Rhodium (Rh)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
102.9055 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Kr] 5s1 4d8द्रवणांक
1963.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
3694.85 °Cघनता
1.24e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
2.28आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
7.4589 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1803अणुत्रिज्या
135 pmतपशील
Rhodium is a very rare platinum-group transition metal. It is chemically noble, hard, highly reflective, and most often encountered in nature alloyed with platinum, palladium, and other platinum-group elements. Its industrial importance is dominated by catalysis, especially control of nitrogen oxides in automotive exhaust. Rhodium also forms stable coordination compounds, commonly with Rh(I) and Rh(III), that are important in homogeneous catalysis and organometallic chemistry.
The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the resquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. It is highly reflective, hard, and durable.
The name derives from the Greek rhodon for rose because of the rose color of dilute solutions of its salts. It was discovered by the English chemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803 in a crude platinum ore.
Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 shortly after his discovery of the element palladium. He obtained rhodium from a sample of platinum ore that was obtained from South America. After removing the platinum and palladium from the sample, he was left with a dark red powder. The powder turned out to be sodium rhodium chloride (Na3RhCl6·12H2O). Wollaston obtained rhodium from the powder by treating it with hydrogen gas (H2). Rhodium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. Rhodium is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada.
From the Greek word rhodon, rose. Wollaston discovered rhodium between 1803 and 1804 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America.
Pure rhodium is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster. It is solid, hard, and corrosion-resistant under ordinary conditions, and it retains a high reflectance. Massive metal and electroplated coatings have a similar white appearance, although thin deposits depend on surface preparation.
The largest use of rhodium is in three-way catalytic converters, where it promotes reduction of nitrogen oxides in gasoline-engine exhaust. It is also used as a durable, bright electroplated coating on jewelry, optical parts, and electrical contacts. Rhodium-platinum alloys are used in high-temperature equipment such as thermocouple wires and some glass-fiber production components. Soluble rhodium complexes are valuable catalysts in selected industrial and laboratory reactions, including hydroformylation and hydrogenation.
Rhodium is used to make electrical contacts, as jewelry and in catalytic converters, but is most frequently used as an alloying agent in other materials, such as platinum and palladium. These alloys are used to make such things as furnace coils, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs and laboratory crucibles.
Rhodium's primary use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocoupling elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst.
Isotopes in Medicine
The beta particles of 105Rh (with a half-life of about 35 h) are used in target radiotherapy to kill cancer cells or cause cancer cell sterilization [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003).. The gamma rays from 105Rh enable in vivo tracking during radiotherapy [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003).. 105Rh has been used in the treatment of bone pain (Fig. IUPAC.45.1) [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003)., [337] Trace Sciences International Inc. Ruthenium Isotopes, Trace Sciences International Inc (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.tracesciences.com/ru.htm..
Ocular brachytherapy currently is performed using 125I (with a half-life of about 59 days) or 106Rh (with a half-life of about 30 s) seeds [338] A. P. Mourão, T. P. R. D. Campos. Radiol. Bras.42, 43 (2009).. Brachytherapy can allow a good spatial dose distribution over the ocular tumor with lower radiation on adjacent tissues. In the case of irradiation of the eyeball with 106Rh, 80 percent of the dose has been absorbed within a depth of 5.2 mm and 90 percent has been absorbed within 7.2 mm (Fig. IUPAC.45.2). This limits the application of 106Rh; however, when 106Rh can be used, the radiation dose can be lower, which is preferred.
Rhodium chemistry is strongly influenced by its noble-metal character and by coordination bonding. The most common oxidation states are +1 and +3, although other states occur in specialized compounds. Rhodium(III) chloride, RhCl₃, is a widely used precursor to coordination complexes and catalysts. Rhodium(III) oxide, Rh₂O₃, is a stable oxide under suitable conditions. Rh(I) complexes such as chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I), RhCl(PPh₃)₃, illustrate the element’s importance in homogeneous catalysis. Carbonyl and organometallic complexes are central to many of its reactions.
See more information at the Rhodium compound page.
Bulk rhodium metal is generally resistant to corrosion and is not highly reactive, but dusts and finely divided powders can present inhalation and fire hazards typical of metal particulates. Soluble rhodium salts and organometallic compounds should be treated as toxic or potentially sensitizing unless specifically characterized. Rhodium compounds used as catalysts may be hazardous because of their ligands, solvents, or decomposition products. Natural rhodium has one stable isotope, so radioactivity is not an intrinsic hazard of the element.
Exposure to rhodium (metal fume and dust, as Rh) should not exceed 1 mg/m^3 (8-hour time-weighted average, 40-hour week).
Rhodium occurs naturally at very low concentrations, mainly in ultramafic and mafic ore systems associated with other platinum-group elements and nickel-copper sulfides. In surface environments it is relatively immobile because the metal is noble and many compounds are sparingly soluble. Human releases come chiefly from mining, refining, catalyst manufacture, and abrasion or loss from catalytic converters. Its biological role is not known, and environmental concentrations are usually very low.
Rhodium is produced almost entirely as a by-product of platinum, palladium, nickel, and copper mining. It is not mined as a primary metal in ordinary commercial practice, so supply responds slowly to price signals and depends on ore grade, refining capacity, and platinum-group-metal operations. Demand is concentrated in emission-control catalysts, making substitution difficult where rhodium’s nitrogen oxide reduction performance is required. Recycling from spent automotive catalysts is a major secondary source and helps moderate the scarcity of primary supply.
Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.
Rhodium is a heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from supernovae and neutron-rich stellar events. It is cosmically rare compared with iron and the lighter rock-forming elements. In planetary materials it is siderophile and chalcophile, so it tends to partition into metal or sulfide phases rather than common silicate minerals.
- Natural rhodium consists essentially of the single stable isotope ¹⁰³Rh.
- Rhodium is usually recovered only after complex separation of several similar platinum-group metals.
- A thin rhodium plate can make silver-colored jewelry more reflective and more resistant to tarnish.
- Rhodium catalysts are valued because small chemical changes around the metal can strongly alter selectivity.
- Its name comes from the rose-colored salts observed during its discovery.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 135 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 142 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 195 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 125 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1.24 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0083 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 1963.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 3694.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 150 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.243 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 24.98 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पृष्ठकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.28 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.56
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 1.137 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 7.4589 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 18.080062 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 31.060107 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 42.000145 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 63.000217 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 9 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Kr] 5s1 4d8
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.22490543 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 5.119967 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 5.762554 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 5.762554 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 5.762554 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 45 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 58 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 41 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 1 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Rh-103
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1803
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 0.001 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 380 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-16-6 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 4F9/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rh
- InChI की
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Rh: 4d⁸ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁸ 5s¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 103 स्थिर | १०२.९०५४९८ ± ०.०००००२६ | 100.0000% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (1963.85 °C) 1938.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
45 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rh I | 0 | 468 | 111 | 443 |
| Rh II | +1 | 34 | 0 | 31 |
| Rh III | +2 | 73 | 0 | 0 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Rh I | 0 | 138 |
| Rh II | +1 | 126 |
| Rh III | +2 | 196 |
| Rh IV | +3 | 2 |
| Rh V | +4 | 2 |
| Rh VI | +5 | 2 |
| Rh VII | +6 | 2 |
| Rh VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Rh IX | +8 | 2 |
| Rh X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 66.5 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 60 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 55.00000000000001 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (1)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 103 स्थिर | १०२.९०५४९८ ± ०.०००००२६ | 100.0000% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
186 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 385.6513 nm | 5900 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 437.4809 nm | 4200 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 382.226 nm | 3800 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 395.8856 nm | 3800 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 421.1133 nm | 3300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 382.8478 nm | 2300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 413.5275 nm | 2100 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.3884 nm | 2000 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 393.4224 nm | 2000 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 412.8886 nm | 1500 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 380.6759 nm | 1300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 381.8186 nm | 1300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 412.1683 nm | 1100 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 428.8702 nm | 820 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 380.592 nm | 760 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 8* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 381.6474 nm | 760 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.271 nm | 590 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 408.278 nm | 560 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 387.0018 nm | 490 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 12* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 381.5021 nm | 470 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 13* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 387.7346 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 397.5313 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 399.6149 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 2P → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 419.6496 nm | 330 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.2195 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.4393 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 399.5602 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 415.4343 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d7.5s2 b 4F → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 559.9419 nm | 160 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.5022 nm | 150 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 409.7508 nm | 140 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 456.8993 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 535.4428 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* → 16 | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 598.3575 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d7.5s2 b 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 391.3508 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 402.3139 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 411.9679 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 381.2462 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p z 2S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 395.8233 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 2P → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 437.9911 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 519.313 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* → 2 | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 539.0433 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 387.239 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 388.8331 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 407.758 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 411.6329 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 420.6613 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 429.6763 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 474.5116 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 509.064 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 125 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 110 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 106 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 244 pm
- UFF
- 292.9 pm
- MM3
- 234 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 233 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 134 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 64
- Pettifor
- 66
- Glawe
- 63
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 66 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 10 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 708 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक आसक्ती
- प्रोटॉन आसक्ती
- 768 kJ/mol
- वायूची क्षारकता
- 745.4 kJ/mol
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 8.3 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 5
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 60
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 8
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 95
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 44
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 44
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 2236.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 3968.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (10)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.9244 |
| 2 | p | 4.0596 |
| 2 | s | 11.8454 |
| 3 | d | 14.595 |
| 3 | p | 16.8456 |
| 3 | s | 16.5615 |
| 4 | d | 31.5576 |
| 4 | p | 27.8604 |
| 4 | s | 26.4184 |
| 5 | s | 38.3605 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (3)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 80.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VI | 74 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 69 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (72)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 88 | B+ | — |
| 89 | B+ | — |
| 89 | B+p | — |
| 89 | p | — |
| 90 | B+ | 100% |
| 90 | B+p | 0.7% |
| 91 | B+ | 100% |
| 91 | B+p | 1.3% |
| 92 | B+ | 100% |
| 92 | B+p | 2% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (508)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.17537 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.24044 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.30912 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.3816 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.4581 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.53883 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.62403 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.71394 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.80884 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.90899 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Rhodium https://periodic.lanl.gov/45.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rhodium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.