | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 431.4083 nm | 17 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 503.1021 nm | 17 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 1D → 3p6.3d.4p 1P* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 680.4611 nm | 17 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d2.(3F).4d 4D | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 437.4457 nm | 16 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3F* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 523.9813 nm | 16 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.4s2 1S → 3p6.3d.4p 1P* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 552.679 nm | 16 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 1G → 3p6.3d.4p 1F* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 430.5714 nm | 15 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 432.0732 nm | 15 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 478.0863 nm | 15 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.5p 2P* → 3p6.6s 2S | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 565.7896 nm | 15 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3P → 3p6.3d.4p 3P* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 624.5637 nm | 15 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3P → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 577.1538 nm | 14 | Sc IV | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 637.0486 nm | 14 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d.4d 1F → 3p6.3d.4f 1G* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 660.4601 nm | 14 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 1D → 3p6.3d.4p 1D* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 680.3677 nm | 14 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2F* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2G | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 725.7589 nm | 14 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d.(2D).4p2.(3P) 4F | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 401.4484 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d.4s 1D → 3p6.3d.4p 3F* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 429.4767 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 432.4996 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 564.1001 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3P → 3p6.3d.4p 3P* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 565.8361 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3P → 3p6.3d.4p 3P* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 566.9042 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3P → 3p6.3d.4p 3P* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 687.4193 nm | 13 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d2.(3F).4d 4G | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 385.9595 nm | 12 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d.4p 1F* → 3p6.3d.5s 1D | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 424.6822 nm | 12 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d.4s 1D → 3p6.3d.4p 1D* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 435.4598 nm | 12 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3F* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST |
ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਿਤ ਗੁਣ
ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਿਤ)
- ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਪਿਊਕੋ)
- 148 pm
- ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਪਿਊਕੋ, ਦੋਹਰਾ ਬੰਧਨ)
- 116 pm
- ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਪਿਊਕੋ, ਤਿਹਰਾ ਬੰਧਨ)
- 114 pm
ਵਾਨ ਡਰ ਵਾਲਜ਼ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 258 pm
- UFF
- 329.5 pm
- MM3
- 261 pm
ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਅਤੇ ਧਾਤਵੀ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ
- ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਰਾਮ)
- 263 pm
- ਧਾਤਵੀ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (C12)
- 162 pm
ਅੰਕਨ ਪੈਮਾਨੇ
- Mendeleev
- 11
- Pettifor
- 20
- Glawe
- 48
ਬਿਜਲਈ ਰਿਣਾਤਮਕਤਾ ਦੇ ਪੈਮਾਨੇ
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
ਧਰੁਵੀਕਰਨਯੋਗਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਕੀਰਣ
- ਦੋਧਰੁਵੀ ਧਰੁਵੀਕਰਨਯੋਗਤਾ
- 97 a.u.
- ਦੋਧਰੁਵੀ ਧਰੁਵੀਕਰਨਯੋਗਤਾ (ਅਨਿਸ਼ਚਿਤਤਾ)
- 10 a.u.
- C₆
- 1383 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1570 Ha·Bohr6
ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਬੰਧੁਤਾ
- ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ ਬੰਧੁਤਾ
- 914 kJ/mol
- ਗੈਸੀ ਖਾਰਕਤਾ
- 892 kJ/mol
ਮੀਡੇਮਾ ਪਰਾਮੀਟਰ
- ਮੀਡੇਮਾ ਮੋਲਰ ਆਇਤਨ
- 15.03 cm3/mol
- ਮੀਡੇਮਾ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਘਣਤਾ
- 2
ਸਪਲਾਈ ਦਾ ਜੋਖਮ ਅਤੇ ਅਰਥਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ
- ਉਤਪਾਦਨ ਦੀ ਕੇਂਦਰਿਤਤਾ
- 97
- ਸਾਪੇਖ ਸਪਲਾਈ ਜੋਖਮ
- 10
- ਭੰਡਾਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਵੰਡ
- 50
- ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਸਥਿਰਤਾ (ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਉਤਪਾਦਕ)
- 24
- ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਸਥਿਰਤਾ (ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਭੰਡਾਰ ਵਾਲਾ ਦੇਸ਼)
- 24
ਅਵਸਥਾ ਪਰਿਵਰਤਨ ਅਤੇ ਅਪਰਰੂਪ
| ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜਾ | 1814.15 K |
| ਉਬਾਲ ਦਰਜਾ | 3109.15 K |
ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਅਵਸਥਾ ਦੀਆਂ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ
ਉੱਨਤ ਸੰਦਰਭ ਡਾਟਾ
ਪਰਿਰੱਖਣ ਸਥਿਰਾਂਕ (7)
| n | ਔਰਬਿਟਲ | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5434 |
| 2 | p | 3.9454 |
| 2 | s | 6.4264 |
| 3 | d | 13.8801 |
| 3 | p | 11.5938 |
| 3 | s | 10.6602 |
| 4 | s | 16.3676 |
ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟਲ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸਾਂ ਦਾ ਵੇਰਵਾ (2)
| ਆਵੇਸ਼ | CN | ਸਪਿਨ | rcrystal (pm) | ਉਤਪੱਤੀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 88.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 101 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਖ਼ੈ ਦੀਆਂ ਵਿਧੀਆਂ (52)
| ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ | ਮੋਡ | ਤੀਬਰਤਾ |
|---|---|---|
| 35 | p | — |
| 36 | p | — |
| 37 | p | — |
| 38 | p | — |
| 39 | p | 100% |
| 40 | B+ | 100% |
| 40 | B+p | 0.4% |
| 40 | B+A | 0% |
| 41 | B+ | 100% |
| 42 | B+ | 100% |
ਐਕਸ-ਰੇ ਖਿੰਡਾਅ ਗੁਣਾਂਕ (598)
| ਊਰਜਾ (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.06978 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.07987 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.09005 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.10033 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.11071 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.12118 |
| 11.0105 | — | 1.13176 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.14243 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.15321 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.16408 |
ਵਾਧੂ ਡਾਟਾ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.2×101 milligrams per kilogram
ਸੰਦਰਭ (1)
- [5] Scandium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele021.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
6×10-7 milligrams per liter
ਸੰਦਰਭ (1)
- [5] Scandium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele021.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Scandium is apparently much more abundant (the 23rd most) in the sun and certain stars than on earth (the 50th most abundant). It is widely distributed on earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite, found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite.
Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grienelaus who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal.
The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960.
ਸੰਦਰਭ (1)
- [6] Scandium https://periodic.lanl.gov/21.shtml
ਸੰਦਰਭ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Scandium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.