Silver (Ag)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
107.8682 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Kr] 5s1 4d10द्रवणांक
961.78 °Cउत्कलनांक
2161.85 °Cघनता
1.0501e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.93आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
7.576234 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
उपलब्ध नाहीअणुत्रिज्या
160 pmतपशील
Silver is a soft, dense transition metal in group 11, chemically related to copper and gold but more reactive than gold. It is the best elemental conductor of electricity and heat at ordinary temperatures and has exceptional optical reflectivity when freshly polished. In nature it occurs as native metal and in sulfide, sulfosalt, chloride, and telluride minerals, commonly associated with lead, zinc, copper, and gold ores.
Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important.
The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon seofor and siolfur, which is of unknown origin. The symbol Ag derives from the Latin argentum and Sanskrit argunas from "bright". Silver was known in prehistoric times.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using silver for at least 5000 years. Silver can be obtained from pure deposits, from silver ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl), and in conjunction with deposits of ores containing lead, gold or copper.
The Latin word for silver is argentum. Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C.
Pure silver is a bright white, highly lustrous metal with a clean metallic sheen. It is malleable and ductile, and it takes a very high polish. In air it does not oxidize rapidly, but exposed surfaces darken by tarnishing, mainly through reaction with sulfur compounds.
Silver is used in electrical contacts, conductive pastes, solders, brazing alloys, and high-reliability connectors because of its conductivity and workability. It remains important in jewelry, tableware, coinage, and decorative objects, usually as alloys to improve hardness. Silver mirrors and coatings serve optical applications. Silver halides were central to photographic film and paper, though that use has declined. Silver compounds and silver-containing surfaces are also used where controlled antimicrobial action is desired.
Silver and silver compounds have many uses. Pure silver is the best conductor of heat and electricity of all known metals, so it is sometimes used in making solder, electrical contacts and printed circuit boards. Silver is also the best reflector of visible light known, but silver mirrors must be given a protective coating to prevent them from tarnishing. Silver has also been used to create coins, although today other metals are typically used in its place. Sterling silver, an alloy containing 92.5% silver, is used to make silverware, jewelry and other decorative items. High capacity batteries can be made with silver and zinc and silver and cadmium. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) is light sensitive and is used to make photographic films and papers. Silver iodide (AgI) is used to seed clouds to produce rain.
Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of the utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrode position, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnished and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate, a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world. In recent times, however, consumption of silver has greatly exceeded the output.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The measurement of relative amounts of 107Ag and 109Ag is used to study the processes responsible for the isotopic fractionation of silver isotopes in ore deposits, which depends on the specific minerals and environmental conditions. This is currently an area of active research and it is thought that the relative amounts of the isotopes of silver are altered during the formation of the ore [351] Y. Luo, E. Dabek-Zlotorzynska, V. Celo, D. C. Muir, L. Yang. Anal. Chem.82, 3922 (2010)., [352] A. V. Chugaev, I. V. Chernyshev. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta Suppl.73, A225 (2009)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Silver isotope-amount ratiosn(107Ag)/n(109Ag) along with isotope-amount ratios of copper n(65Cu)/n(63Cu), and isotope-amount ratios of lead (n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb) and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)) have been used to determine origins of European coins and information on the flow of goods in the world market over time (Fig. IUPAC.47.1). Metals from Peru and Mexico and those from European mining have distinct isotopic signatures that enable the origin of the metal to be determined by examining the isotopic compositions of silver, copper, and lead in the coins. Abundant silver sources, mined in Mexico and Peru in the 16 th century, were used to mint coins, but they were not a major influence in the European coin market until the 18 th century (Fig. IUPAC.47.1) [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The amount ratio n(107Pd)/n(107Ag) is used in geochronology to date major events in the Solar System [344] W. R. Kelly, G. J. Wasserburg. Geophys. Res. Lett.5 1079 (1978)., [345] G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou. Some Short-Lived Nuclides in the Early Solar-System – A Connection with the Placental ISM, in Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics, C. A. Barnes, D. D. Clayton, and D. N. Schramm. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1982)., [346] J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg. Live 107Pd in the Early Solar System and Implications on Planetary Evolution, in Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, Geophysical Monograph 95, A. Basu and S. Hart. Amer. Geophys. U., Washington (1996)., [347] J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta54, 1729 (1990)., [348] A. P. Dicken. Radiogenic Isotope Geology, Cambridge University Press, New York (1995)., [353] G. J. Wasserburg. “Short-lived nuclei in the early solar-system”, in Protostars and Planets, D. C. Black, M. S. Matthews (Eds.), Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA (1985).. Although 107Ag is naturally occurring, it is also the daughter product by beta decay of 107Pd. If both excess 107Ag and 107Pd are present in a sample of extraterrestrial origin, then the material would have formed sometime after 107Pd decayed (i.e. sometime after the 6.5-million-year half-life of 107Pd). The n(107Pd)/n(107Ag) amount ratio can be measured to help determine when the 107Pd decay process began and determine how much time has elapsed since the material was formed.
Isotopes in Industry
107Ag is being studied as a possible target for cyclotron production of 103Pd (with a half-life of 17 days) via the 107Ag (p, α n) 103Pd reaction. 103Pd releases X-rays and Auger electrons at the rate of about 80 X-rays and 186 Auger electrons per 100 decays of 103Pd, which makes this isotope an ideal candidate for internal radiotherapy for the treatment of cancers. The production of this isotope in a no-carrier form (not formed in another solution) is important for its medical uses. By using neutrons, photons, and charged particles to force reactions with isotopes of a higher mass number than 103, 103Pd will occur in a fraction of those reactions. The most common methods of 103Pd production use targets of rhodium or other isotopes of palladium. However, 107Ag has also been studied as a feasible option [349] M. Hussain, S. Sudar, M. N. Aslam, H. A. Shah, R. Ahmad, A. A. Malik, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67, 1842 (2009)., [354] F. G. Perey. Phys. Rev. Lett.131, 745 (1963).. 109Ag is used to produce the gamma reference source 110mAg to help calibrate gamma detectors [349] M. Hussain, S. Sudar, M. N. Aslam, H. A. Shah, R. Ahmad, A. A. Malik, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67, 1842 (2009)., [354] F. G. Perey. Phys. Rev. Lett.131, 745 (1963)..
Silver chemistry is dominated by the +1 oxidation state, with Ag⁺ forming many salts and coordination complexes. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) is a common soluble reagent and precursor for other silver compounds. Silver chloride (AgCl), silver bromide (AgBr), and silver iodide (AgI) are sparingly soluble, light-sensitive halides that underpinned traditional photography. Silver sulfide (Ag₂S) is the principal tarnish product and an important natural mineral. Higher oxidation states such as +2 and +3 exist in specialized compounds, usually with strong oxidizing ligands or solid-state structures.
See more information at the Silver compound page.
Massive metallic silver has low acute toxicity, but dusts, soluble salts, and fine particles require careful handling. Chronic intake of bioavailable silver compounds can cause argyria, a persistent gray-blue discoloration of skin and other tissues. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) is corrosive and stains skin and organic materials. Some silver compounds are toxic to aquatic organisms. Molten silver presents ordinary burn and metal-fume hazards in foundry or refining work.
While silver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Exposure to silver (metal and soluble compounds, as Ag) in air should not exceed 0.01 mg/m3, (8-hour time-weighted average - 40 hour week). Silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body. A condition, known as argyria, results with a grayish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals.
Silver is a trace element in soils, sediments, natural waters, and living organisms, with no established essential biological role in humans. In the environment Ag⁺ is strongly complexed or immobilized by sulfide, chloride, organic matter, and mineral surfaces. Mining, smelting, photography wastes, electronics, and some antimicrobial products can add silver to waste streams. In anoxic sediments, formation of silver sulfide (Ag₂S) greatly reduces mobility and bioavailability.
Silver is produced both from primary silver mines and, very often, as a by-product of lead, zinc, copper, and gold mining. Supply therefore depends partly on the economics of other base and precious metals. Demand is split among industrial uses, jewelry and silverware, investment products, and smaller specialty applications. Recycling is important from photographic materials, jewelry, electronics, and industrial scrap, but recovery is uneven when silver is widely dispersed in small devices or coatings. Its price is volatile because it is both an industrial metal and a precious metal.
Silver occurs natively and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere.
Silver is far less abundant cosmically than lighter metals such as iron or magnesium. Its stable isotopes, ¹⁰⁷Ag and ¹⁰⁹Ag, are made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile and moderately siderophile element, concentrating in sulfide phases and metallic portions more than in silicate minerals.
- Silver has the highest electrical conductivity of any element.
- Sterling silver is usually 92.5% silver, with copper as the main hardening metal.
- Fresh silver mirrors reflect visible light very well but tarnish in sulfur-rich air.
- Silver halides darken because light can reduce Ag⁺ to metallic silver.
- Most mined silver is not obtained from mines worked only for silver.
- Native silver can form wires, plates, and dendritic crystals in some deposits.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 160 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 145 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 172 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 134 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1.0501 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0103 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 961.78 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 2161.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 429 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.235 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 25.35 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पृष्ठकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.93 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.87
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 1.302 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 7.576234 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 21.484474 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 34.80012 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 49.000169 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 65.000224 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 11 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Kr] 5s1 4d10
उष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- 6137 °C
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.11690936 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 2.597295 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 2.952791 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 2.952791 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 2.952791 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 47 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 60 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 42 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 2 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Ag-107
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 0.075 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 4 × 10−5 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 409 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 1 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-22-4 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ag
- InChI की
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Ag: 4d¹⁰ 5s¹[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 107 स्थिर | १०६.९०५०९१६ ± ०.०००००२६ | 51.8390% | स्थिर |
| 109 स्थिर | १०८.९०४७५५३ ± ०.०००००१४ | 48.1610% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (961.78 °C) 936.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रगत
अणुवर्णपट
47 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ag I | 0 | 103 | 7 | 97 |
| Ag II | +1 | 455 | 237 | 455 |
| Ag III | +2 | 140 | 0 | 0 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Ag I | 0 | 107 |
| Ag II | +1 | 100 |
| Ag III | +2 | 64 |
| Ag IV | +3 | 2 |
| Ag V | +4 | 2 |
| Ag VI | +5 | 2 |
| Ag VII | +6 | 2 |
| Ag VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Ag IX | +8 | 2 |
| Ag X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
11 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत.
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 2 | उपलब्ध नाही | 67 pm |
| +1 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 100 pm |
| +1 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 102 pm |
| +1 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 109.00000000000001 pm |
| +1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 114.99999999999999 pm |
| +1 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 122 pm |
| +1 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 128 pm |
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 79 pm |
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 94 pm |
| +3 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 67 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (2)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 107 स्थिर | १०६.९०५०९१६ ± ०.०००००२६ | 51.8390% ± 0.0080% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 109 स्थिर | १०८.९०४७५५३ ± ०.०००००१४ | 48.1610% ± 0.0080% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
125 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 562.2482 nm | 21000 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.01037 nm | 20000 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 540.31323 nm | 15000 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 555.19264 nm | 12000 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 548.81562 nm | 8300 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 558.97829 nm | 4200 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 534.00267 nm | 2900 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 554.32121 nm | 2700 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] → 4d8.(3F).5s.5p.(3P*) 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 557.96782 nm | 2400 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 549.38302 nm | 2300 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 555.81412 nm | 2300 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 557.38257 nm | 2300 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 542.40509 nm | 2200 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.08117 nm | 1800 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 514.28157 nm | 1700 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[1/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 558.84183 nm | 1700 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 536.27883 nm | 1600 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 539.24682 nm | 1500 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 547.86589 nm | 1500 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 533.25049 nm | 1300 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 531.24574 nm | 1200 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 520.9078 nm | 1000 | Ag I | emission | 4d10.5p 2P* → 4d10.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 546.54853 nm | 1000 | Ag I | emission | 4d10.5p 2P* → 4d10.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 441.196 nm | 830 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 541.19338 nm | 740 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 513.72469 nm | 720 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[1/2] → 4d8.(3F).5s.5p.(3P*) 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 421.09542 nm | 700 | Ag I | emission | 4d10.5p 2P* → 4d10.6d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 431.959 nm | 630 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 443.063 nm | 580 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).8s 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 408.59155 nm | 470 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.492 nm | 410 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.041 nm | 410 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 405.5475 nm | 400 | Ag I | emission | 4d10.5p 2P* → 4d10.6d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 431.354 nm | 290 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).8s 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 436.409 nm | 290 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).8s 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 444.917 nm | 290 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).8s 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 478.83966 nm | 260 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 418.547499 nm | 250 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 723.9381 nm | 250 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4d8.(3F).5s.5p.(3P*) 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.51904 nm | 220 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d8.5s2 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 433.316 nm | 210 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 447.909 nm | 210 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 451.558 nm | 210 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 381.09396 nm | 200 | Ag I | emission | 4d10.5p 2P* → 4d10.7d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 699.906 nm | 200 | Ag II | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s.5p.(3P*) 5D* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).7s 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.01238 nm | 180 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d8.5s2 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 462.00355 nm | 170 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.9435 nm | 160 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d8.5s2 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.73432 nm | 160 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 390.930327 nm | 140 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1D | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 128 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 139 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 137 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 177 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 253 pm
- UFF
- 314.8 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 225 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 144 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 72
- Pettifor
- 71
- Glawe
- 67
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 55 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 8 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 341 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 10.25 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 3
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 19
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 6
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 23
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 23
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 20
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 1234.93 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 2435.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 6410.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (10)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.9577 |
| 2 | p | 4.0806 |
| 2 | s | 12.3658 |
| 3 | d | 14.4602 |
| 3 | p | 17.1914 |
| 3 | s | 16.9688 |
| 4 | d | 32.2372 |
| 4 | p | 28.4376 |
| 4 | s | 27.1352 |
| 5 | s | 40.2445 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (11)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II | 81 | ||
| 1 | IV | 114 | calculated, | |
| 1 | IVSQ | 116 | ||
| 1 | V | 123 | calculated, | |
| 1 | VI | 129 | calculated, | |
| 1 | VII | 136 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 142 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 93 | ||
| 2 | VI | 108 | ||
| 3 | IVSQ | 81 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (68)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 92 | B+ | — |
| 92 | p | — |
| 93 | p | — |
| 93 | B+ | — |
| 93 | B+p | — |
| 94 | B+ | 100% |
| 94 | B+p | 0.2% |
| 95 | B+ | 100% |
| 95 | B+p | 2.3% |
| 96 | B+ | 100% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (508)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.18566 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.22941 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.27478 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.32182 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.38215 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.45541 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.53256 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.61379 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.69933 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.78755 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
7.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4×10-5 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Silver occurs natively and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Silver https://periodic.lanl.gov/47.shtml
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver. Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Silver https://periodic.lanl.gov/47.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
Silver isotope-amount ratiosn(107Ag)/n(109Ag) along with isotope-amount ratios of copper n(65Cu)/n(63Cu), and isotope-amount ratios of lead (n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb) and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)) have been used to determine origins of European coins and information on the flow of goods in the world market over time (Fig. IUPAC.47.1). Metals from Peru and Mexico and those from European mining have distinct isotopic signatures that enable the origin of the metal to be determined by examining the isotopic compositions of silver, copper, and lead in the coins. Abundant silver sources, mined in Mexico and Peru in the 16 th century, were used to mint coins, but they were not a major influence in the European coin market until the 18 th century (Fig. IUPAC.47.1) [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011)..
संदर्भ (2)
- [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Silver.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.