Rubidium (Rb)
alkali-metalSolid
표준 원자량
85.4678 u전자 배치
[Kr] 5s1녹는점
39.31 °C끓는점
687.85 °C밀도
1530 kg/m³산화 상태
−1, +1전기 음성도(Pauling)
0.82제1 이온화 에너지
4.177128 eV발견 연도
1861원자 반지름
235 pm상세 정보
Rubidium is a soft alkali metal of group 1, chemically close to potassium and cesium. Natural rubidium is a mixture dominated by stable ⁸⁵Rb with radioactive ⁸⁷Rb, whose very long half-life makes it important in geochronology. The element is not mined as a principal metal; it is obtained from minerals and brines where it substitutes for potassium. Its low ionization energy and convenient atomic transitions make rubidium useful in precision physics.
Rubidium can be liquid at room temperature. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As with other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowish violet. Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods. It must be kept under a dry mineral oil or in a vacuum or inert atmosphere.
The name derives from the Latin rubidus for "deepest red" because of the two deep red lines in its spectra. Rubidium was discovered in the mineral lepidolite by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav-Robert Kirchoff in 1861. Bunsen isolated rubidium in 1863.
Rubidium was discovered by the German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 while analyzing samples of the mineral lepidolite (KLi2Al(Al, Si)3O10(F, OH)2) with a device called a spectroscope. The sample produced a set of deep red spectral lines they had never seen before. Bunsen was eventually able to isolate samples of rubidium metal. Today, most rubidium is obtained as a byproduct of refining lithium.
From the Latin word rubidus, deepest red. Discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope.
Pure rubidium is a very soft, silvery-white metal that quickly tarnishes in air. It melts just above ordinary room temperature and can be cut easily when protected from moisture and oxygen. Samples are kept under inert gas, vacuum, or dry mineral oil.
Rubidium has specialized rather than bulk uses. Rubidium vapor cells are used in atomic clocks, frequency standards, magnetometers, and some laser-cooling experiments, often using ⁸⁷Rb because its hyperfine transition is convenient. Rubidium compounds have been used in photocathodes, research electronics, and laboratory studies of ion transport. ⁸⁷Rb to ⁸⁷Sr decay underlies rubidium–strontium dating of minerals and rocks. There is no large structural or metallurgical use for the metal.
Rubidium is used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. It is also used in the manufacture of photocells and in special glasses. Since it is easily ionized, it might be used as a propellant in ion engines on spacecraft. Recent discoveries of large deposits of rubidium suggest that its usefulness will increase as its properties become better understood.
Rubidium forms a large number of compounds, although none of them has any significant commercial application. Some of the common rubidium compounds are: rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium monoxide (Rb2O) and rubidium copper sulfate Rb2SO4·CuSO4·6H20). A compound of rubidium, silver and iodine, RbAg4I5, has interesting electrical characteristics and might be useful in thin film batteries.
Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in "ion engines" for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose. It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an amature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component. It has been used in making special glasses. RbAg4I5 is important, as it has the highest room conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At 20°C its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulfuric acid. This suggests use in thin film batteries and other applications.
Isotopes in Biology
Due to biological similarities between rubidium and potassium, the radionuclide 86Rb (with a half-life of 18.7 days) is used as a tracer in biological or medical investigations for applications where the half-life of the radioactive-tracer 42K (half-life of 0.5 day) is too short [110] AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students. Chemistry Tutorial: Summary of Radioactive Particles, Isotopes, Properties and Uses, AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ausetute.com.au/nuclesum.html.. 86Rb (with a half-life of 18.7 days) has been used measure the metabolism in small vertebrates (Fig. IUPAC.37.1), such as dunnarts (furry, narrow-footed marsupials about the size of a mouse) [291] S. Tomlinson, S. K. Maloney, P. C. Withers, C. C. Voigt, A. P. Cruz-Neto. Methods Ecol. Evol.4, 619 (2013).. The advantage of this technique over the standard doubly labelled water method, using water enriched in 2H and 18O, include lower equipment requirements, lower technical expertise, and longer time spans over which measurements can be made. This technique could be very useful for measuring the metabolism of amphibians and insects.
Isotopes in Geochronology
87Rb (with a half-life of 4.97×1010 years) is a long-lived radioisotope that is transformed into 87Sr by emission of a beta-minus particle (an electron) and an antineutrino. From the abundance of 87Sr and the Rb/Sr amount ratio in a rock, its age of crystallization can be calculated. Rb/Sr dating is one of the most widely employed techniques for dating geological samples [292] M. A. Geyh, H. Schleicher. Absolute Age Determination: Physical and Chemical Dating Methods and Their Application, p. 503, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1990)..
Isotopes in Medicine
82Rb (with a half-life of 75 s) acts similarly to potassium and is used for imaging of the heart to better assess heart muscle function as a radioactive analog to potassium [293] J. vom Dahl, O. Muzik, E. R. Wolfe, C. Allman, G. Hutchins, M. Schwaiger. Circulation93, 238 (1996)., [294] K. L. Gould, K. Yoshida, M. J. Hess, M. Haynie, N. Mullani, R. W. Smalling. J. Nucl. Med.32, 1 (1991).. 82Rb is being considered as an alternative to highly-enriched uranium for producing medically important radioisotopes [293] J. vom Dahl, O. Muzik, E. R. Wolfe, C. Allman, G. Hutchins, M. Schwaiger. Circulation93, 238 (1996)..
Rubidium almost always forms the +1 oxidation state as Rb⁺. Its common salts resemble those of potassium and cesium, including rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium bromide (RbBr), rubidium nitrate (RbNO₃), and rubidium carbonate (Rb₂CO₃). The oxide chemistry is sensitive to oxygen conditions; rubidium can form rubidium oxide (Rb₂O), rubidium peroxide (Rb₂O₂), and rubidium superoxide (RbO₂). Rubidium hydroxide (RbOH) is a strong, highly caustic base. Complex salts and alum-type compounds are known, but lower oxidation states are not normal chemistry for the element.
See more information at the Rubidium compound page.
Metallic rubidium is highly reactive and can ignite or explode on contact with water because hydrogen gas, H₂, and rubidium hydroxide (RbOH) are produced with heat. It also reacts rapidly with air and should be handled only under dry inert conditions. Soluble rubidium salts can affect biological ion balance because Rb⁺ partly mimics K⁺, though rubidium is not an essential nutrient. Natural ⁸⁷Rb is weakly radioactive, but its specific activity is low compared with many regulated radionuclides.
Rubidium occurs dispersed in the crust, chiefly substituting for potassium in feldspars, micas, and evaporite or brine systems. It is mobile as Rb⁺ in water but is also adsorbed or fixed by clays and potassium-bearing minerals. Plants can take up rubidium because of its similarity to potassium, yet it has no established essential biological function. Environmental releases are normally small and associated with mineral processing, laboratory use, or weathering.
Rubidium supply is small and specialized. It is usually recovered as a by-product from lithium and cesium-bearing minerals such as lepidolite and pollucite, or from selected brines, rather than from ores mined solely for rubidium. Production involves separation from abundant potassium and chemically similar cesium, which limits availability and keeps costs high for high-purity material. Demand is driven mainly by atomic-clock, research, and specialty chemical markets. Recycling is limited, though sealed vapor-cell devices contain only small amounts.
The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba.
Rubidium is a trace element in the cosmos. Its isotopes are made mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars, with contributions from both slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a moderately incompatible lithophile element and follows potassium during rock differentiation. The ⁸⁷Rb–⁸⁷Sr system is widely used to study the ages and source histories of terrestrial and meteoritic materials.
- Rubidium was discovered spectroscopically from deep red emission lines, which inspired its name.
- A sealed rubidium vapor cell can serve as the frequency reference in a compact atomic clock.
- Natural rubidium contains enough ⁸⁷Rb for geologic dating despite its very long half-life.
- Rubidium metal may be liquid in a warm room because its melting point is only about 39 °C.
- Rubidium ions can enter some potassium channels, making rubidium useful as a tracer in physiology research.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 235 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 220 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 303 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 216 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 1530 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0559 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 39.31 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 687.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 58.2 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.363 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 31.06 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 체심 입방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 0.82 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 0.706
- 전자 친화도
- 0.4859 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 4.177128 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 27.289634 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 39.247135 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 52.20018 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 68.440236 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −1, +1 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 1 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Kr] 5s1
열역학적 특성
- 삼중점(온도)
- 39.26 °C
- 임계점(온도)
- 1820 °C
- 임계점(압력)
- 1.6e+7 Pa
- 융해열
- 0.02269783 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 0.71513707 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 0.84987304 eV
- 원자화열
- 0.84987304 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 0.8384723 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 37 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 48 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 34 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 1 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Rb-85
- 발견 연도
- 1861
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 90 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 0.12 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 559 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-17-7 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rb
- InChI 키
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Rb: 5s¹[Kr] 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 5s¹원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 85 안정 | 84.9117897379 ± 0.0000000054 | 72.1700% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(39.31 °C)보다 14.3 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
심화
원자 스펙트럼
전체 37개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rb I | 0 | 213 | 40 | 213 |
| Rb II | +1 | 699 | 49 | 602 |
| Rb III | +2 | 232 | 0 | 230 |
| Rb IV | +3 | 573 | 0 | 573 |
| Rb V | +4 | 34 | 13 | 34 |
| Rb VI | +5 | 34 | 32 | 34 |
| Rb VII | +6 | 26 | 10 | 26 |
| Rb VIII | +7 | 34 | 26 | 34 |
| Rb IX | +8 | 40 | 17 | 40 |
| Rb X | +9 | 64 | 29 | 64 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Rb I | 0 | 240 |
| Rb II | +1 | 166 |
| Rb III | +2 | 92 |
| Rb IV | +3 | 131 |
| Rb V | +4 | 21 |
| Rb VI | +5 | 20 |
| Rb VII | +6 | 21 |
| Rb VIII | +7 | 25 |
| Rb IX | +8 | 37 |
| Rb X | +9 | 41 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 152 pm |
| +1 | 7 | 해당 없음 | 156 pm |
| +1 | 8 | 해당 없음 | 161 pm |
| +1 | 9 | 해당 없음 | 163 pm |
| +1 | 10 | 해당 없음 | 166 pm |
| +1 | 11 | 해당 없음 | 169 pm |
| +1 | 12 | 해당 없음 | 172 pm |
| +1 | 14 | 해당 없음 | 183 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (1)
Twenty four isotopes of rubidium are known. Naturally occurring rubidium is made of two isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb. Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.85% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 x 1010 years. Ordinary rubidium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic film in about 30 to 60 days. Rubidium forms four oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, Rb2O4.
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 85 안정 | 84.9117897379 ± 0.0000000054 | 72.1700% ± 0.0200% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
전체 202개 중 50개를 표시합니다. 기본적으로 세기가 측정된 스펙트럼선만 표시됩니다.
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 424.439 nm | 90000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 477.5954 nm | 30000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 394.051 nm | 25000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 457.1765 nm | 20000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 427.3141 nm | 15000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 464.8557 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 515.2081 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 645.833 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 552.2776 nm | 5000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.0799 nm | 5000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 419.3079 nm | 3500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 453.0333 nm | 3000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 380.1896 nm | 2500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 437.7123 nm | 2500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 402.9485 nm | 1700 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 429.3971 nm | 1500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 382.66591 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[3/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 420.18053 nm | 1000 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5s 2S → 4p6.6p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 434.6961 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 446.9475 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).6s 2[1/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 473.0454 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 475.5304 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 655.5619 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 451.90262 nm | 700 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 392.22011 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 421.5539 nm | 500 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5s 2S → 4p6.6p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 426.6584 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 465.9284 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 551.2542 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 386.07454 nm | 450 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 454.0732 nm | 400 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 444.00924 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 516.4575 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 626.94 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6g 2[11/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 390.7292 nm | 250 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 542.244 nm | 250 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527.0514 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 573.9645 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[7/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[9/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 613.5268 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[7/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 383.78512 nm | 175 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 740.8171 nm | 150 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.7s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 550.0635 nm | 100 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[7/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 627.5697 nm | 100 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6g 2[11/2]* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 451.9884 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6f 2[7/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 459.989 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6f 2[7/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 543.1528 nm | 75 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.8d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 589.308 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[7/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[9/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 607.0751 nm | 75 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.8s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 614.0319 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 572.4125 nm | 60 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 210 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 202 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Bragg)
- 225 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Truhlar
- 303 pm
- Batsanov
- 290 pm
- Alvarez
- 321 pm
- UFF
- 411.4 pm
- MM3
- 325 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 240 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 248 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 4
- Pettifor
- 9
- Glawe
- 9
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 2
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 2
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 1
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 319.8 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 0.3 a.u.
- C₆
- 4769 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 4660 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 56.07 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 0
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 312.45 K |
| 끓는점 | 961.15 K |
| 임계점(온도) | 2093.15 K |
| 임계점(압력) | 16 MPa |
| 삼중점(온도) | 312.41 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (9)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.7922 |
| 2 | p | 3.9612 |
| 2 | s | 9.8432 |
| 3 | d | 15.3208 |
| 3 | p | 15.6967 |
| 3 | s | 15.1573 |
| 4 | p | 26.1192 |
| 4 | s | 24.612 |
| 5 | s | 32.0155 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (8)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | VI | 166 | ||
| 1 | VII | 170 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 175 | ||
| 1 | IX | 177 | estimated, | |
| 1 | X | 180 | ||
| 1 | XI | 183 | ||
| 1 | XII | 186 | ||
| 1 | XIV | 197 |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (61)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 71 | p | — |
| 72 | p | — |
| 73 | B+ | — |
| 73 | p | 100% |
| 74 | B+ | 100% |
| 74 | B+p | — |
| 75 | B+ | 100% |
| 76 | B+ | 100% |
| 76 | B+A | 3.8% |
| 77 | B+ | 100% |
X선 산란 인자 (508)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.06968 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.07104 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.07253 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.07441 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.07635 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.07833 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.08037 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.083 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.08599 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.0891 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
9.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Rubidium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele037.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.2×10-1 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Rubidium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele037.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Rubidium https://periodic.lanl.gov/37.shtml
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rubidium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.