Chromium (Cr)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
51.9961 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Ar] 3d5 4s1द्रवणांक
1906.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
2670.85 °Cघनता
7150 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.66आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
6.76651 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1797अणुत्रिज्या
140 pmतपशील
Chromium is a hard transition metal best known for forming adherent, protective oxide films and for giving many minerals and compounds strong colors. It occurs mainly in chromite ores and is an important alloying element in stainless and heat-resisting steels. Its chemistry spans several oxidation states, especially +3 and +6, with a sharp contrast between relatively stable Cr(III) compounds and strongly oxidizing, often toxic Cr(VI) species.
Chromium is used extensively in automobile trim as chromium metal because of its shiny finish and corrosion resistance.
The name derives from the Greek chroma for "colour", from the many coloured compounds of chromium. It was discovered in 1797 by the French chemist and pharmacist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin, who also isolated chromium in 1798.
Chromium was discovered by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin while experimenting with a material known as Siberian red lead, also known as the mineral crocoite (PbCrO4), in 1797. He produced chromium oxide (CrO3) by mixing crocoite with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Although he believed a method for isolating chromium didn't yet exist, Vauquelin was pleasantly surprised in 1798 to discover that he was able to obtain metallic chromium by simply heating chromium oxide in a charcoal oven. Today, chromium is primarily obtained by heating the mineral chromite (FeCr2O4) in the presence of aluminum or silicon.
From the Greek word chroma, color. Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish. Discovered in 1797 by the Frenchman Louis Nicolas Vauquelin.
Pure chromium is a lustrous, silvery-gray metal with a high polish and a relatively high melting point. It is hard and brittle at room temperature, and its surface is rapidly passivated by a very thin oxide layer that resists further corrosion under many conditions.
The largest use of chromium is in ferrochrome for stainless steel, where chromium provides corrosion resistance by forming a passive surface film. It is also used in tool steels, superalloys, wear-resistant coatings, and hard chromium electroplating. Chromium compounds have been used in pigments, leather tanning, wood preservation, catalysts, and refractory materials, although several Cr(VI)-based uses have been restricted or replaced because of toxicity and environmental persistence.
Chromium is a blue-white metal that is hard, brittle and very corrosion resistant. Chromium can be polished to form a very shiny surface and is often plated to other metals to form a protective and attractive covering. Chromium is added to steel to harden it and to form stainless steel, a steel alloy that contains at least 10% chromium. Other chromium-steel alloys are used to make armor plate, safes, ball bearings and cutting tools.
Chromium forms many colorful compounds that have industrial uses. Lead chromate (PbCrO4), also known as chrome yellow, has been used as a yellow pigment in paints. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3), also known as chrome green, is the ninth most abundant compound in the earth's crust and is a widely used green pigment. Rubies and emeralds also owe their colors to chromium compounds. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used in the tanning of leather while other chromium compounds are used as mordants, materials which permanently fix dyes to fabrics. Chromium compounds are also used to anodize aluminum, a process which coats aluminum with a thick, protective layer of oxide. Chromite, chromium's primary ore, is used to make molds for the firing of bricks because of its high melting point, moderate thermal expansion and stable crystal structure.
Chromium is used to harden steel, manufacture stainless steel, and form many useful alloys. It is mostly used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium gives glass an emerald green color and is widely used as a catalyst.
The refractory industry uses chromite for forming bricks and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stability of crystalline structure.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of chromium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of chromium in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.24.1).
SiC grains are formed in very high-temperature events that occurred before the formation of the Solar System. The chemical and isotopic composition of certain elements in these grains, such as chromium, provides insights into the origin of the Solar System. The 54Cr nucleus is only produced by supernovae. Excess amounts of this isotope in the SiC grains (relative to terrestrial isotopic composition) in primitive meteorites suggest a heterogeneous distribution of 54Cr in the early Solar System and different sources of material to our Solar System [206] L. Qin, L. R. Nittler, C. M. O. D. Alexander, J. Wang, F. J. Stadermann, R. W. Carlson. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.75, 629 (2010).. The early solar nebula was divided into two components. One contained chromium depleted in the lighter isotopes and the other contained heavier chromium isotopes. Isotopic studies indicate these components formed a homogeneous mixture in the early Earth, but they separated during partitioning of the Earth’s core (Fig. IUPAC.24.1) [207] F. Moynier, Q. Z. Yin, E. Schauble. Science331, 1417 (2011)., [208] W. F. McDonough. Science331, 1397 (2011)..
Mobility and toxicity of chromium metal depend largely on the oxidation state of the element. Isotopes of chromium are fractionated by reduction-oxidation (redox) chemical reactions. The isotopic composition has been used to trace the origin of the element in the environment and provide information on reduction-oxidation chemical processes [209] A. S. Ellis, T. M. Johnson, T. D. Bullen. Science295, 2060 (2002)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Stable isotopes of chromium are used to investigate the metabolism of chromium (III), which is an essential nutrient. Chromium stable isotopes (53Cr and 54Cr) have been administered to patients and the relative metabolic activity of each isotope is measured to study insulin function in patients suffering from diabetes (a disease in which the body is unable to produce any or enough insulin, and/or is not able to properly use the insulin that it does produce, resulting in elevated levels of glucose in the blood) [210] H. M. Silver, M. A. Seebeck, R. M. Cowett, K. Y. Patterson, C. Veillon. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig.4, 254 (1997).. 51Cr and 53Cr have been used to label red blood cells to determine blood volume and life-time of red blood cells in the body [210] H. M. Silver, M. A. Seebeck, R. M. Cowett, K. Y. Patterson, C. Veillon. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig.4, 254 (1997)..
Chromium forms compounds in oxidation states from negative values in organometallic chemistry to +6, but +3 and +6 dominate common inorganic chemistry. Chromium(III) oxide, Cr₂O₃, is a stable green solid and an important pigment and refractory material. Chromium(VI) oxide, CrO₃, chromates such as potassium chromate, K₂CrO₄, and dichromates such as potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇, are strong oxidants. Chromium(II) chloride, CrCl₂, is a reducing Cr(II) salt used in specialized synthesis.
All compounds of chromium are colored. The most important chromates are those of sodium and potassium, the dichromates, and the potassium and ammonium chrome alums. The dichromates are used as oxidizing agents in quantitative analysis, also in tanning leather.
Other compounds are of industrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum.
See more information at the Chromium compound page.
Metallic chromium is not highly reactive in bulk form, but dusts and fumes from welding, grinding, or plating operations can be hazardous. Soluble Cr(VI) compounds are toxic, corrosive, sensitizing, and carcinogenic by inhalation, and they require strict exposure control. Cr(III) compounds are generally less mobile and less toxic, although concentrated salts and fine powders still present chemical and occupational hazards.
Chromium compounds are toxic and should be handled with proper safeguards.
Chromium is a natural trace constituent of rocks, soils, and sediments, commonly associated with ultramafic rocks and chromite minerals. In the environment, Cr(III) tends to form insoluble hydroxides and complexes with organic matter, while Cr(VI) oxyanions are more mobile in oxygenated waters. Industrial releases from plating, tanning, pigment manufacture, and waste disposal have produced localized contamination where redox conditions control persistence and transport.
Chromium is produced chiefly by mining chromite ore and reducing it to ferrochrome for steelmaking. South Africa, Kazakhstan, India, Turkey, and several other countries are important sources of chromite, so supply is tied to ore quality, energy costs, and metallurgical capacity. Demand is dominated by stainless steel production, with smaller markets for chemicals, refractories, and plating. Recycling occurs mainly through stainless steel and alloy scrap, which returns chromium to steel production and reduces dependence on primary ore.
The principal ore is chromite, which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, New Zealand, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, and the Phillippines. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum.
Chromium is a minor but widespread element in the cosmos, made mainly in massive stars and supernova nucleosynthesis near the iron peak. It is present in the Sun, meteorites, and rocky planetary materials. Isotopic ratios of chromium in meteorites are used in cosmochemistry to trace early Solar System reservoirs and nucleosynthetic contributions.
- The name chromium comes from the Greek word for color, reflecting its vividly colored compounds.
- Ruby owes its red color to trace Cr³⁺ substituting for aluminum in corundum.
- Chrome plating can be decorative, but engineering hard chrome is used mainly for wear resistance.
- Passivation by chromium oxide is the key reason stainless steel does not behave like ordinary carbon steel.
- Lead chromate, PbCrO₄, was once a major yellow pigment but is now restricted in many applications.
- Chromium metal is usually traded through ferrochrome rather than as pure metal.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 140 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 139 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 189 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 119 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 7150 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.00723 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 1906.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 2670.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 93.9 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.449 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 23.35 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पिंडकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.66 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.65
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.675 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 6.76651 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 16.486362 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 30.959107 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 49.160169 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 69.460239 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 6 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Ar] 3d5 4s1
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.21246826 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 3.518682 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 4.119811 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 4.119811 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 4.119604 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 24 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 28 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 30 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 3 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Cr-52
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1797
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 102 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 3 × 10−4 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 288 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 13, 1 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-47-3 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 7S3
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cr
- InChI की
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Cr: 3d⁵ 4s¹[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 52 स्थिर | ५१.९४०५०६२३ ± ०.००००००६३ | 83.7890% | स्थिर |
| 53 स्थिर | ५२.९४०६४८१५ ± ०.००००००६२ | 9.5010% | स्थिर |
| 54 स्थिर | ५३.९३८८७९१६ ± ०.००००००६१ | 2.3650% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (1906.85 °C) 1881.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
24 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cr I | 0 | 4369 | 527 | 4369 |
| Cr II | +1 | 5370 | 92 | 5370 |
| Cr III | +2 | 136 | 0 | 0 |
| Cr IV | +3 | 188 | 102 | 102 |
| Cr V | +4 | 193 | 104 | 193 |
| Cr VI | +5 | 102 | 26 | 102 |
| Cr VII | +6 | 143 | 4 | 143 |
| Cr VIII | +7 | 36 | 9 | 36 |
| Cr IX | +8 | 58 | 18 | 58 |
| Cr X | +9 | 75 | 46 | 75 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Cr I | 0 | 659 |
| Cr II | +1 | 914 |
| Cr III | +2 | 215 |
| Cr IV | +3 | 155 |
| Cr V | +4 | 47 |
| Cr VI | +5 | 63 |
| Cr VII | +6 | 66 |
| Cr VIII | +7 | 34 |
| Cr IX | +8 | 49 |
| Cr X | +9 | 39 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | low | 73 pm |
| +2 | 6 | high | 80 pm |
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 61.5 pm |
| +4 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 41 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +5 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 34.5 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 49 pm |
| +5 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +6 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 26 pm |
| +6 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 44 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (3)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 52 स्थिर | ५१.९४०५०६२३ ± ०.००००००६३ | 83.7890% ± 0.0180% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 53 स्थिर | ५२.९४०६४८१५ ± ०.००००००६२ | 9.5010% ± 0.0170% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 54 स्थिर | ५३.९३८८७९१६ ± ०.००००००६१ | 2.3650% ± 0.0070% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
2531 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 540.978408 nm | 8500 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 534.57965 nm | 5100 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 529.827202 nm | 3540 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 435.17622 nm | 3500 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 534.83147 nm | 3200 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 434.450128 nm | 3100 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 433.944609 nm | 2600 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 526.415341 nm | 2600 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 464.616212 nm | 2400 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 529.669109 nm | 2100 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 391.915844 nm | 2030 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 433.755701 nm | 1900 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 740.01798 nm | 1900 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4p z 7P* → 3d5.(6S).5s e 7S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 465.215743 nm | 1750 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 435.962444 nm | 1420 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 437.127465 nm | 1400 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 735.58903 nm | 1400 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4p z 7P* → 3d5.(6S).5s e 7S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 461.612404 nm | 1360 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 390.875593 nm | 1310 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 449.685195 nm | 1300 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s a 5S → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 524.756509 nm | 1250 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.074835 nm | 1190 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 433.971051 nm | 1120 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 462.617342 nm | 1100 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 435.104951 nm | 1080 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 438.4975 nm | 1060 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 526.571497 nm | 1050 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 452.64538 nm | 960 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 454.595302 nm | 930 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s a 5S → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 532.832346 nm | 930 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4p z 7P* → 3d5.(6S).4d e 7D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 388.32867 nm | 910 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.86372 nm | 880 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 388.521354 nm | 810 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 746.23079 nm | 800 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4p z 7P* → 3d5.(6S).5s e 7S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.073802 nm | 770 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 388.679508 nm | 740 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.102067 nm | 740 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.148757 nm | 720 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 697.83983 nm | 640 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 7P* → 3d5.(6S).4d e 7D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 396.3684 nm | 620 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p y 5H* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.569676 nm | 600 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 390.290908 nm | 590 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 455.864413 nm | 590 | Cr II | emission | 3d5 b 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 461.335727 nm | 590 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 396.974253 nm | 570 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p y 5H* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 458.004789 nm | 560 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s a 5S → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 530.074563 nm | 530 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 397.665859 nm | 520 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p y 5H* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 454.04987 nm | 500 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 459.139098 nm | 490 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 122 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 111 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 103 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 140 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 302.3 pm
- MM3
- 225 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 233 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 128 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 51
- Pettifor
- 57
- Glawe
- 55
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 83 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 12 a.u.
- C₆
- 602 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 709 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक आसक्ती
- प्रोटॉन आसक्ती
- 791.3 kJ/mol
- वायूची क्षारकता
- 768.4 kJ/mol
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 7.23 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 5
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 37
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 6
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 46
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 44
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 62
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 2180.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 2944.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (7)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5862 |
| 2 | p | 3.9248 |
| 2 | s | 7.0162 |
| 3 | d | 14.2434 |
| 3 | p | 12.534 |
| 3 | s | 11.6322 |
| 4 | s | 18.8668 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (10)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | LS | 87 | estimated, |
| 2 | VI | HS | 94 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 3 | VI | 75.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | IV | 55 | ||
| 4 | VI | 69 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | IV | 48.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 63 | estimated, from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VIII | 71 | ||
| 6 | IV | 40 | ||
| 6 | VI | 58 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (52)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 41 | p | — |
| 42 | B+ | 100% |
| 42 | B+p | 94.4% |
| 42 | 2p | — |
| 43 | B+ | 100% |
| 43 | B+p | 79.3% |
| 43 | 2p | 11.6% |
| 43 | 3p | 0.1% |
| 43 | B+A | — |
| 44 | B+ | 100% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (751)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0.42 | -0.0076 | 0.02756 |
| 0.46 | -0.01 | 0.03022 |
| 0.5 | -0.0123 | 0.03301 |
| 0.54 | -0.0148 | 0.03586 |
| 0.58 | -0.0176 | 0.03897 |
| 0.62 | -0.0202 | 0.04225 |
| 0.66 | -0.0225 | 0.04515 |
| 0.7 | -0.0257 | 0.04771 |
| 0.74 | -0.0292 | 0.05056 |
| 0.78 | -0.0332 | 0.05331 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.02×102 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Chromium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele024.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3×10-4 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Chromium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele024.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The principal ore is chromite, which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, New Zealand, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, and the Phillippines. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Chromium https://periodic.lanl.gov/24.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Chromium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.