Iodine (I)
halogenSolid
표준 원자량
126.90447 u전자 배치
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5녹는점
113.7 °C끓는점
184.4 °C밀도
4930 kg/m³산화 상태
−1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7전기 음성도(Pauling)
2.66제1 이온화 에너지
10.451236 eV발견 연도
1811원자 반지름
140 pm상세 정보
Iodine is a heavy halogen and the least abundant stable halogen in Earth’s crust. The element occurs naturally as iodide and iodate rather than as free I₂. It is chemically less electronegative and less strongly oxidizing than bromine or chlorine, and it forms a wide range of covalent, ionic, and polyiodide species. Iodine is an essential trace element for vertebrates because thyroid hormones contain iodine atoms.
Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water.
The name derives from the Greek iodes for "violet" because of its violet vapours. Iodine was discovered in seaweed by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811, and named by the French chemist Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac, when he proved it was an element in 1814.
Iodine was discovered by the French chemist Barnard Courtois in 1811. Courtois was extracting sodium and potassium compounds from seaweed ash. Once these compounds were removed, he added sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to further process the ash. He accidentally added too much acid and a violet colored cloud erupted from the mass. The gas condensed on metal objects in the room, creating solid iodine. Today, iodine is chiefly obtained from deposits of sodium iodate (NaIO3) and sodium periodate (NaIO4) in Chile and Bolivia. Trace amounts of iodine are required by the human body. Iodine is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the body's rate of physical and mental development. A lack of iodine can also cause a goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland. Iodine is added to salt (iodized salt) to prevent these diseases.
From the Greek word iodes, violet. Discovered by Courtois in 1811, Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, Chilean saltpeter, nitrate-bearing earth (known as caliche), brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells.
Pure iodine is a dark gray to purple-black crystalline solid at ordinary temperature. It has a metallic-looking luster and a distinctive sharp odor. It sublimes readily to a violet vapor, and the vapor recondenses as shiny crystals on cooler surfaces.
The largest uses of iodine are in compounds rather than in elemental I₂. Iodinated contrast agents are important in X-ray and computed-tomography imaging. Iodine compounds are used in antiseptics, disinfectants, animal feed supplements, and pharmaceuticals. Silver iodide, AgI, has been used in cloud-seeding and photographic materials. Iodine chemistry is also used in polarizing films for liquid-crystal displays and in analytical titrations based on iodine and iodide equilibria.
Iodine is used as a test for starch and turns a deep blue when it comes in contact with it. Potassium iodide (KI) is used to make photographic film and, when mixed with iodine in alcohol, as an antiseptic for external wounds. A radioactive isotope of iodine, iodine-131, is used to treat some diseases of the thyroid gland.
Care should be taken in handling and using iodine. It can burn the skin and damage the eyes and mucous membranes. Pure iodine is poisonous if ingested.
Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Iodides, and thyroxine which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and as a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element.
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
131I (with a half-life of about 8 days) and 129I are both fission products; 129I is a long-lived fission product with a half-life of 1.7×107 years that can be helpful in the detection of the movement of radiation after a radioactive event, such as occurred at the Japanese reactors at Fukushima. In nuclear reactors and weapons tests, uranium and plutonium undergo fission processes in which one of the fission products is the long-lived isotope 129I. This isotope has been used as a groundwater tracer to determine evidence of nuclear fission, and it can also be tracked in rainwater as evidence of a fission event in the air (weapons explosion; Fig. IUPAC.53.1) [390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980)., [391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004)., [392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
Natural cosmogenic 129I enters groundwater and other terrestrial environments from the atmosphere and then decays to 129Xe. The isotope-amount ratio n(129I)/n(127I) can be used as a clock to estimate time since cosmogenic 129I entered the system. The amount of product 129Xe in such cases is too small to measure; however, excess quantities of 129Xe can be found in meteorites and other very old samples that contained extinct primordial 129I. Younger water bodies also can be differentiated from older water bodies by determining the amount of anthropogenic 129I released since the 1960s from sources such as nuclear bomb tests [393] P. H. Santschi, J. E. Moran, S. Oktay, E. Hoehn, P. Sharma. “129Iodine: a new tracer for surface water/groundwater interaction”, in International Symposium on Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development and Management., [394] G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, Z. Q. Zhou, L. R. Kilius. J. Marine Syst.6, 561 (1995)..
Isotopes in Medicine
125I, which has a half-life of about 59 days, is used encapsulated in radiotherapy to target and treat sites of cancerous tumors [395] V. R. Narra, R. W. Howell, R. S. Harapanhalli, K. S. Sastry, D. V. Rao. J. Nucl. Med.33, 2196 (1992).. 120gI (with a half-life of 1.36 h), where the “g” indicates ground state, and 124I (with a half-life of 100 h) are radioactive isotopes that emit positrons and they are used in quantitative, diagnostic imaging of the body using positron emission tomography (PET) [383] A. Hohn, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1493 (1998)., [384] H. Herzog, S. M. Qaim, L. Tellmann, S. Spellerberg, D. Kruecker, H. H. Coenen. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging33, 1249 (2006)., [385] A. Hohn, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim, Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 93 (1998)., [387] M. L. Firouzbakht, D. J. Schlyer, R. D. Finn, G. Laguzzi, A. P. Wolf. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B79, 909 (1993)., [388] H. Herzog, L. Tellman, S. M. Qaim, S. Spellerberg, A. Schmid, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.56, 673 (2002)., [389] F. T. Lee, C. Hall, A. Rigopoulos, J. Zweit, K. Pathmaraj, G. J. O’Keefe, F. E. Smyth, S. Welt, L. J. Old, A. M. Scott. J. Nucl. Med.42, 764 (2001).. 123I and 131I (with half-lives of 0.55 day and 8 days, respectively) are used with single-photon emission computed spectroscopy (SPECT) for basic three-dimensional imaging [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008)., [395] V. R. Narra, R. W. Howell, R. S. Harapanhalli, K. S. Sastry, D. V. Rao. J. Nucl. Med.33, 2196 (1992).. Radioactive iodine isotopes are produced from radioactive tellurium isotope.
Iodine commonly shows oxidation states −1, 0, +1, +3, +5, and +7. Hydrogen iodide, HI, and iodide salts contain I⁻ and are readily oxidized compared with chloride and bromide analogues. Iodine forms interhalogens such as iodine monochloride, ICl, and iodine pentafluoride, IF₅. Important oxoacids and salts include iodic acid, HIO₃, iodates, and periodates derived from periodic acid, HIO₄ or H₅IO₆. Polyiodides such as triiodide, I₃⁻, give the intense starch-iodine color reaction.
See more information at the Iodine compound page.
Elemental iodine is irritating to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract, and its vapor can be harmful in poorly ventilated spaces. Concentrated iodide, iodate, or iodine preparations can disturb thyroid function, while trace intake is biologically necessary. Radioisotopes require isotope-specific control; iodine-131 is a beta and gamma emitter that concentrates in the thyroid and is a significant nuclear-medicine and contamination hazard.
Care should be taken in handling and using iodine, as contact with the skin can cause lesions; iodine vapor is intensely irritating to the eyes and mucus membranes. The maximum allowable concentration of iodine in air should not exceed 1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour).
Iodine is mobile in the environment because iodide, iodate, organoiodine compounds, and volatile iodine species interconvert in seawater, soils, sediments, and the atmosphere. The oceans are the main surface reservoir, and marine biological activity contributes to atmospheric iodine compounds. In soils, retention depends strongly on organic matter, redox conditions, and mineral surfaces. Iodine availability influences deficiency risk in inland food chains.
Commercial iodine is recovered mainly from iodine-rich underground brines and from caliche nitrate deposits, where iodate minerals occur with nitrate salts. Production is geographically concentrated, making supply sensitive to brine chemistry, mining practice, and co-product economics. Demand is driven by medical imaging agents, pharmaceuticals, nutrition, and industrial chemicals. Recycling occurs in some iodinated process streams and contrast-agent manufacture, but dispersed uses are difficult to recover.
Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known.
Iodine is a relatively rare element in cosmic material. Its single stable isotope, ¹²⁷I, is produced by neutron-capture processes in previous generations of stars. In the Solar System it is depleted in many rocky materials because iodine is moderately volatile and easily redistributed into fluids or gases. The extinct radionuclide ¹²⁹I is used in cosmochemistry to study early Solar System timing.
- Iodine was discovered from seaweed ash during saltpeter production in the early nineteenth century.
- Starch forms a deep blue complex with polyiodide, not with isolated iodide ion.
- Most naturally occurring iodine is the single stable isotope ¹²⁷I.
- Iodine sublimes noticeably at room temperature, although it also has an ordinary liquid phase above its melting point.
- Iodized salt usually contains iodide or iodate salts, not elemental iodine.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 140 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 139 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 198 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 4930 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0257 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 113.7 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 184.4 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.214 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 54.43 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 사방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 2.66 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 2.359
- 전자 친화도
- 3.059 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 10.451236 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 19.131326 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 29.570102 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 40.357139 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 51.520177 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 7 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5
열역학적 특성
- 삼중점(온도)
- 113.6 °C
- 삼중점(압력)
- 1.211e+4 Pa
- 임계점(온도)
- 546 °C
- 융해열
- 0.16085402 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 0.21661398 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 0.64714722 eV
- 원자화열
- 1.566047 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 1.106462 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 53 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 74 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 42 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 1 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- I-127
- 발견 연도
- 1811
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 0.45 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 0.06 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 772 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7553-56-2 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 2P°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/I
- InChI 키
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
I: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 127 안정 | 126.9044719 ± 0.0000039 | 100.0000% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(113.7 °C)보다 88.7 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
심화
원자 스펙트럼
전체 53개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I I | 0 | 1432 | 417 | 1432 |
| I II | +1 | 126 | 0 | 122 |
| I III | +2 | 76 | 0 | 0 |
| I IV | +3 | 47 | 0 | 0 |
| I V | +4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| I I | 0 | 229 |
| I II | +1 | 315 |
| I III | +2 | 116 |
| I IV | +3 | 61 |
| I V | +4 | 54 |
| I VI | +5 | 40 |
| I VII | +6 | 25 |
| I VIII | +7 | 36 |
| I IX | +8 | 2 |
| I X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 220.00000000000003 pm |
| +5 | 3 | 해당 없음 | 44 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 95 pm |
| +7 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 42 pm |
| +7 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 53 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (1)
Thirty isotopes are recognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter.
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 127 안정 | 126.9044719 ± 0.0000039 | 100.0000% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
전체 474개 중 50개를 표시합니다. 기본적으로 세기가 측정된 스펙트럼선만 표시됩니다.
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 511.92792 nm | 120000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[1]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 740.20433 nm | 98000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[4] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 661.96418 nm | 88000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[4] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 746.89862 nm | 87000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[4] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 723.78303 nm | 68000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[4]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 714.20318 nm | 53000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 658.3733 nm | 48000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[4]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 633.78649 nm | 44000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 619.1891 nm | 36000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[4] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 712.20331 nm | 33000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 514.55362 nm | 26000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6s 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).7p 2[1]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 741.0472 nm | 25000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[5]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.64687 nm | 23000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[4] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 633.94468 nm | 22000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 722.72727 nm | 22000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 716.47586 nm | 21000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 698.6488 nm | 20000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7f 2[5]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 621.3101 nm | 19000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[4] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 608.24072 nm | 18000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6p 2[2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 624.4475 nm | 17000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7f 2[4]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 631.31292 nm | 17000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[0] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 589.39929 nm | 16000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6p 2[1]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 666.20777 nm | 15000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 712.0036 nm | 15000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[1] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 666.10964 nm | 14000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9s 2[2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 741.64587 nm | 14000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 595.6854 nm | 13000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 598.4862 nm | 13000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 637.16776 nm | 12000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 486.23094 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[3]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 491.69357 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 520.41202 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[1]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 629.39502 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<0>).6p 2[1]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 633.0376 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 523.45653 nm | 10000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[3]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 533.82 nm | 10000 | I II | emission | 5s2.5p3.(2D*).6s 3D* → 5s2.5p3.(2D*).6p 3F | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 562.569 nm | 10000 | I II | emission | 5s2.5p3.(4S*).6s 3S* → 5s2.5p3.(4S*).6p 3P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 707.78407 nm | 9700 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[1] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 598.4207 nm | 8900 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 742.00062 nm | 8300 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[4]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 596.8258 nm | 7900 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).10d 2[4] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 698.97761 nm | 7800 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9s 2[2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 658.05101 nm | 7600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[3]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 673.20067 nm | 7600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[3]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 595.4372 nm | 6700 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 741.1195 nm | 6700 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.08006 nm | 6600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 723.49797 nm | 6600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[4]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 633.35136 nm | 6300 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[1] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 723.17992 nm | 6200 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 133 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 129 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 125 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Bragg)
- 140 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Bondi
- 198 pm
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 204 pm
- UFF
- 450 pm
- MM3
- 236 pm
- Dreiding
- 415 pm
- Rowland–Taylor
- 203 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 238 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 139 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 109
- Pettifor
- 97
- Glawe
- 99
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 7
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 6
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 32.9 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 1.3 a.u.
- C₆
- 385 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 389 Ha·Bohr6
화학 친화력
- 양성자 친화도
- 608.2 kJ/mol
- 기체상 염기성
- 583.5 kJ/mol
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 60
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 7
- 매장량 분포
- 67
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 68
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 68
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 386.85 K |
| 끓는점 | 457.55 K |
| 임계점(온도) | 819.15 K |
| 삼중점(온도) | 386.75 K |
| 삼중점(압력) | 12.11 kPa |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (11)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.0609 |
| 2 | p | 4.1526 |
| 2 | s | 13.933 |
| 3 | d | 14.0993 |
| 3 | p | 18.1586 |
| 3 | s | 18.2126 |
| 4 | d | 32.066 |
| 4 | p | 28.9704 |
| 4 | s | 27.7028 |
| 5 | p | 41.3885 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (5)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | VI | 206 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | IIIPY | 58 | ||
| 5 | VI | 109 | ||
| 7 | IV | 56 | ||
| 7 | VI | 67 |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (82)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 106 | A | — |
| 107 | A | — |
| 108 | A | 99.5% |
| 108 | p | 0.5% |
| 108 | B+ | — |
| 108 | B+p | — |
| 109 | p | 100% |
| 109 | A | 0% |
| 110 | B+ | 83% |
| 110 | A | 17% |
X선 산란 인자 (508)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 7.8167 |
| 10.1617 | — | 7.56781 |
| 10.3261 | — | 7.32685 |
| 10.4931 | — | 7.08081 |
| 10.6628 | — | 6.8332 |
| 10.8353 | — | 6.78435 |
| 11.0106 | — | 6.80888 |
| 11.1886 | — | 7.27334 |
| 11.3696 | — | 7.86775 |
| 11.5535 | — | 8.52786 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
4.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
6×10-2 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Iodine https://periodic.lanl.gov/53.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
131I (with a half-life of about 8 days) and 129I are both fission products; 129I is a long-lived fission product with a half-life of 1.7×107 years that can be helpful in the detection of the movement of radiation after a radioactive event, such as occurred at the Japanese reactors at Fukushima. In nuclear reactors and weapons tests, uranium and plutonium undergo fission processes in which one of the fission products is the long-lived isotope 129I. This isotope has been used as a groundwater tracer to determine evidence of nuclear fission, and it can also be tracked in rainwater as evidence of a fission event in the air (weapons explosion; Fig. IUPAC.53.1) [390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980)., [391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004)., [392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010)..
참고 문헌 (4)
- [390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980).
- [391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004).
- [392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Iodine.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.