Bismuth (Bi)
post-transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
208.9804 u전자 배치
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3녹는점
271.4 °C끓는점
1563.85 °C밀도
9807 kg/m³산화 상태
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5전기 음성도(Pauling)
2.02제1 이온화 에너지
7.285516 eV발견 연도
1753원자 반지름
160 pm상세 정보
Bismuth is a heavy post-transition metal and the heaviest element with a primordial isotope that is effectively stable on human timescales. Natural bismuth is almost entirely ²⁰⁹Bi, now known to be very weakly radioactive by alpha decay. It has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal, low thermal conductivity, a low melting point, and a strong tendency to form +3 compounds. These traits make it useful where lead, cadmium, or mercury are undesirable.
It is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs in a native state. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field).
The name derives from the German weisse masse for "white mass" from the colour of its oxides. The ancients did not distinguish bismuth from lead. The French chemist Claude-Francois Geoffroy showed that bismuth was distinct from lead in 1753.
Bismuth, which has been known since ancient times, was often confused with lead and tin. Bismuth was first shown to be a distinct element in 1753 by Claude Geoffroy the Younger. Bismuth does occur free in nature and in such minerals as bismuthinite (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). The largest deposits of bismuth are found in Bolivia, although bismuth is usually obtained as a by-product of mining and refining lead, copper, tin, silver and gold.
From the German Weisse Masse, meaning white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753.
Pure bismuth is a brittle, crystalline metal with a silvery white surface that often shows a pinkish tint. Fresh crystals readily develop iridescent oxide films. It expands on solidifying, a behavior shared by few common elements.
Bismuth is used in low-melting alloys for fire-sprinkler links, fuses, solders, and precision casting. It is a common lead substitute in some free-machining metals, shot, fishing weights, and plumbing-related solders. Bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and catalysts. Bismuth subsalicylate, C₇H₅BiO₄, is a long-established gastrointestinal medicine, and bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl, gives pearly effects in cosmetic formulations.
Pure bismuth is a white, brittle metal with a slight pink color. Bismuth is usually mixed with other metals, such as lead, tin, iron or cadmium to form low-melting alloys. These alloys are used in such things as automatic fire sprinkler systems, fire detection systems and electrical fuses.
Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), a bismuth compound, is used as a yellow pigment in paints and cosmetics. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is used to make a pigment known as bismuth white. Bismuth carbonate (Bi2(CO3)3) is used to treat diarrhea and gastric ulcers.
Once thought to be the heaviest stable isotope to exist in nature, experiments conducted in 2002 showed that bismuth-209 is unstable and decays into thallium-205 through alpha decay. Bismuth-209 has a half-life of roughly 19,000,000,000,000,000,000 years.
"Bismanol" is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235U or 233U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine.
Isotopes in Medicine
212Bi and 213Bi (with half-lives of 1 h and 0.76 h, respectively) are both used in medicine for radioimmunotherapy as bismuth-labeled monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer cells from melanoma (skin cancer) (Fig. IUPAC.83.1) and ovarian cancer [559] D. E. Milenic, M. Roselli, S. Mirzadeh, C. G. Pippin, O. A. Gansow, D. Colcher, M. W. Brechbiel, J. Schlom. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm.16, 133 (2001).. Figure 4.83.2 compares the biologic effect of 131I and 213Bi using a specific monoclonal antibody, B-B4, coupled to 213Bi by a chelating agent (a substance that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion). 213Bi is a mixed alpha and beta emitter with a half-life of 0.76 h. The primary mode of decay is by beta emission to the very short-lived alpha emitter 213Po. The 8.4 MeV alpha particle emitted by 213Po has a path length of 76 μm in human tissue and is responsible for its cytotoxic effects (toxic to living cells). 213Bi is produced from a series of alpha particle decays beginning with 225Ac, which is a pure alpha emitter with a half-life of 10 days. A schematic of the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Standard 225Ac/ 213Bi Radionuclide Generator is shown in Fig. IUPAC.83.3.
212Bi has been used for radioimmunotherapy of leukemia and for targeting the vascular endothelial cells (thin layer of simple squamous cells that forms the interface between circulating blood or lymph and the remainder of the vessel wall) of tumors [560] F. Hartmann, E. M. Horak, K. Garmestani, C. Wu, M. W. Brechbiel, R. W. Kozak, J. Tso, S. A. Kosteiny, O. A. Gansow, D. L. Nelson. Cancer Res.54, 4362 (1994)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
209Bi is bombarded with neutrons in a nuclear reactor to form radioactive 210Bi. The 210Bi (with a half-life of 5 days) decays via the reaction 210Bi→ 210Po+β −. The half-life of 210Po is 138 days and it is used in static eliminators in machinery [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf..
Bismuth chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, with the +5 state less stable and strongly oxidizing in many compounds. Bismuth(III) oxide, Bi₂O₃, is an important oxide with several polymorphs and high oxide-ion conductivity in some phases. Bismuth trichloride, BiCl₃, hydrolyzes readily in water to give oxychloride species. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate, Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O, is a common laboratory precursor. Organobismuth compounds exist but are less broadly used than analogous phosphorus or arsenic chemistry.
See more information at the Bismuth compound page.
Elemental bismuth and many insoluble bismuth compounds are comparatively low in toxicity, but this does not make all bismuth materials harmless. Soluble salts, dusts, and pharmaceutical overuse can cause adverse effects, including kidney or neurological problems in severe cases. Molten bismuth presents ordinary burn and metal-fume precautions. Natural ²⁰⁹Bi is radioactive only at an extremely low specific activity, so its radiological hazard is normally negligible.
Bismuth occurs at low abundance in the crust, commonly associated with sulfide ores of lead, copper, tin, and tungsten. Native bismuth and minerals such as bismuthinite, Bi₂S₃, are known but not usually mined alone. In soils and waters, bismuth tends to form sparingly soluble oxides, sulfides, and basic salts, limiting mobility under many conditions. It has no established essential biological role.
Bismuth is obtained mainly as a by-product of refining lead, copper, tin, tungsten, and other metal ores, rather than from dedicated bismuth mines. Supply therefore depends strongly on the processing of other metals. Demand is supported by substitution for more toxic heavy metals, especially lead, and by uses in alloys, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recycling occurs from some alloy and manufacturing scrap, but dispersed uses in cosmetics, medicines, and small components are difficult to recover economically.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
Bismuth is a rare heavy element in cosmic terms. Its stable primordial inventory was made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from the slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile and siderophile trace element, concentrating preferentially in sulfide-rich and metallic phases rather than in common silicates.
- Bismuth is more strongly diamagnetic than any other stable metal.
- Its liquid form is denser than its solid form, so it expands when it freezes.
- The half-life of ²⁰⁹Bi is about 1.9 × 10¹⁹ years.
- Bismuth crystals sold as ornaments usually owe their colors to a thin oxide film.
- Bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, is a major thermoelectric material near room temperature.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 160 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 148 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 207 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 151 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 9807 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0213 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 271.4 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 1563.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 7.9 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.122 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 25.52 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 능면체 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 2.02 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 2.01
- 전자 친화도
- 0.942 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 7.285516 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 16.703057 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 25.570838 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 45.370156 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 54.856189 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 5 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3
열역학적 특성
- 임계점(온도)
- 4347 °C
- 융해열
- 0.11297093 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 1.56501 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 2.176504 eV
- 원자화열
- 2.176504 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 2.172358 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 83 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 126 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 41 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 0 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Bi-209
- 발견 연도
- 1753
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 0.009 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 2 × 10−5 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 475 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-69-9 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Bi
- InChI 키
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Bi: 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
안정 동위원소가 없습니다.
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 189 방사성 | 188.989195 ± 0.000022 | 해당 없음 | 688 ms |
| 208 방사성 | 207.9797425 ± 0.0000025 | 해당 없음 | 368 ky |
| 195 방사성 | 194.9806488 ± 0.0000057 | 해당 없음 | 183 초 |
| 201 방사성 | 200.97701 ± 0.000016 | 해당 없음 | 103 분 |
| 217 방사성 | 217.009372 ± 0.000019 | 해당 없음 | 98.5 초 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(271.4 °C)보다 246.4 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
심화
원자 스펙트럼
전체 83개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 69 | 39 | 63 |
| Bi II | +1 | 111 | 4 | 16 |
| Bi III | +2 | 204 | 204 | 204 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 45 | 0 | 0 |
| Bi V | +4 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 75 |
| Bi II | +1 | 78 |
| Bi III | +2 | 68 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 38 |
| Bi V | +4 | 15 |
| Bi VI | +5 | 115 |
| Bi VII | +6 | 2 |
| Bi VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Bi IX | +8 | 2 |
| Bi X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 5 | 해당 없음 | 96 pm |
| +3 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 103 pm |
| +3 | 8 | 해당 없음 | 117 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 76 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (5)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 189 방사성 | 188.989195 ± 0.000022 | 해당 없음 | 688 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 208 방사성 | 207.9797425 ± 0.0000025 | 해당 없음 | 368 ky | β+ =100% | |
| 195 방사성 | 194.9806488 ± 0.0000057 | 해당 없음 | 183 초 | β+ ≈100%α =0.030±1.2% | |
| 201 방사성 | 200.97701 ± 0.000016 | 해당 없음 | 103 분 | β+ =100% | |
| 217 방사성 | 217.009372 ± 0.000019 | 해당 없음 | 98.5 초 | β- =100% |
스펙트럼선
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 384.893 nm | 21 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 392.72 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(3P) 2P → 6s2.8p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 393.036 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 422.469 nm | 350 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 423.421 nm | 280 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 425.9413 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 430.1697 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 430.653 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 432.792 nm | 360 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7p 2P* → 6s2.8s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 456.143 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7s 2S → 6s2.7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 470.5285 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,1/2) → 6s2.6p.7d (1/2,3/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 472.883 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 475.128 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 479.742 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 480.9082 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6p 2P* → 6s2.6p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 505.244 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 507.928 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 512.4356 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (3/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (3/2,3/2) | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 514.4507 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 520.9325 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 613.907 nm | 22 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 614.039 nm | 150 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 616.071 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 662.323 nm | 180 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.8p 2P* → 6s2.8d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 738.23 nm | 해당 없음 | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 151 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 141 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 135 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Bragg)
- 148 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Truhlar
- 207 pm
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 254 pm
- UFF
- 437 pm
- MM3
- 266 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 250 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 178 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 97
- Pettifor
- 87
- Glawe
- 92
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 48 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 513 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 19.32 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 2
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 42
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 9
- 매장량 분포
- 75
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 24
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 24
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 544.55 K |
| 끓는점 | 1837.15 K |
| 임계점(온도) | 4620.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (15)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.6018 |
| 2 | p | 4.533 |
| 2 | s | 21.824 |
| 3 | d | 13.4585 |
| 3 | p | 23.0678 |
| 3 | s | 24.1145 |
| 4 | d | 37.7608 |
| 4 | f | 37.9308 |
| 4 | p | 36.1496 |
| 4 | s | 35.2928 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (4)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | V | 110 | calculated, | |
| 3 | VI | 117 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 131 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 90 | estimated, |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (70)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 184 | A | 100% |
| 185 | p | — |
| 185 | A | — |
| 186 | A | 100% |
| 186 | B+ | — |
| 186 | B+SF | 0% |
| 187 | A | 100% |
| 188 | A | 100% |
| 188 | B+ | — |
| 188 | B+SF | 0% |
X선 산란 인자 (516)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 5.59475 |
| 10.1617 | — | 5.63587 |
| 10.3261 | — | 5.67729 |
| 10.4931 | — | 5.71901 |
| 10.6628 | — | 5.74574 |
| 10.8353 | — | 5.7564 |
| 11.0106 | — | 5.76707 |
| 11.1886 | — | 5.77776 |
| 11.3696 | — | 5.78847 |
| 11.5535 | — | 5.7834 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-5 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Bismuth https://periodic.lanl.gov/83.shtml
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Bismuth.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.