Thulium (Tm)
lanthanideSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
168.93422 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Xe] 6s2 4f13द्रवणांक
1544.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
1949.85 °Cघनता
9320 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
0, +1, +2, +3विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.25आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
6.184402 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1879अणुत्रिज्या
175 pmतपशील
Thulium is a lanthanide rare-earth metal and the least abundant stable lanthanide in Earth’s crust. It is chemically typical of the series, forming mainly Tm³⁺ compounds with a high affinity for oxygen and halogens. The element is not scarce enough to be unattainable, but it is dispersed and difficult to separate from neighboring lanthanides. Its technological importance is concentrated in isotope sources, specialty lasers, and optical materials rather than bulk structural use.
Thulium can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of a closed container. The element is silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Twenty five isotopes are known, with atomic masses ranging from 152 to 176. Natural thulium, which is 100% 169Tm, is stable.
The name derives from Thule, the earliest name for the northernmost part of the civilized world—Scandinavia. It was discovered in 1879 by the Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve in a sample of erbium mineral. Thulium was first isolated by the American chemist Charles James in 1911.
Thulium was discovered by Per Theodor Cleve, a Swedish chemist, in 1879. Cleve used the same method Carl Gustaf Mosander used to discover lanthanum, erbium and terbium, he looked for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements. He started with erbia, the oxide of erbium (Er2O3), and removed all of the known contaminants. After further processing, he obtained two new materials, one brown and the other green. Cleve named the brown material holmia and the green material thulia. Holmia is the oxide of the element holmium and thulia is the oxide of the element thulium. Today, thulium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements that can contain as much as 0.007% thulium.
Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia. Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite, which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare earth elements, but with new sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver,gold, or cadmium.
Pure thulium is a soft, malleable, silvery metal. It slowly tarnishes in air as oxide forms on the surface and reacts more readily when heated. Like many lanthanides, it can be cut with a knife and is normally stored to limit oxidation.
Thulium has specialized uses where its nuclear or optical properties are useful. Neutron-activated ¹⁷⁰Tm produces ¹⁷⁰Tm, a portable gamma and X-ray source formerly used in industrial radiography and still of technical interest where compact sealed sources are suitable. Thulium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet, commonly written Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Tm, and other host crystals are used in solid-state lasers near the two-micrometre infrared region. Thulium-doped silica fibers are also used in fiber lasers and amplifiers. Small amounts may be used in research alloys and magnetic studies, but there is no large-volume elemental application.
Thulium is the least abundant of the naturally occurring rare earth elements. Metallic thulium is relatively expensive and has only recently become available. It currently has no commercial applications, although one of its isotopes, thulium-169, could be used as a radiation source for portable X-ray machines.
Thulium forms no commercially important compounds. Some of thulium's compounds include: thulium oxide (Tm2O3), thulium fluoride (TmF3) and thulium iodide (TmI3).
Because of the relatively high price of the metal, thulium has not yet found many practical applications. 169Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation source in portable X-ray equipment. 171Tm is potentially useful as an energy source. Natural thulium also has possible use in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment, and can be used for doping fiber lasers. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. It should be handled with care.
Isotopes in Industry
170Tm (with a half-life of about 130 days) is used in the petrochemical industry for industrial radiography to test welds in pipes and tanks [486] Industrial Applications of Sealed Radiation Sources and Alternative Non Nuclear Technologies, Final Report, 68-D-00-210, p. 37. Trinity Engineering Associates Ohio (2002)..
Isotopes in Medicine
167Tm (with a half-life of 9.2 days) is useful for tumor and bone studies [487] F. Tárkányi, A. Hermanne, S. Takács, B. Király, I. Spahn, A. V. Ignatyuk. Appl. Radiat. Isot.68, 250 (2010).. Stable 169Tm can be bombarded in a nuclear reactor to create 170Tm, via the 169Tm (n, γ) 170Tm reaction, which emits X-rays and has been used in portable X-ray equipment as a radiation source [488] D. Granero, J. Pérez-Calatayud, F. Ballester, A. J. Bos, J. Venselaar. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry118, 11 (2006).. 170Tm has been used in high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy [489] F. Ballester, D. Granero, J. Perez-Calatayud, J. L. Venselaar, M. J. Rivard. Med. Phys.37, 1629 (2010). and for use in radiosynovectomy of medium sized joints (Fig. IUPAC.69.1) [490] A. Polyak, T. Das, S. Chakraborty, R. Kiraly, G. Dabasi, R. P. Joba, C. Jakab, J. Thuroczy, Z. Postenyi, V. Haasz, G. Janoki, G. A. Janoki, M. R. A. Pillai, L. Balogh. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm.29, 330 (2014)..
Thulium chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state. Thulium(III) oxide, Tm₂O₃, is the common oxide and is a useful starting material for preparing other salts and optical ceramics. Thulium(III) chloride, TmCl₃, and thulium(III) fluoride, TmF₃, are representative halides; the fluoride is sparingly soluble and useful in separations and fluoride materials. A +2 state is known in some strongly reducing solid compounds, but it is much less stable than Tm³⁺ in ordinary aqueous chemistry. In solution, Tm³⁺ salts are typically pale green to nearly colorless depending on concentration and ligand field.
See more information at the Thulium compound page.
Metallic thulium has low acute chemical toxicity compared with many heavy metals, but fine powder is a fire hazard and can react with air or moisture. Soluble thulium salts should be handled as toxic laboratory chemicals because rare-earth ions can affect biological processes at elevated exposure. Radioactive ¹⁷⁰Tm presents an external radiation hazard and an internal hazard if contamination occurs; sealed sources require isotope-specific controls.
Thulium occurs naturally only as a minor constituent of rare-earth minerals, especially minerals that contain the heavy lanthanides. Weathering releases it mainly as Tm³⁺, which tends to bind to clays, oxides, phosphates, and organic matter rather than remain highly mobile. It has no known biological role. Environmental concentrations are usually very low, so ecological effects are mainly a concern near rare-earth mining, processing, or disposal sites.
Thulium is obtained as a by-product of rare-earth extraction rather than mined for its own sake. Sources include ion-adsorption clays and minerals such as monazite and xenotime that contain small fractions of heavy rare earths. Separation relies on solvent extraction, ion exchange, and conversion through oxide or salt intermediates, with cost driven more by separation complexity than by absolute crustal scarcity. Demand is small and specialized, so supply is tied to broader rare-earth processing rather than an independent commodity chain. Recycling is limited because applications use small amounts in dispersed devices or sealed sources.
Found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime, and monazite. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and 0.007% thulium.
Thulium is a rare cosmic element produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and stellar explosions. Its odd atomic number and position among the heavy lanthanides make it much less abundant than lighter rock-forming elements and less abundant than several neighboring rare earths. In planets and meteorites it follows refractory lithophile behavior and partitions with other rare-earth elements rather than forming native metal.
- Thulium is the least abundant lanthanide that has a stable isotope.
- Natural thulium is essentially all ¹⁶⁹Tm.
- ¹⁷⁰Tm can be made by neutron irradiation of ¹⁶⁹Tm.
- Thulium was named after Thule, a classical name associated with the far north.
- Despite its rarity among lanthanides, thulium is more abundant in Earth’s crust than silver.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 175 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 190 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 227 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 9320 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0181 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 1544.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 1949.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.16 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 27.03 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.25 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 1.029 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 6.184402 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 12.065042 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 23.660081 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 42.410146 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 65.400225 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- 0, +1, +2, +3 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 3 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Xe] 6s2 4f13
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.12437166 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 1.979582 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 2.404519 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 2.404519 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 2.406592 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 69 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 100 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 39 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 1 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Tm-169
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1879
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 0.52 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 1.7 × 10−7 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 354 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-30-4 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 2F°7/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Tm
- InChI की
- FRNOGLGSGLTDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Tm: 4f¹³ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹³ 6s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 169 स्थिर | १६८.९३४२१७९ ± ०.०००००२२ | 100.0000% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (1544.85 °C) 1519.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
69 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tm I | 0 | 538 | 408 | 525 |
| Tm II | +1 | 267 | 13 | 13 |
| Tm III | +2 | 186 | 0 | 0 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Tm I | 0 | 631 |
| Tm II | +1 | 367 |
| Tm III | +2 | 128 |
| Tm IV | +3 | 8 |
| Tm V | +4 | 2 |
| Tm VI | +5 | 2 |
| Tm VII | +6 | 2 |
| Tm VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Tm IX | +8 | 2 |
| Tm X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 103 pm |
| +2 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 109.00000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 88 pm |
| +3 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 99.4 pm |
| +3 | 9 | उपलब्ध नाही | 105.2 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (1)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 169 स्थिर | १६८.९३४२१७९ ± ०.०००००२२ | 100.0000% | स्थिर | stable |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 164 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 131 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Alvarez
- 279 pm
- UFF
- 337.4 pm
- MM3
- 267 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 271 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 37
- Pettifor
- 22
- Glawe
- 20
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 144 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 15 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2020 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 18.12 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 2
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 97
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 10
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 50
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 24
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 1818.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 2223.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (13)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.3437 |
| 2 | p | 4.3588 |
| 2 | s | 18.0522 |
| 3 | d | 13.6257 |
| 3 | p | 20.5239 |
| 3 | s | 21.0816 |
| 4 | d | 36.056 |
| 4 | f | 40.366 |
| 4 | p | 33.012 |
| 4 | s | 31.8624 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (5)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 117 | ||
| 2 | VII | 123 | ||
| 3 | VI | 102 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 113.4 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 119.2 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (58)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 144 | p | — |
| 144 | B+ | — |
| 145 | p | 100% |
| 146 | p | 100% |
| 146 | B+ | — |
| 146 | B+p | — |
| 147 | B+ | 85% |
| 147 | p | 15% |
| 148 | B+ | 100% |
| 148 | B+p | — |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (514)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.17918 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.18356 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.18805 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.19265 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.19737 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.2022 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.20714 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.21221 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.21741 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.22273 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
5.2×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.7×10-7 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Thulium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.