Roentgenium (Rg)
transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
ਮਿਆਰੀ ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਭਾਰ
281 uਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d9 (ਪੂਰਵ-ਅਨੁਮਾਨਿਤ)ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜਾ
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂਉਬਾਲ ਦਰਜਾ
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂਘਣਤਾ
2.87e+4 kg/m³ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ
−1, +1, +3, +5ਬਿਜਲਈ ਰਿਣਾਤਮਕਤਾ (ਪਾਲਿੰਗ)
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂਆਇਨੀਕਰਨ ਊਰਜਾ (ਪਹਿਲੀ)
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਸਾਲ
1994ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ
138 pmਵੇਰਵੇ
Roentgenium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 11, below gold. It has been made only one atom at a time in heavy-ion fusion experiments, and all confirmed isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived. Its chemistry has not been established experimentally in bulk or solution. Relativistic calculations generally place it among the coinage metals, but with properties that may differ appreciably from lighter homologues.
Roentgenium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Roentgenium was first synthesized by an international team of scientists from the GSI in Darmstadt, Germany, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, the Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia, and the University of Jyväskylä, Finland at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany in 1994, using the nuclear reaction 209Bi (64Ni, n) 272Rg. The credit for the first synthesis was confirmed in 2003. The element was named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Fig. IUPAC.111.1), who discovered X-rays in 1895 [660], [661], [662]. Roentgenium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.
Roentgenium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in late 1994. They bombarded atoms of bismuth-209 with ions of nickel-64 with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced three atoms of roentgenium-272, an isotope with a half-life of about 1.5 milliseconds (0.0015 seconds), and a free neutron. Roentgenium's most stable isotope, roentgenium-281, has a half-life of about 26 seconds and decays through spontaneous fission.
Discovered by Gesellschaft Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, in 1994. Reasearch group of S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Munzenberg, H.J. Schott, and others.
No macroscopic sample of roentgenium has ever been prepared, so its appearance is unknown. A bulk metal, if it could exist long enough, is expected from theory to be dense and metallic, but color, surface behavior, and ordinary physical constants have not been measured.
Roentgenium has no practical, commercial, medical, or industrial use. Its only use is in nuclear research, where individual atoms and their decay chains help test models of heavy-element formation, nuclear stability, and alpha decay. Experiments involving roentgenium also support the identification of neighboring superheavy nuclei, but the element is not available as a material for devices, tracers, or chemical applications.
Since only a few atoms of roentgenium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No confirmed roentgenium compound has been isolated or characterized. The element is expected to show group 11 chemistry in some respects, but strong relativistic effects make detailed predictions uncertain. The +1 and +3 oxidation states are commonly discussed in theoretical work, with possible analogies to gold compounds such as gold(III) chloride, AuCl₃, rather than to the more stable simple chemistry of copper or silver. Proposed species such as roentgenium fluorides or chlorides remain predictions, not observed substances.
See more information at the Roentgenium compound page.
The safety properties of roentgenium are governed by radioactivity rather than ordinary chemical toxicity. Known isotopes decay rapidly, mainly through alpha decay and spontaneous fission pathways within decay chains. The quantities produced are far below a macroscopic hazard under normal laboratory containment, but any experiment requires specialized radiological controls for heavy-ion target materials, recoil products, and short-lived radioactive daughters.
Roentgenium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no environmental cycle. Any atoms produced in a laboratory decay before they could disperse or participate in ordinary geochemical processes. Environmental relevance is therefore limited to controlled accelerator facilities and to the management of irradiated targets, catcher foils, and associated radioactive residues from superheavy-element experiments.
Roentgenium is not a commodity and has no market price, supply chain, or recycling practice. Production requires a heavy-ion accelerator, rare target materials, and long experiments with extremely low atom yields. The element is identified through decay correlations rather than collected as a product. Economic considerations are those of publicly or institutionally funded nuclear-physics research, including accelerator time, target preparation, detector systems, and radiological handling.
Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with nickel-60.
Roentgenium is not expected to be a persistent cosmic element because its known isotopes are too unstable. If nuclei with 111 protons are formed transiently in extreme nucleosynthetic environments, they would decay quickly unless an unknown much longer-lived isotope exists. No roentgenium has been detected in stars, meteorites, planets, or terrestrial minerals.
- Roentgenium was named in honor of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, discoverer of X-rays.
- Its identification relies on linking a few decay events to known daughter nuclei.
- The longest-lived confirmed isotopes still have half-lives far too short for chemical stockpiles.
- Roentgenium lies in the same periodic-table group as copper, silver, and gold.
- Chemical experiments have not yet established a measured oxidation state for roentgenium.
ਚਿੱਤਰ
ਗੁਣ
ਭੌਤਿਕ
- ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਅਨੁਭਵ-ਆਧਾਰਿਤ)
- 138 pm ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਅਨੁਭਵ-ਆਧਾਰਿਤ) ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- ਘਣਤਾ
- 2.87 × 104 kg/m³ ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਘਣਤਾ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
ਰਸਾਇਣਕ
- ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਬੰਧੁਤਾ
- 1.6 eV
- ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ
- −1, +1, +3, +5 ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ
- 2 ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ
- [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d9 (ਪੂਰਵ-ਅਨੁਮਾਨਿਤ)
ਤਾਪਗਤੀਕੀ
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ
ਨਾਭਿਕੀ
- ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ
- 111 ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- ਨਿਊਟ੍ਰਾਨ
- 171 ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਨਿਊਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- ਜਾਣੇ-ਪਛਾਣੇ ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ
- 15 ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਜਾਣੇ-ਪਛਾਣੇ ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- ਸਥਿਰ ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ
- 0 ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਥਿਰ ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- ਪੁੰਜ ਸੰਖਿਆ (ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਸਥਿਰ)
- 282
- ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਸਥਿਰ ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ
- Rg-282
- ਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਸਾਲ
- 1994
ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ
ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟਲ ਬਣਤਰ
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ
ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨਿਕ ਬਣਤਰ
- ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਖੋਲ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ
- 14, 9, 2 ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਖੋਲ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
ਪਛਾਣਕਰਤਾ
- CAS ਸੰਖਿਆ
- 54386-24-2 ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ CAS ਸੰਖਿਆ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rg
- InChI ਕੁੰਜੀ
- LJROPTGWFUZRDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ ਪੂਰਵ-ਅਨੁਮਾਨਿਤ
——ਇਸ ਆਇਨ ਲਈ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ ਦਾ ਡਾਟਾ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ।
ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਮਾਡਲ
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਨਿਊਟ੍ਰਾਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ, ਪੁੰਜ ਅਤੇ ਸਥਿਰਤਾ ਬਦਲਦੇ ਹਨ — ਉਦਾਸੀਨ ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਦਾ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ ਨਹੀਂ।
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ
ਸੰਕੇਤਕ ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਮਾਡਲ, ਪੈਮਾਨੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ।
ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਪਛਾਣ-ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ
ਨਿਕਾਸ / ਅਵਸ਼ੋਸ਼ਣ ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮ
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਵੰਡ
ਕੋਈ ਸਥਿਰ ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਨਹੀਂ।
| ਪੁੰਜ ਸੰਖਿਆ | ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਪੁੰਜ (u) | ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ | ਅਰਧ-ਆਯੂ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 279 ਰੇਡੀਓਐਕਟਿਵ | 279.16272 ± 0.00051 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 170 ms |
| 282 ਰੇਡੀਓਐਕਟਿਵ | 282.16912 ± 0.00072 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 130 ਸਕਿੰਟ |
| 285 ਰੇਡੀਓਐਕਟਿਵ | 285.175771 ± 0.000644 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 30 ਸਕਿੰਟ |
| 274 ਰੇਡੀਓਐਕਟਿਵ | 274.15525 ± 0.00019 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 20 ms |
| 281 ਰੇਡੀਓਐਕਟਿਵ | 281.16636 ± 0.00089 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 19 ਸਕਿੰਟ |
ਫੇਜ਼ / ਅਵਸਥਾ
ਫੇਜ਼/ਅਵਸਥਾ ਦਾ ਡਾਟਾ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ
ਫੇਜ਼/ਅਵਸਥਾ ਦਾ ਡਾਟਾ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ
ਯੋਗਿਕ
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ (5)
| ਪੁੰਜ ਸੰਖਿਆ | ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਪੁੰਜ (u) | ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ | ਅਰਧ-ਆਯੂ | ਖ਼ੈ ਦੀ ਵਿਧੀ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 279 ਰੇਡੀਓਐਕਟਿਵ | 279.16272 ± 0.00051 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 170 ms | α =100% | |
| 282 ਰੇਡੀਓਐਕਟਿਵ | 282.16912 ± 0.00072 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 130 ਸਕਿੰਟ | α =100% | |
| 285 ਰੇਡੀਓਐਕਟਿਵ | 285.175771 ± 0.000644 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 30 ਸਕਿੰਟ | α ?SF ? | |
| 274 ਰੇਡੀਓਐਕਟਿਵ | 274.15525 ± 0.00019 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 20 ms | α ≈100% | |
| 281 ਰੇਡੀਓਐਕਟਿਵ | 281.16636 ± 0.00089 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 19 ਸਕਿੰਟ | SF =87±0.8%α =13±0.8% |
ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਿਤ ਗੁਣ
ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਿਤ)
- ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਪਿਊਕੋ)
- 121 pm
- ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਪਿਊਕੋ, ਦੋਹਰਾ ਬੰਧਨ)
- 116 pm
- ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਪਿਊਕੋ, ਤਿਹਰਾ ਬੰਧਨ)
- 118 pm
ਅੰਕਨ ਪੈਮਾਨੇ
- Mendeleev
- 74
ਧਰੁਵੀਕਰਨਯੋਗਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਕੀਰਣ
- ਦੋਧਰੁਵੀ ਧਰੁਵੀਕਰਨਯੋਗਤਾ
- 32 a.u.
- ਦੋਧਰੁਵੀ ਧਰੁਵੀਕਰਨਯੋਗਤਾ (ਅਨਿਸ਼ਚਿਤਤਾ)
- 6 a.u.
ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਅਵਸਥਾ ਦੀਆਂ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ
ਉੱਨਤ ਸੰਦਰਭ ਡਾਟਾ
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਖ਼ੈ ਦੀਆਂ ਵਿਧੀਆਂ (22)
| ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ | ਮੋਡ | ਤੀਬਰਤਾ |
|---|---|---|
| 272 | A | 100% |
| 273 | A | — |
| 274 | A | 100% |
| 275 | A | — |
| 276 | A | — |
| 276 | SF | — |
| 277 | A | — |
| 277 | SF | — |
| 278 | A | 100% |
| 279 | A | 100% |
ਵਾਧੂ ਡਾਟਾ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
ਸੰਦਰਭ (1)
- [5] Roentgenium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele111.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
ਸੰਦਰਭ (1)
- [5] Roentgenium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele111.html
ਸੰਦਰਭ
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Roentgenium.