Rhodium (Rh)
transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
102.9055 u전자 배치
[Kr] 5s1 4d8녹는점
1963.85 °C끓는점
3694.85 °C밀도
1.24e+4 kg/m³산화 상태
−3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7전기 음성도(Pauling)
2.28제1 이온화 에너지
7.4589 eV발견 연도
1803원자 반지름
135 pm상세 정보
Rhodium is a very rare platinum-group transition metal. It is chemically noble, hard, highly reflective, and most often encountered in nature alloyed with platinum, palladium, and other platinum-group elements. Its industrial importance is dominated by catalysis, especially control of nitrogen oxides in automotive exhaust. Rhodium also forms stable coordination compounds, commonly with Rh(I) and Rh(III), that are important in homogeneous catalysis and organometallic chemistry.
The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the resquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. It is highly reflective, hard, and durable.
The name derives from the Greek rhodon for rose because of the rose color of dilute solutions of its salts. It was discovered by the English chemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803 in a crude platinum ore.
Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 shortly after his discovery of the element palladium. He obtained rhodium from a sample of platinum ore that was obtained from South America. After removing the platinum and palladium from the sample, he was left with a dark red powder. The powder turned out to be sodium rhodium chloride (Na3RhCl6·12H2O). Wollaston obtained rhodium from the powder by treating it with hydrogen gas (H2). Rhodium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. Rhodium is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada.
From the Greek word rhodon, rose. Wollaston discovered rhodium between 1803 and 1804 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America.
Pure rhodium is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster. It is solid, hard, and corrosion-resistant under ordinary conditions, and it retains a high reflectance. Massive metal and electroplated coatings have a similar white appearance, although thin deposits depend on surface preparation.
The largest use of rhodium is in three-way catalytic converters, where it promotes reduction of nitrogen oxides in gasoline-engine exhaust. It is also used as a durable, bright electroplated coating on jewelry, optical parts, and electrical contacts. Rhodium-platinum alloys are used in high-temperature equipment such as thermocouple wires and some glass-fiber production components. Soluble rhodium complexes are valuable catalysts in selected industrial and laboratory reactions, including hydroformylation and hydrogenation.
Rhodium is used to make electrical contacts, as jewelry and in catalytic converters, but is most frequently used as an alloying agent in other materials, such as platinum and palladium. These alloys are used to make such things as furnace coils, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs and laboratory crucibles.
Rhodium's primary use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocoupling elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst.
Isotopes in Medicine
The beta particles of 105Rh (with a half-life of about 35 h) are used in target radiotherapy to kill cancer cells or cause cancer cell sterilization [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003).. The gamma rays from 105Rh enable in vivo tracking during radiotherapy [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003).. 105Rh has been used in the treatment of bone pain (Fig. IUPAC.45.1) [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003)., [337] Trace Sciences International Inc. Ruthenium Isotopes, Trace Sciences International Inc (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.tracesciences.com/ru.htm..
Ocular brachytherapy currently is performed using 125I (with a half-life of about 59 days) or 106Rh (with a half-life of about 30 s) seeds [338] A. P. Mourão, T. P. R. D. Campos. Radiol. Bras.42, 43 (2009).. Brachytherapy can allow a good spatial dose distribution over the ocular tumor with lower radiation on adjacent tissues. In the case of irradiation of the eyeball with 106Rh, 80 percent of the dose has been absorbed within a depth of 5.2 mm and 90 percent has been absorbed within 7.2 mm (Fig. IUPAC.45.2). This limits the application of 106Rh; however, when 106Rh can be used, the radiation dose can be lower, which is preferred.
Rhodium chemistry is strongly influenced by its noble-metal character and by coordination bonding. The most common oxidation states are +1 and +3, although other states occur in specialized compounds. Rhodium(III) chloride, RhCl₃, is a widely used precursor to coordination complexes and catalysts. Rhodium(III) oxide, Rh₂O₃, is a stable oxide under suitable conditions. Rh(I) complexes such as chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I), RhCl(PPh₃)₃, illustrate the element’s importance in homogeneous catalysis. Carbonyl and organometallic complexes are central to many of its reactions.
See more information at the Rhodium compound page.
Bulk rhodium metal is generally resistant to corrosion and is not highly reactive, but dusts and finely divided powders can present inhalation and fire hazards typical of metal particulates. Soluble rhodium salts and organometallic compounds should be treated as toxic or potentially sensitizing unless specifically characterized. Rhodium compounds used as catalysts may be hazardous because of their ligands, solvents, or decomposition products. Natural rhodium has one stable isotope, so radioactivity is not an intrinsic hazard of the element.
Exposure to rhodium (metal fume and dust, as Rh) should not exceed 1 mg/m^3 (8-hour time-weighted average, 40-hour week).
Rhodium occurs naturally at very low concentrations, mainly in ultramafic and mafic ore systems associated with other platinum-group elements and nickel-copper sulfides. In surface environments it is relatively immobile because the metal is noble and many compounds are sparingly soluble. Human releases come chiefly from mining, refining, catalyst manufacture, and abrasion or loss from catalytic converters. Its biological role is not known, and environmental concentrations are usually very low.
Rhodium is produced almost entirely as a by-product of platinum, palladium, nickel, and copper mining. It is not mined as a primary metal in ordinary commercial practice, so supply responds slowly to price signals and depends on ore grade, refining capacity, and platinum-group-metal operations. Demand is concentrated in emission-control catalysts, making substitution difficult where rhodium’s nitrogen oxide reduction performance is required. Recycling from spent automotive catalysts is a major secondary source and helps moderate the scarcity of primary supply.
Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.
Rhodium is a heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from supernovae and neutron-rich stellar events. It is cosmically rare compared with iron and the lighter rock-forming elements. In planetary materials it is siderophile and chalcophile, so it tends to partition into metal or sulfide phases rather than common silicate minerals.
- Natural rhodium consists essentially of the single stable isotope ¹⁰³Rh.
- Rhodium is usually recovered only after complex separation of several similar platinum-group metals.
- A thin rhodium plate can make silver-colored jewelry more reflective and more resistant to tarnish.
- Rhodium catalysts are valued because small chemical changes around the metal can strongly alter selectivity.
- Its name comes from the rose-colored salts observed during its discovery.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 135 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 142 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 195 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 125 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 1.24 × 104 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0083 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 1963.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 3694.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 150 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.243 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 24.98 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 면심 입방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 2.28 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.56
- 전자 친화도
- 1.137 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 7.4589 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 18.080062 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 31.060107 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 42.000145 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 63.000217 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 9 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Kr] 5s1 4d8
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.22490543 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 5.119967 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 5.762554 eV
- 원자화열
- 5.762554 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 5.762554 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 45 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 58 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 41 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 1 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Rh-103
- 발견 연도
- 1803
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 0.001 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 380 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-16-6 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 4F9/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rh
- InChI 키
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Rh: 4d⁸ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁸ 5s¹원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 103 안정 | 102.905498 ± 0.0000026 | 100.0000% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(1963.85 °C)보다 1938.8 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 45개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Rh I | 0 | 138 |
| Rh II | +1 | 126 |
| Rh III | +2 | 196 |
| Rh IV | +3 | 2 |
| Rh V | +4 | 2 |
| Rh VI | +5 | 2 |
| Rh VII | +6 | 2 |
| Rh VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Rh IX | +8 | 2 |
| Rh X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 66.5 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 60 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 55.00000000000001 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (1)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 103 안정 | 102.905498 ± 0.0000026 | 100.0000% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
전체 186개 중 50개를 표시합니다. 기본적으로 세기가 측정된 스펙트럼선만 표시됩니다.
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 385.6513 nm | 5900 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 437.4809 nm | 4200 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 382.226 nm | 3800 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 395.8856 nm | 3800 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 421.1133 nm | 3300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 382.8478 nm | 2300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 413.5275 nm | 2100 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 383.3884 nm | 2000 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 393.4224 nm | 2000 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 412.8886 nm | 1500 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 380.6759 nm | 1300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 381.8186 nm | 1300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 412.1683 nm | 1100 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 428.8702 nm | 820 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 380.592 nm | 760 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 8* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 381.6474 nm | 760 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 394.271 nm | 590 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 408.278 nm | 560 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 387.0018 nm | 490 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 12* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 381.5021 nm | 470 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 13* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 387.7346 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 397.5313 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 399.6149 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 2P → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 419.6496 nm | 330 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 392.2195 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 398.4393 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 399.5602 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 415.4343 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d7.5s2 b 4F → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 559.9419 nm | 160 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.5022 nm | 150 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 409.7508 nm | 140 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 456.8993 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 535.4428 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* → 16 | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 598.3575 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d7.5s2 b 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 391.3508 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 402.3139 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 411.9679 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 381.2462 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p z 2S* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 395.8233 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 2P → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 437.9911 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 519.313 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* → 2 | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 539.0433 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 387.239 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 388.8331 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 407.758 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 411.6329 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 420.6613 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 429.6763 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 474.5116 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 509.064 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 125 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 110 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 106 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 244 pm
- UFF
- 292.9 pm
- MM3
- 234 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 233 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 134 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 64
- Pettifor
- 66
- Glawe
- 63
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 66 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 10 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 708 Ha·Bohr6
화학 친화력
- 양성자 친화도
- 768 kJ/mol
- 기체상 염기성
- 745.4 kJ/mol
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 8.3 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 5
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 60
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 8
- 매장량 분포
- 95
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 44
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 44
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 2236.15 K |
| 끓는점 | 3968.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (10)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.9244 |
| 2 | p | 4.0596 |
| 2 | s | 11.8454 |
| 3 | d | 14.595 |
| 3 | p | 16.8456 |
| 3 | s | 16.5615 |
| 4 | d | 31.5576 |
| 4 | p | 27.8604 |
| 4 | s | 26.4184 |
| 5 | s | 38.3605 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (3)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 80.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VI | 74 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 69 |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (72)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 88 | B+ | — |
| 89 | B+ | — |
| 89 | B+p | — |
| 89 | p | — |
| 90 | B+ | 100% |
| 90 | B+p | 0.7% |
| 91 | B+ | 100% |
| 91 | B+p | 1.3% |
| 92 | B+ | 100% |
| 92 | B+p | 2% |
X선 산란 인자 (508)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.17537 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.24044 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.30912 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.3816 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.4581 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.53883 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.62403 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.71394 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.80884 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.90899 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
참고 문헌 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Rhodium https://periodic.lanl.gov/45.shtml
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rhodium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.