Actinium (Ac)
actinideSolid
표준 원자량
[227]전자 배치
[Rn] 7s2 6d1녹는점
1050.85 °C끓는점
3197.85 °C밀도
1.007e+4 kg/m³산화 상태
+3전기 음성도(Pauling)
1.1제1 이온화 에너지
5.380235 eV발견 연도
1899원자 반지름
195 pm상세 정보
Actinium is a radioactive actinide metal and the element that gives the actinide series its name. Natural actinium is present only in minute amounts, chiefly as ²²⁷Ac in uranium decay chains. Its chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state and resembles that of lanthanum more than the later, more strongly 5f-influenced actinides. Because all isotopes are radioactive and scarce, most knowledge comes from tracer-scale chemistry rather than ordinary bulk handling.
Actinium-227, a decay product of uranium-235, is a beta emitter with a 21.6-year half-life. Its principal decay products are thorium-227 (18.5-day half-life), radium-223 (11.4-day half-life), and a number of short-lived products including radon, bismuth, polonium, and lead isotopes. In equilibrium with its decay products, it is a powerful source of alpha particles. Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor at about 1100 to 1300-degrees C. The chemical behavior of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. Purified actinium comes into equilibrium with its decay products at the end of 185 days, and then decays according to its 21.6-year half-life. It is about 150 times as active as radium, making it of value in the production of neutrons.
In April of 2012, Los Alamos National Laboratory announced a new medical isotope project that shows promise for rapidly producing major quantities of a new cancer-treatment agent, actinium 225 (Ac-225). Both a press release and a video are available.
Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, while experimenting with new methods of separating rare earth oxides. Friedrich Otto Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902. Actinium is a rare element that is present in uranium ores in tiny amounts, but it is usually cheaper and easier to create actinium when it is needed by bombarding radium with neutrons in a nuclear reactor.
Actinium's most stable isotope, actinium-227, has a half-life of 21.77 years. It decays into francium-223 through alpha decay or into thorium-227 through beta decay.
From the Greek aktis, aktinos, meaning beam or ray. Discovered by Andre Debierne in 1899 and independently by F. Giesel in 1902. Occurs naturally in association with uranium minerals.
A freshly prepared macroscopic sample has rarely been available. Metallic actinium is described as silvery, but its bulk appearance and many physical properties are not as well characterized as those of common metals. It is expected to tarnish rapidly in air and to be self-luminous in the dark from intense radioactivity exciting surrounding materials.
Actinium has no broad commercial use as an elemental material. ²²⁵Ac is important in research and limited clinical development for targeted alpha therapy, where it is attached to carrier molecules intended to deliver alpha-emitting decay products to diseased cells. ²²⁷Ac has been used as a source for generating ²²⁷Th and other decay-chain nuclides, and actinium isotopes are used in radiochemical research, detector calibration, and studies of actinide separation chemistry. Proposed neutron-source uses with light-element targets are historically noted but are not a major present application.
Actinium has no significant commercial applications, although it is used in the production of neutrons.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
227Ac (with a half-life of 21.77 years) has been used as a tracer of deep-sea mixing in the oceans. By determining concentrations of 227Ac in a water column, scientists can study the rates and patterns of mixing and other vertical exchange processes [583] W. Geibert, M. M. Rutgers van der Loeff, C. Hanfland, H. J. Dauelsberg. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett.198, 147 (2002).. As a product of the 235U decay chain, 227Ac and other radioisotopes have been used to determine information about the movement of fluids in mid-oceanic ridges and basaltic melts [584] D. McKenzie. Chem. Geol.162, 81 (2000)., [585] W. S. Moore, W. Ussler III, C. K. Paull. Mar. Chem.109, 421 (2008)..
Isotopes in Medicine
225Ac (with a half-life of 10 days) can be used in cancer treatments (Fig. IUPAC.89.1). The isotope is attached to a chelating agent (a substance that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion) and delivered to the problem site. The emissions of alpha particles from actinium and its daughter products cause tumor death [586] M. R. McDevitt, D. Ma, L. T. Lai, J. Simon, P. Borchardt, R. K. Frank, K. Wu, V. Pellegrini, M. J. Curcio, M. Miederer, N. H. Bander, D. A. Scheinberg. Science294, 1537 (2001).. 225Ac in a series of alpha decays produces 213Bi (with a half-life of 0.76 h), which is also used for radioimmunotherapy [587] D. Ma, M. R. McDevitt, R. D. Finn, D. A. Scheinberg. Appl. Radiat. Isot.55, 667 (2001)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
225Ac, which is a pure alpha emitter, is used to produce 213Bi with an 225Ac/ 213Bi radionuclide generator (Fig. IUPAC.89.2). 213Bi is a mixed alpha and beta emitter. The primary mode of decay is by beta emission to the very short-lived, alpha emitter 213Po. The 8.4 MeV alpha particle emitted by 213Po has a path length of 76 μm in human tissue and is responsible for its cytotoxic effects.
Actinium chemistry is almost entirely trivalent, with Ac³⁺ forming colorless or pale salts in the absence of colored counterions. Representative compounds include actinium oxide, Ac₂O₃, actinium fluoride, AcF₃, actinium chloride, AcCl₃, and actinium hydroxide, Ac(OH)₃. The ion is large and hard, so it favors oxygen- and fluorine-donor ligands and forms sparingly soluble fluorides, phosphates, oxalates, and hydroxides. Higher oxidation states are not established for ordinary actinium chemistry.
See more information at the Actinium compound page.
All actinium isotopes are radioactive, and safety depends strongly on isotope, activity, chemical form, and route of exposure. ²²⁷Ac is long-lived enough to persist and produces a chain of radioactive daughters, while ²²⁵Ac is a potent alpha emitter used only under controlled radiochemical conditions. Internal uptake is the principal concern because alpha particles cause severe local ionization in tissue. External gamma radiation from daughter products can also require shielding and remote handling.
Natural actinium occurs at trace levels in uranium-bearing minerals as part of decay chains and is continuously formed and lost by radioactive decay. In the environment Ac³⁺ is expected to bind strongly to mineral surfaces, organic matter, and phosphate- or carbonate-containing solids, limiting mobility under many conditions. It has no known biological role. Releases outside specialized nuclear or radiochemical settings are uncommon, and environmental behavior is inferred largely from tracer studies and analog chemistry.
Actinium is not traded as a bulk commodity. Usable quantities are obtained by radiochemical separation from decay products or by accelerator and reactor routes, depending on the isotope required. ²²⁵Ac supply is especially constrained because it must be isolated from suitable parent nuclides or produced by irradiation, followed by difficult purification from chemically similar actinides and radioactive daughters. Costs and availability are therefore governed by nuclear infrastructure, isotope purity, licensing, and short logistical timelines rather than mining demand. Recycling is mainly recovery from radiochemical processing streams.
Extremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor.
Actinium has no stable isotopes, so any primordial actinium has long since decayed. In nature and in planetary materials it exists only as a transient member of heavy-element decay chains, especially those derived from uranium and thorium. The heavy nuclei that ultimately feed these chains were produced by neutron-capture processes in earlier stellar events, but actinium itself is not a significant cosmic reservoir.
- Actinium was discovered through its radioactivity before its chemistry could be studied in ordinary amounts.
- The name comes from the Greek word for a ray or beam.
- ²²⁷Ac is a decay product in the ²³⁵U series.
- The element is usually handled at tracer scale, where carrier chemistry is often needed.
- Ac³⁺ is among the largest tripositive actinide ions.
- Separating actinium from lanthanum is chemically difficult because their ionic behavior is similar.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 195 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 215 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 260 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 1.007 × 104 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.02254 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 1050.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 3197.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.12 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 27.2 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 면심 입방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 1.1 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전자 친화도
- 0.35 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 5.380235 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 11.75004 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 17.43606 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 44.800154 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 55.000189 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- +3 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 3 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Rn] 7s2 6d1
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.14510027 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 4.145722 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 4.456651 eV
- 원자화열
- 4.456651 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 4.207908 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 89 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 138 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 33 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 0 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 질량수(가장 안정한 동위원소)
- 227
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Ac-227
- 발견 연도
- 1899
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 5.5e-10 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 531 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-34-8 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 2D3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ac
- InChI 키
- QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Ac: 6d¹ 7s²[Rn] 6d¹ 7s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶ 6d¹ 7s²원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
안정 동위원소가 없습니다.
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 212 방사성 | 212.007813 ± 0.000055 | 해당 없음 | 895 ms |
| 213 방사성 | 213.006609 ± 0.000056 | 해당 없음 | 738 ms |
| 216 방사성 | 216.008743 ± 0.000012 | 해당 없음 | 440 us |
| 210 방사성 | 210.009436 ± 0.000062 | 해당 없음 | 350 ms |
| 211 방사성 | 211.007732 ± 0.000057 | 해당 없음 | 213 ms |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(1050.85 °C)보다 1025.8 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 89개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ac I | 0 | 153 | 95 | 113 |
| Ac II | +1 | 345 | 294 | 319 |
| Ac III | +2 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Ac IV | +3 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Ac I | 0 | 53 |
| Ac II | +1 | 84 |
| Ac III | +2 | 8 |
| Ac IV | +3 | 2 |
| Ac V | +4 | 2 |
| Ac VI | +5 | 2 |
| Ac VII | +6 | 2 |
| Ac VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Ac IX | +8 | 2 |
| Ac X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 112.00000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 9 | 해당 없음 | 122 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (5)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 212 방사성 | 212.007813 ± 0.000055 | 해당 없음 | 895 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 213 방사성 | 213.006609 ± 0.000056 | 해당 없음 | 738 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 216 방사성 | 216.008743 ± 0.000012 | 해당 없음 | 440 us | α =100%β+ ? | |
| 210 방사성 | 210.009436 ± 0.000062 | 해당 없음 | 350 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 211 방사성 | 211.007732 ± 0.000057 | 해당 없음 | 213 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? |
스펙트럼선
전체 213개 중 50개를 표시합니다. 기본적으로 세기가 측정된 스펙트럼선만 표시됩니다.
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 391.4468 nm | 24000 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 5f.7s 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 417.99772 nm | 17000 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 481.2218 nm | 16000 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 7s.7p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 438.64 nm | 15000 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 1D → 6d.7p 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 397.736 nm | 13000 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 445.2188 nm | 12000 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 6d.7p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 388.55592 nm | 9000 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 401.9622 nm | 8700 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 5f.6d 1G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 544.6367 nm | 8700 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 435.9118 nm | 7300 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 7s.7p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 446.27307 nm | 6900 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 471.65807 nm | 6900 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 495.8233 nm | 6800 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 1D → 6d.7p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 384.304 nm | 6600 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 392.0101 nm | 6500 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3P → 5f.6d 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 418.31199 nm | 6400 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 439.67158 nm | 5800 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 419.43971 nm | 5300 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 494.5181 nm | 5300 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 496.0869 nm | 4900 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 461.39285 nm | 4000 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527.15603 nm | 3800 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 406.31064 nm | 3700 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 407.8693 nm | 3700 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 6d.7p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 403.4629 nm | 3500 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d2.(3F).7p 4G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 420.9682 nm | 3500 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 5f.7s 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 669.5231 nm | 3300 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 474.0522 nm | 2600 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 1G → 6d.7p 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 515.6541 nm | 2100 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 5f.7s 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 383.53206 nm | 1900 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 488.9102 nm | 1800 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 5f.7s 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 480.7843 nm | 1700 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 1D → 6d.7p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 534.47384 nm | 1700 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 400.5469 nm | 1500 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 1G → 5f.6d 3G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 536.2615 nm | 1400 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 522.8309 nm | 1300 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 454.408 nm | 1200 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 1D → 7s.7p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 461.01055 nm | 1100 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 422.599 nm | 1000 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 387.7035 nm | 980 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7p 3P* → 5f.7p 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 420.89072 nm | 960 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 469.05284 nm | 960 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 521.5399 nm | 960 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3P → 6d.7p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 486.88523 nm | 890 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 526.4481 nm | 890 | Ac I | emission | 7s2.7p 2P* → 7s2.8s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 440.21056 nm | 860 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 447.18106 nm | 850 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 421.80204 nm | 740 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3P).7p 2D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 462.16811 nm | 710 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 426.8209 nm | 570 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 186 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 153 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 140 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Alvarez
- 280 pm
- UFF
- 347.8 pm
- MM3
- 308 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 293 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 14
- Pettifor
- 48
- Glawe
- 33
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 203 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 12 a.u.
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 1323.15 K |
| 끓는점 | 3473.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (2)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 126 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | — | 136 |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (56)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 205 | A | 100% |
| 205 | B+ | — |
| 206 | A | 100% |
| 206 | B+ | — |
| 207 | A | 100% |
| 208 | A | 100% |
| 208 | B+ | — |
| 209 | A | 100% |
| 209 | B+ | — |
| 210 | A | 100% |
X선 산란 인자 (516)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.19484 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.15672 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.11982 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.0841 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.04952 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.01604 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.98234 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.94669 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.91233 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.88152 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
5.5×10-10 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Actinium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele089.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Actinium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele089.html
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Actinium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.