Iridium (Ir)
transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
192.217 u전자 배치
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d7녹는점
2445.85 °C끓는점
4427.85 °C밀도
2.25622e+4 kg/m³산화 상태
−3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9전기 음성도(Pauling)
2.2제1 이온화 에너지
8.96702 eV발견 연도
1803원자 반지름
135 pm상세 정보
Iridium is a very dense platinum-group transition metal with exceptional resistance to corrosion and high-temperature attack. It occurs naturally mainly with platinum-group minerals and in nickel-copper sulfide ores. Chemically it forms robust complexes, especially in oxidation states +3 and +4, and it is notable for the global iridium anomaly associated with the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary impact layer.
Iridium, a metal of the platinum family, is white (similar to platinum) but with a slight yellowish cast. Because iridium is very hard and brittle, it is hard to machine, form, or work.
It is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, and was used in making the standard meter bar of Paris, which is a 90 percent platinum and 10 percent iridium alloy. This meter bar was replaced in 1960 as a fundamental unit of length (see Krypton).
Iridium is not attacked by any of the acids nor by aqua regia, but is attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. The specific gravity of iridium is to osmium's specific gravity. Calculations of the densities of iridium and osmium from the space lattices give values of 22.65 and 22.61 g/cm^3, respectively. These values may be more reliable than actual physical measurements for determining which element is heavier.
The name derives from the Latin Iris, the Greek goddess of rainbows, because of the variety of colours in the element's salt solutions. Iridium and osmium were both discovered in a crude platinum ore in 1803 by the English chemist Smithson Tennant. Iridium was discovered independently by the French chemist H. V. Collet-Descotils, who actually published his paper one month before Tennant, but Tennant is given credit for the discovery, perhaps because he alone also found osmium in the ore.
Iridium and osmium were discovered at the same time by the British chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803. Iridium and osmium were identified in the black residue remaining after dissolving platinum ore with aqua regia, a mixture of 25% nitric acid (HNO3) and 75% hydrochloric acid (HCl). Today, iridium is still obtained from platinum ores and as a by-product of mining nickel.
From the Latin word iris meaning rainbow. Tennant discovered iridium in 1803 in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. The name iridium is appropriate because its salts are highly colored.
Pure iridium is a hard, brittle, silvery-white metal with a high luster. It remains bright in air under ordinary conditions and has an unusually high melting point. Bulk metal is difficult to machine because of its hardness and brittleness.
Iridium is used where chemical durability and high-temperature strength justify its cost. Major applications include crucibles for growing oxide crystals, spark-plug electrodes, electrical contacts, and wear-resistant alloys with platinum or osmium. Iridium coatings and components are used in some aerospace and industrial equipment. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators have used ¹⁹²Ir? No; ¹⁹²Ir is chiefly a gamma source for industrial radiography and some brachytherapy, not an energy source.
Pure iridium is very brittle and is nearly impossible to machine. It is primarily used as a hardening agent for platinum. Platinum-iridium alloys are used to make crucibles and other high temperature equipment. Iridium is also alloyed with osmium to make the tips of fountain pens and compass bearings.
Iridium is the most corrosive resistant metal known. For this reason, the standard meter bar was created from an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. This bar was replaced as the definition of the meter in 1960 when the meter was redefined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of krypton-86.
A thin, worldwide layer of iridium exists in a layer of sediment that was put down at the end of the Cretaceous period. Since meteors and asteroids contain a higher percentage of iridium than the earth's crust, this iridium enriched layer is seen as evidence that the earth was struck by a large meteor or asteroid at that time. Dust from the impact would have spread around the globe, depositing the iridium. The dust also would have blocked the sun for a time, resulting in the extinction of many plant and animal species, including the dinosaurs.
Although its principal use is as a hardening agent for platinum, iridium is also used to make crucibles and devices requiring high temperatures. It is also used for electrical contacts.
The element forms an alloy with osmium which is used for tipping pens and compass bearings.
Isotopes in Industry
Metallic 192Ir (with a half-life of 74 days) is used as a radiation source in gamma cameras for non-destructive testing of products for manufacturing flaws, such as aircraft parts, boilers, and pipeline welds (Fig. IUPAC.77.1) [274] P. Hayward, D. Currie. “Radiography of welds using seleniuim 75, Ir 192 and x-rays”, in Asia-Pacific Conference on NDT, Auckland, New Zealand (2006)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Metallic 192Ir is used in brachytherapy [188] S. J. Adelstein, F. J. Manning. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, pp. 20–25, National Academy Press, Washington DC (1995)., [521] A. Talamo, Y. Gohar. Radioactive Isotope Production for Medical Applications Using Kharkov Electron Driven Subcritical Assembly Facility, ANL-07/18, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, Illinois (2007)., [522] S. A. Buzdar, M. A. Gadhi, M. A. Rao, N. A. Laghari, M. Anees. J. Pak. Med. Assoc.59, 113 (2009)., [523] T. Genkaa, S. Iwamotoa, E. Juitab, N. Takeuchia. Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment.369, 709 (1996).. 191mIr (with a half-life of 5 s) is used for blood flow imaging (angiography), especially in pediatric populations [524] K. J. Kairemo, M. S. Kestilä, S. Savolainen, O. A. Korhola, J. V. Hiltunen, R. I. Svahn, E. T. Korppi Tommola, F. F. Knapp, C. Brihaye. J. Nucl. Biol. Med.38, 86 (1994)., [525] S. T. Treves, A. B. Packard, L. C. T. Fung. J. Nucl. Med.45, 508 (2004).. The m in the superscript 191mIr indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
Iridium consists of two stable isotopes (191Ir and 193Ir) from which the radioactive isotopes 192Ir and 195mPt (with a half-life of 4 days) can be produced. Both are used in nuclear medicine. The m in the superscript 195mPt indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Iridium chemistry is dominated by coordination compounds and oxides rather than simple salts. Common oxidation states are +3 and +4, while lower and higher states occur in organometallic or strongly oxidizing systems. Iridium(IV) oxide, IrO₂, is an electrically conducting oxide used in dimensionally stable anodes and electrochemical research. Hexachloroiridic acid, H₂IrCl₆, and related chloroiridate salts are important refining and precursor compounds. The complex [Ir(ppy)₃] is a representative phosphorescent organoiridium emitter.
See more information at the Iridium compound page.
Massive iridium metal is chemically inert and has low acute toxicity, but finely divided powder can present dust and fire hazards. Soluble iridium salts and organoiridium compounds should be treated as potentially toxic because biological effects are compound-specific and incompletely characterized. The radionuclide ¹⁹²Ir emits penetrating gamma radiation and requires strict shielding and source control.
Iridium is extremely scarce in the crust and is usually dispersed with other platinum-group elements. Natural mobility is low because the metal and many of its minerals are resistant to weathering, although complexing ligands and industrial processing can mobilize small amounts. The sharp enrichment of iridium in some boundary clays is widely used as evidence for extraterrestrial material mixed into sediment.
Iridium is recovered chiefly as a by-product of platinum-group metal refining from nickel-copper sulfide ores and platinum placers. Supply is constrained by the production of the host metals, complex separation chemistry, and limited primary deposits. Demand is small but specialized, so substitution is possible in some electrical and catalytic uses but difficult in high-temperature crucibles and certain corrosion-resistant components. Recycling from spent electrodes, crucibles, and industrial scrap is important because the metal is rare and costly to replace.
Iridium occurs uncombined in nature with platinum and other metals of this family in alluvial deposits. It is recovered as a by-product from the nickel mining industry.
Iridium is a heavy r-process and s-process element made in late stellar evolution and explosive astrophysical environments. In the Solar System it is far more abundant in primitive meteorites than in Earth’s crust, because much of Earth’s original inventory partitioned into the core during differentiation. This siderophile behavior makes iridium a sensitive tracer of meteoritic input.
- Iridium is one of the densest elements, close to osmium in measured density.
- The name comes from Iris, reflecting the varied colors of some iridium salts.
- Iridium metal resists attack by aqua regia better than most noble metals.
- The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer is enriched in iridium relative to ordinary crustal rocks.
- Iridium crucibles are used to grow some high-melting oxide crystals.
- Natural iridium consists mainly of the stable isotopes ¹⁹¹Ir and ¹⁹³Ir.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 135 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 141 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 202 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 127 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 2.25622 × 104 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.00854 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 2445.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 4427.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 147 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.131 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 25.1 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 면심 입방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 2.2 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.68
- 전자 친화도
- 1.565 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 8.96702 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 17.000059 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 28.000096 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 40.000138 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 57.000196 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 9 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d7
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.27050837 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 6.26004 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 6.944085 eV
- 원자화열
- 6.944085 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 6.93372 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 77 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 116 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 43 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 2 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Ir-193
- 발견 연도
- 1803
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 0.001 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 384 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7439-88-5 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 4F9/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ir
- InChI 키
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Ir: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁷ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁷ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁷ 6s²원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 191 안정 | 190.9605893 ± 0.0000021 | 37.3000% | 안정 |
| 193 안정 | 192.9629216 ± 0.0000021 | 62.7000% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(2445.85 °C)보다 2420.8 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 77개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ir I | 0 | 402 | 70 | 398 |
| Ir II | +1 | 473 | 129 | 473 |
| Ir IV | +3 | 1374 | 1374 | 1374 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Ir I | 0 | 231 |
| Ir II | +1 | 76 |
| Ir III | +2 | 2 |
| Ir IV | +3 | 224 |
| Ir V | +4 | 2 |
| Ir VI | +5 | 2 |
| Ir VII | +6 | 2 |
| Ir VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Ir IX | +8 | 2 |
| Ir X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 68 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 62.5 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 56.99999999999999 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (2)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 191 안정 | 190.9605893 ± 0.0000021 | 37.3000% ± 0.2000% | 안정 | stable | |
| 193 안정 | 192.9629216 ± 0.0000021 | 62.7000% ± 0.2000% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.7577 nm | 58 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2D2).6s 3D → 5d7.(4F<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 384.593 nm | 해당 없음 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2G).6s 1G → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,3/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 387.3624 nm | 9 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4P<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 389.558 nm | 해당 없음 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4F<7/2>).6p (7/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 395.1973 nm | 해당 없음 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 395.2882 nm | 8 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2H).6s 3H → 5d6.6s.(6D<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 397.882 nm | 6 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5664* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 398.6377 nm | 5 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4F<3/2>).6p (3/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 399.0389 nm | 6 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 3H → 6197* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 400.1961 nm | 12 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2D2).6s 3D → 5d7.(4P<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 402.5321 nm | 4 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5d6.6s.(6D<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 402.5399 nm | 29 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2D2).6s 3D → 5d7.(4F<7/2>).6p (7/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 404.1381 nm | 45 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2H).6s 3H → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 404.4911 nm | 7 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,3/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 410.8315 nm | 48 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5d7.(4F<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 411.7209 nm | 3 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2G).6s 3G → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 412.8911 nm | 17 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2P).6s 3P → 5d7.(4P<1/2>).6p (1/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 413.91 nm | 21 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2P).6s 3P → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,3/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 439.0196 nm | 4 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4P<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 443.3888 nm | 해당 없음 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5d6.6s.(6D<7/2>).6p (7/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 454.5672 nm | 해당 없음 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2H).6s 3H → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 461.1752 nm | 해당 없음 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5d7.(4P<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.5844 nm | 5 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2G).6s 3G → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 479.5262 nm | 해당 없음 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 122 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 115 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 107 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 241 pm
- UFF
- 284 pm
- MM3
- 236 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 240 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 136 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 65
- Pettifor
- 65
- Glawe
- 62
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 6
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 6
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 54 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 7 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 522 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 8.52 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 6
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 60
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 8
- 매장량 분포
- 95
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 44
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 44
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 2719.15 K |
| 끓는점 | 4701.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (14)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4881 |
| 2 | p | 4.4624 |
| 2 | s | 20.1102 |
| 3 | d | 13.514 |
| 3 | p | 21.9311 |
| 3 | s | 22.7942 |
| 4 | d | 37.2628 |
| 4 | f | 38.6552 |
| 4 | p | 35.086 |
| 4 | s | 34.152 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (3)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 82 | estimated, | |
| 4 | VI | 76.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 71 | estimated, from metallic oxides, |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (64)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 163 | p | — |
| 164 | p | — |
| 164 | A | — |
| 164 | B+ | — |
| 165 | p | — |
| 165 | A | — |
| 166 | A | 93% |
| 166 | p | 7% |
| 167 | A | 43.5% |
| 167 | p | 38.6% |
X선 산란 인자 (515)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.22753 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.30683 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.38895 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.474 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.56207 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.65417 |
| 11.0106 | — | 2.75003 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.84935 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.94781 |
| 11.5535 | — | 3.0118 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
참고 문헌 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Iridium occurs uncombined in nature with platinum and other metals of this family in alluvial deposits. It is recovered as a by-product from the nickel mining industry.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Iridium https://periodic.lanl.gov/77.shtml
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Iridium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.