Selenium (Se)
nonmetalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
78.971 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4द्रवणांक
220.5 °Cउत्कलनांक
684.85 °Cघनता
4809 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
2.55आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
9.752368 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1817अणुत्रिज्या
115 pmतपशील
Selenium is a chalcogen between sulfur and tellurium, with chemistry that commonly parallels both. It is a trace element required by many organisms because it is incorporated into selenoproteins, yet the margin between nutritional requirement and toxicity is narrow. Industrially, selenium is valued for its semiconductor and photoconductive behavior, its red color in glass, and its role in metallurgy and specialty chemicals.
Selenium exists in several allotropic forms, although three are generally recognized. Selenium can be prepared with either an amorphous or a crystalline structure. The color of amorphous selenium is either red (in powder form) or black (in vitreous form). Crystalline monoclinic selenium is a deep red; crystalline hexagonal selenium, the most stable variety, is a metallic gray.
Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. These properties make selenium useful in the production of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Selenium is also able to convert a.c. electricity to d.c., and is extensively used in rectifiers. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications.
Elemental selenium has been said to be practically nontoxic and is considered to be an essential trace element; however, hydrogen selenide and other selenium compounds are extremely toxic, and resemble arsenic in their physiological reactions.
The name derives from the Greek Selene, who was the Greek goddess of the Moon because the element is chemically found with tellurium (Tellus was the Roman goddess of the Earth). Selenium was discovered by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817, while trying to isolate tellurium in an impure sample.
Selenium was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1817 after analyzing an impurity that was contaminating the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) being produced at a particular factory in Sweden. Originally believing the material was tellurium, Berzelius eventually realized that it was actually a previously unknown element. Selenium occurs in minerals such as eucairite (CuAgSe), crooksite (CuThSe) and clausthalite (PbSe), but these minerals are too rare to use as a major source of selenium. Today, most selenium is obtained as a byproduct of refining copper.
From the Greek word Selene, moon. Discovered by Berzelius in 1817, who found it associated with tellurium (named for the earth).
Elemental selenium has several allotropes. The most familiar macroscopic forms are red amorphous selenium and gray trigonal selenium, a brittle, metallic-looking solid that is the most stable form at ordinary conditions. Black vitreous selenium can form by rapid cooling from the melt.
Selenium has been used in photocells, light meters, rectifiers, and xerographic photoreceptors, although many of these applications have been reduced by silicon and organic photoconductors. It is still used to decolorize or color glass, producing ruby-red glasses and counteracting green iron tints. Small additions improve machinability in some copper and steel alloys. Selenium compounds are used in pigments, rubber vulcanization chemistry, antifungal shampoos, and as reagents in organic synthesis.
Selenium's resistance to the flow of electricity is greatly affected by the amount of light shining on it. The brighter the light, the better selenium conducts electricity. This property has made selenium useful in devices that respond to the intensity of light, such as electric eyes, photo cells, light meters for cameras and copiers. Selenium can also produce electricity directly from sunlight and is used in solar cells. Selenium is also a semiconductor and is used in some types of solid-state electronics as well as in rectifiers, devices which convert alternating current electricity into direct current electricity. In addition to its use in electrical devices, selenium is also used to make a ruby-red color in glasses and enamels, as a photographic toner and as an additive to stainless steel.
Selenium forms few inorganic compounds, none of which are commercially important. They include selenious acid (H2SeO3), selenium dichloride (SeCl2) and selenium oxychloride (SeOCl2).
Selenium is used in Xerography for reproducing and copying documents, letters, etc. It is used by the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make ruby-colored glasses and enamels. It is also used as a photographic toner, and as an additive to stainless steel.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of selenium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of selenium in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.34.1).
Isotopes in Industry
75Se (with a half-life of 120 days) is used for X-ray radiography of welds to visualize welds and ensure that each weld is appropriate for its purpose [274] P. Hayward, D. Currie. “Radiography of welds using seleniuim 75, Ir 192 and x-rays”, in Asia-Pacific Conference on NDT, Auckland, New Zealand (2006)..
Isotopes in Medicine
75Se-selenomethionine (organic compound that combines to form proteins, found in Brazil nuts and soybeans) has been used to study the production of digestive enzymes (biological catalysts that accelerates chemical reactions) [275] A. C. Colella, F. Pigorini. Br. J. Radiol.40, 662 (1967).. Selenium stable isotopes are used in metabolic studies to monitor selenium intake and output [276] C. A. Swanson, D. C. Reamer, C. Veillon, J. C. King, O. A. Levander. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.38, 169 (1983)., [277] Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Selenium, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp92.pdf..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
77Se and 78Se are used to produce the therapeutic radioisotope 77Br via the 77Se (n, p) 77Br and the 78Se (n, 2p) 77Br reactions, respectively. 80Se is used to produce 80mBr via the reaction 80Se (n, p) 80mBr. The m the superscript of 80mBr indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Selenium occurs in oxidation states from −2 to +6, with −2, +4, and +6 especially important. Hydrogen selenide, H₂Se, is a highly toxic gas and the selenium analogue of hydrogen sulfide. Selenium dioxide, SeO₂, is a useful oxidizing reagent and forms selenous acid, H₂SeO₃, in water. Selenates such as sodium selenate, Na₂SeO₄, resemble sulfates chemically but are biologically more active. Metal selenides are important semiconductors, including cadmium selenide, CdSe, and copper indium gallium selenide used in thin-film photovoltaics.
See more information at the Selenium compound page.
Selenium is essential in trace amounts, but excess intake can cause selenosis, with gastrointestinal effects, hair and nail changes, and a garlic-like breath odor from volatile metabolites. Elemental selenium is less acutely hazardous than many soluble selenite and selenate salts, but dust exposure should be controlled. Hydrogen selenide, H₂Se, is extremely poisonous, and industrial selenium fumes or aerosols require strict ventilation and monitoring.
Hydrogen selenide at a concentration of 1.5 ppm is intolerable to man. Selenium occurs in some solid in amounts sufficient to produce serious effects on animals feeding on plants, such as locoweed, grown in such soils. Exposure to selenium compounds (as Se) in air should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour week).
Selenium is widely dispersed in sulfide ores, sedimentary rocks, soils, and waters, usually at low concentrations. Weathering and irrigation can mobilize selenate and selenite, which are taken up by plants and can bioaccumulate in food webs. Some plants tolerate and concentrate selenium, while many others show toxicity only where soils or drainage waters are selenium-rich. Microorganisms can reduce soluble selenium species to less mobile elemental selenium or volatile methylated forms.
Selenium is not normally mined as a primary product. Most commercial supply is recovered as a by-product from anode slimes produced during electrolytic refining of copper, with smaller links to other nonferrous metal processing. Demand is spread across glass manufacture, metallurgy, chemicals, electronics, and thin-film photovoltaic materials, so supply depends strongly on copper refining rather than direct selenium ore availability. Substitution has reduced some older electrical uses, but recovery remains economically useful because selenium is concentrated in refinery residues. Recycling occurs mainly through industrial scrap and process residues rather than consumer products.
Obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.
Selenium is a relatively uncommon cosmic element compared with lighter chalcogens. Its stable isotopes are produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and supernova-related environments, with contributions from both slow and rapid neutron capture. In planetary materials it behaves partly as a chalcophile element, tending to associate with sulfides rather than silicate minerals.
- Gray selenium conducts electricity better when illuminated.
- Selenium can replace sulfur in some amino acids, forming selenocysteine and selenomethionine.
- The smell associated with selenium exposure often comes from volatile methylated selenium compounds.
- Selenium was identified in residues from sulfuric acid manufacture.
- Some selenium-rich plants can poison grazing animals on naturally seleniferous soils.
- Cadmium selenide quantum dots can emit size-tunable visible light.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 115 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 120 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 190 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 117 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 4809 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0165 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 220.5 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 684.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 0.52 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.321 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 25.363 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.55 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 2.424
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 2.0206 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 9.752368 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 21.196073 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 31.697109 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 42.947148 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 68.300235 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 6 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- अपरूपे
- ["gray", "vitreous"]
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4
उष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- 1493 °C
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.0693372 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 0.27258123 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 2.352697 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 2.352697 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 2.35477 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 34 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 46 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 33 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 4 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Se-80
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1817
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 0.05 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 2 × 10−4 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 436 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 6 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7782-49-2 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 3P2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Se
- InChI की
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Se: 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 76 स्थिर | ७५.९१९२१३७०४ ± ०.०००००००१७ | 9.3700% | स्थिर |
| 77 स्थिर | ७६.९१९९१४१५४ ± ०.०००००००६७ | 7.6300% | स्थिर |
| 78 स्थिर | ७७.९१७३०९२८ ± ०.००००००२ | 23.7700% | स्थिर |
| 80 स्थिर | ७९.९१६५२१८ ± ०.०००००१३ | 49.6100% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (220.5 °C) 195.5 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रगत
अणुवर्णपट
34 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Se I | 0 | 138 | 0 | 0 |
| Se II | +1 | 39 | 0 | 0 |
| Se III | +2 | 39 | 0 | 0 |
| Se IV | +3 | 22 | 0 | 0 |
| Se V | +4 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Se I | 0 | 173 |
| Se II | +1 | 78 |
| Se III | +2 | 53 |
| Se IV | +3 | 29 |
| Se V | +4 | 15 |
| Se VI | +5 | 7 |
| Se VII | +6 | 45 |
| Se VIII | +7 | 37 |
| Se IX | +8 | 2 |
| Se X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 198 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 50 pm |
| +6 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 28.000000000000004 pm |
| +6 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 42 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (4)
Naturally selenium contains six stable isotopes. Fifteen other isotopes have been characterized. The element is a member of the sulfur family and resembles sulfur both in its various forms and in its compounds.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 76 स्थिर | ७५.९१९२१३७०४ ± ०.०००००००१७ | 9.3700% ± 0.2900% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 77 स्थिर | ७६.९१९९१४१५४ ± ०.०००००००६७ | 7.6300% ± 0.1600% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 78 स्थिर | ७७.९१७३०९२८ ± ०.००००००२ | 23.7700% ± 0.2800% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 80 स्थिर | ७९.९१६५२१८ ± ०.०००००१३ | 49.6100% ± 0.4100% | स्थिर | stable |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 116 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 107 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 107 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 117 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Bondi
- 190 pm
- Batsanov
- 190 pm
- Alvarez
- 182 pm
- UFF
- 420.5 pm
- MM3
- 229 pm
- Dreiding
- 403 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 224 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 140 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 101
- Pettifor
- 93
- Glawe
- 95
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 28.9 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 1 a.u.
- C₆
- 210 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 233 Ha·Bohr6
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 35
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 7
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 22
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 77
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 18
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| संक्रमण तापमान | 453.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 958.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 1766.15 K |
| द्रवणांक | 493.95 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 958.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 1766.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब) | 27.2 MPa |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (8)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.7378 |
| 2 | p | 3.9348 |
| 2 | s | 9.1116 |
| 3 | d | 15.523 |
| 3 | p | 15.295 |
| 3 | s | 14.5966 |
| 4 | p | 25.7128 |
| 4 | s | 24.2424 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (4)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | VI | 184 | Pauling's (1960) crystal radius, | |
| 4 | VI | 64 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 6 | IV | 42 | ||
| 6 | VI | 56 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (52)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 63 | B+ | 100% |
| 63 | B+p | 89% |
| 63 | 2p | 0.5% |
| 64 | B+ | — |
| 64 | B+p | — |
| 65 | B+ | 100% |
| 65 | B+p | 87% |
| 66 | B+ | 100% |
| 66 | B+p | — |
| 67 | B+ | 100% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (506)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 5.20241 |
| 10.1617 | — | 5.36005 |
| 10.3261 | — | 5.52247 |
| 10.4931 | — | 5.63017 |
| 10.6628 | — | 5.66221 |
| 10.8353 | — | 5.69443 |
| 11.0106 | — | 5.71762 |
| 11.1886 | — | 5.72709 |
| 11.3696 | — | 5.73659 |
| 11.5535 | — | 5.7461 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Selenium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele034.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-4 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Selenium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele034.html
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Selenium is found in a few rare minerals such as crooksite and clausthalite. In years past it has been obtained from flue dusts remaining from processing copper sulfide ores, but the anode metal from electrolytic copper refineries now provide the source of most of the world's selenium. Selenium is recovered by roasting the mud with soda or sulfuric acid, or by smelting them with soda and niter.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Selenium https://periodic.lanl.gov/34.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Selenium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.