Tellurium (Te)
metalloidSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
127.6 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4द्रवणांक
449.51 °Cउत्कलनांक
987.85 °Cघनता
6232 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
2.1आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
9.009808 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1782अणुत्रिज्या
140 pmतपशील
Tellurium is a brittle metalloid in group 16, below selenium and above polonium. It is chemically related to sulfur and selenium but is more metallic, less abundant, and more easily reduced. In nature it occurs mainly as telluride minerals and as a minor constituent of copper ores. Its technological importance comes from semiconducting and thermoelectric compounds, cadmium telluride photovoltaics, and small alloying additions that modify machinability and corrosion behavior.
Crystalline tellurium has a silvery-white appearance, and when pure it exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is found by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to question. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms.
Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flames, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel.
The name derives from the Latin Tellus, who was the Roman goddess of the Earth. Tellurium was discovered by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein in 1782 and overlooked for 15 years until it was isolated by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1798. The Hungarian chemist Paul Kitaibel independently discovered tellurium in 1789, prior to Klaproth's work but after von Reichenstein.
Tellurium was discovered by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, a Romanian mining official, in 1782. Reichenstein was the chief inspector of all mines, smelters and saltworks in Transylvania. He also had an interest in chemistry and extracted a new metal from an ore of gold, known as aurum album, which he believed was antimony. He shortly realized that the metal he had produced wasn't antimony at all, but a previously unknown element. Reichenstein's work was forgotten until 1798 when Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, mentioned the substance in a paper. Klaproth named the new element tellurium but gave full credit for its discovery to Reichenstein. Tellurium is found free in nature, but is most often found in the ores sylvanite (AgAuTe4), calaverite (AuTe2) and krennerite (AuTe2). Today, most tellurium is obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining copper.
From the Latin word tellus, earth. Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798.
Pure tellurium is a silvery-white to gray, lustrous, crystalline solid at ordinary conditions. It is brittle and can be powdered, but it is not malleable. The common trigonal form has helical chains of atoms, giving the element anisotropic electrical and thermal properties.
The largest modern use of tellurium is in cadmium telluride, CdTe, thin-film solar cells. Tellurium is also used in bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, and related thermoelectric materials for cooling and power generation from temperature differences. Small additions to copper, steel, and lead improve machinability or modify mechanical properties. Tellurium compounds are used in some infrared optical materials, phase-change chalcogenide systems, and specialized vulcanization and glass applications, but these uses are smaller and material-specific.
Tellurium is a semiconductor and is frequently doped with copper, tin, gold or silver. Tellurium is also used to color glass and ceramics and is one of the primary ingredients in blasting caps.
Tellurium is primarily used as an alloying agent. Small amounts of tellurium are added to copper and stainless steel to make them easier to machine and mill. Tellurium is also added to lead to increase its strength and resistance to sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Tellurium forms many compounds, but none that are commercially important. They include: tellourous acid (H2TeO2), tellurium tetrachloride (TeCl4), tellurium dichloride (TeCl2), tellurium trioxide (TeO3), tellurium monoxide (TeO) and sodium telluride (Na2Te).
Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Tellurium isotopes are a mixture of r-process, s-process, and p-process nucleosynthesis products, making them useful for studying the contribution of stellar products to the molecular cloud from which the Sun and planets were formed (Fig. IUPAC.52.1) [378] M. Fehr. Tellurium Isotopes and their Applications in Cosmo- and Geochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (2014), Feb. 26; http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:27380/eth-27380-01.pdf., [379] M. A. Fehr, M. Rehkämper, D. Porcelli, A. N. Halliday. Homogeneity of Tellurium Isotopes in Chondrites, Leachates of Allende and Canyon Diablo, Lunar and Planetary Science (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2003/pdf/1655.pdf., [380] M. A. Fehr, M. Rehkämper, A. N. Halliday, U. Wiechert, B. Hattendorf, D. Günther, S. Ono, J. L. Eigenbrode, I. D. Rumble. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta69, 5099 (2005)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The double beta decay of 130Te (with a half-life of 7×1020 years) has been used for the determination of gas-retention ages of tellurium minerals [382] A. P. Meshik, C. M. Hohenberg, O. V. Pravdivtseva, T. J. Bernatowicz, Y. S. Kapustab. Nucl. Phys. A809, 275 (2008)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
120Te is used for the production of 120gI, where “g” indicates ground state, via the 120Te (p, n) 120gI reaction, which is used as a positron emission tomography (PET) and beta-emitting isotope [383] A. Hohn, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1493 (1998)., [384] H. Herzog, S. M. Qaim, L. Tellmann, S. Spellerberg, D. Kruecker, H. H. Coenen. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging33, 1249 (2006).. 120gI has a half-life of 1.36 h. 122Te is used in the production of the radioisotope 122I (with a half-life of 3.6 min) via the reaction 122Te (p, n) 122I, which is used in gamma imaging [385] A. Hohn, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim, Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 93 (1998).. 123Te is used for the production of radioactive 123I (with a half-life of 13.2 h) via the 123Te (p, n) 123I reaction, which is used in thyroid imaging [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008). and for in vivo medical studies using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008).. 124Te is used for the production of both 123I and the PET isotope 124I via the 124Te (p, 2n) 123I and 124Te (p, n) 124I reactions, respectively [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008)., [387] M. L. Firouzbakht, D. J. Schlyer, R. D. Finn, G. Laguzzi, A. P. Wolf. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B79, 909 (1993)., [388] H. Herzog, L. Tellman, S. M. Qaim, S. Spellerberg, A. Schmid, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.56, 673 (2002)., [389] F. T. Lee, C. Hall, A. Rigopoulos, J. Zweit, K. Pathmaraj, G. J. O’Keefe, F. E. Smyth, S. Welt, L. J. Old, A. M. Scott. J. Nucl. Med.42, 764 (2001).. The half-life of 124I is 100 h.
Tellurium commonly shows oxidation states −2, +4, and +6, with +4 especially important in oxides and oxoanion chemistry. Hydrogen telluride, H₂Te, is an unstable and highly toxic hydride. Tellurium dioxide, TeO₂, is an amphoteric oxide used in tellurite glasses and as a chemical intermediate. Telluric acid, H₆TeO₆, contains tellurium in the +6 state. Metal tellurides include cadmium telluride, CdTe, and bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, whose bonding and band structures are central to their electronic uses.
See more information at the Tellurium compound page.
Elemental tellurium has moderate acute toxicity, but dusts and fumes should be controlled because inhalation and ingestion can be harmful. Exposure to tellurium or some tellurium compounds can produce a persistent garlic-like odor in breath and sweat from volatile metabolites. Hydrogen telluride, H₂Te, is particularly hazardous. Cadmium telluride, CdTe, also requires controls because cadmium compounds are toxic, especially if dust is generated during manufacture or disposal.
Tellurium and its compounds are probably toxic and should be handled with care. Workmen exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m3 of air, or less, develop "tellurium breath," which has a garlic-like odor.
Tellurium is a rare trace element in the crust and is strongly chalcophile, concentrating with sulfide and telluride mineral assemblages rather than forming abundant independent deposits. Weathering can release tellurium into soils and waters, where its speciation depends on redox conditions and pH. Tellurite and tellurate species can be mobile under some conditions, while reduction and adsorption tend to immobilize it. It has no known essential biological role for humans.
Tellurium is not usually mined as a primary product. Most commercial supply is recovered as a by-product from copper refining, especially from anode slimes produced during electrolytic purification. This dependence makes supply sensitive to copper ore composition, refinery practice, and the economics of by-product recovery rather than to tellurium demand alone. Demand is led by cadmium telluride photovoltaics and thermoelectric materials, with smaller metallurgical and chemical uses. Recycling is technically possible from manufacturing scrap and some end-of-life devices, but collection and separation can limit recovery.
Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element.
Tellurium is far less abundant in the universe than lighter chalcogens such as sulfur and selenium. Its stable isotopes are produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile element and is associated with sulfide-rich phases rather than silicate minerals.
- Tellurium was named from tellus, the Latin word for Earth.
- It is one of the few elements whose name refers to Earth rather than a celestial object or place of discovery.
- Natural tellurium contains several stable isotopes and very long-lived radioactive isotopes.
- The element can impart a garlic-like odor to breath at exposures far below severe poisoning levels.
- Tellurium improves the machinability of copper without requiring large alloy additions.
- Many useful tellurium materials are semiconductors rather than metallic conductors.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 140 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 138 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 206 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 137 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 6232 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0205 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 449.51 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 987.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 14.3 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.202 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 25.73 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.1 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 2.158
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 1.9708 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 9.009808 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 18.600064 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 27.840096 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 37.415629 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 59.300204 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 6 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4
उष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- 2056 °C
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.1812717 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 0.54412603 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 2.041768 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 2.041768 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 2.037622 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 52 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 74 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 42 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 4 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Te-126
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1782
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 0.001 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 445 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 13494-80-9 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 3P2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Te
- InChI की
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Te: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 122 स्थिर | १२१.९०३०४३५ ± ०.०००००१६ | 2.5500% | स्थिर |
| 124 स्थिर | १२३.९०२८१७१ ± ०.०००००१६ | 4.7400% | स्थिर |
| 125 स्थिर | १२४.९०४४२९९ ± ०.०००००१६ | 7.0700% | स्थिर |
| 126 स्थिर | १२५.९०३३१०९ ± ०.०००००१६ | 18.8400% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (449.51 °C) 424.5 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रगत
अणुवर्णपट
52 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Te I | 0 | 133 | 6 | 112 |
| Te II | +1 | 345 | 0 | 310 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Te I | 0 | 120 |
| Te II | +1 | 129 |
| Te III | +2 | 55 |
| Te IV | +3 | 16 |
| Te V | +4 | 45 |
| Te VI | +5 | 9 |
| Te VII | +6 | 60 |
| Te VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Te IX | +8 | 2 |
| Te X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 221 pm |
| +4 | 3 | उपलब्ध नाही | 52 pm |
| +4 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 66 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 97 pm |
| +6 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 43 pm |
| +6 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 56.00000000000001 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (4)
Thirty isotopes of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 108 to 137. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 122 स्थिर | १२१.९०३०४३५ ± ०.०००००१६ | 2.5500% ± 0.1200% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 124 स्थिर | १२३.९०२८१७१ ± ०.०००००१६ | 4.7400% ± 0.1400% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 125 स्थिर | १२४.९०४४२९९ ± ०.०००००१६ | 7.0700% ± 0.1500% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 126 स्थिर | १२५.९०३३१०९ ± ०.०००००१६ | 18.8400% ± 0.2500% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
74 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 486.623 nm | 2300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 557.636 nm | 2100 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 570.812 nm | 1900 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 483.13 nm | 1600 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 564.926 nm | 1500 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 575.586 nm | 1500 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 544.984 nm | 1400 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 468.691 nm | 1310 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 476.605 nm | 1300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 2F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 490.442 nm | 1300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 2F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 566.622 nm | 1200 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 597.468 nm | 1200 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 548.795 nm | 1100 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 484.29 nm | 1000 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 486.513 nm | 1000 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 482.712 nm | 900 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 447.865 nm | 830 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.081 nm | 810 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 477.155 nm | 800 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 593.615 nm | 730 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 464.111 nm | 680 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 470.654 nm | 670 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 436.402 nm | 650 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 636.713 nm | 570 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 469.638 nm | 560 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 416.977 nm | 540 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 463.062 nm | 540 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).7s 2P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 478.488 nm | 510 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 455.778 nm | 480 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 683.7663 nm | 430 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 404.716 nm | 400 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 428.583 nm | 370 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.798 nm | 340 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 422.572 nm | 340 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 396.921 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 410.105 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).5d 2S → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 412.732 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).5d 2S → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 496.187 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 400.653 nm | 310 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(3P) 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 438.51 nm | 310 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 417.929 nm | 300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(1S).6p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 427.343 nm | 300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).7s 2P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 679.109 nm | 300 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 669.0154 nm | 290 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.708 nm | 260 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 397.592 nm | 250 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 416.356 nm | 250 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.176 nm | 240 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 425.114 nm | 240 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 404.888 nm | 230 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(3P) 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 136 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 128 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 121 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 133 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Bondi
- 206 pm
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 199 pm
- UFF
- 447 pm
- MM3
- 244 pm
- Dreiding
- 423 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 242 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 160 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 102
- Pettifor
- 92
- Glawe
- 94
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 38 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆
- 445 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 471 Ha·Bohr6
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 722.66 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 1261.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 2329.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (11)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.0432 |
| 2 | p | 4.14 |
| 2 | s | 13.6688 |
| 3 | d | 14.1607 |
| 3 | p | 17.9911 |
| 3 | s | 18.0019 |
| 4 | d | 32.04 |
| 4 | p | 28.878 |
| 4 | s | 27.5916 |
| 5 | p | 41.1915 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (6)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | VI | 207 | Pauling's (1960) crystal radius, | |
| 4 | III | 66 | ||
| 4 | IV | 80 | ||
| 4 | VI | 111 | ||
| 6 | IV | 57 | calculated, | |
| 6 | VI | 70 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (67)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 104 | A | 100% |
| 105 | A | 100% |
| 106 | A | 100% |
| 107 | A | 70% |
| 107 | B+ | — |
| 107 | B+p | — |
| 108 | B+ | 51% |
| 108 | A | 49% |
| 108 | B+p | 2.4% |
| 108 | B+A | 0.1% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (508)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 9.70237 |
| 10.1617 | — | 9.72653 |
| 10.3261 | — | 9.75076 |
| 10.4931 | — | 9.77506 |
| 10.6628 | — | 9.7994 |
| 10.8353 | — | 9.77638 |
| 11.0106 | — | 9.72308 |
| 11.1886 | — | 9.67008 |
| 11.3696 | — | 9.61736 |
| 11.5535 | — | 9.54395 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Tellurium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele052.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Tellurium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele052.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Tellurium https://periodic.lanl.gov/52.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tellurium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.