Chromium (Cr)
transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
51.9961 u전자 배치
[Ar] 3d5 4s1녹는점
1906.85 °C끓는점
2670.85 °C밀도
7150 kg/m³산화 상태
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6전기 음성도(Pauling)
1.66제1 이온화 에너지
6.76651 eV발견 연도
1797원자 반지름
140 pm상세 정보
Chromium is a hard transition metal best known for forming adherent, protective oxide films and for giving many minerals and compounds strong colors. It occurs mainly in chromite ores and is an important alloying element in stainless and heat-resisting steels. Its chemistry spans several oxidation states, especially +3 and +6, with a sharp contrast between relatively stable Cr(III) compounds and strongly oxidizing, often toxic Cr(VI) species.
Chromium is used extensively in automobile trim as chromium metal because of its shiny finish and corrosion resistance.
The name derives from the Greek chroma for "colour", from the many coloured compounds of chromium. It was discovered in 1797 by the French chemist and pharmacist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin, who also isolated chromium in 1798.
Chromium was discovered by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin while experimenting with a material known as Siberian red lead, also known as the mineral crocoite (PbCrO4), in 1797. He produced chromium oxide (CrO3) by mixing crocoite with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Although he believed a method for isolating chromium didn't yet exist, Vauquelin was pleasantly surprised in 1798 to discover that he was able to obtain metallic chromium by simply heating chromium oxide in a charcoal oven. Today, chromium is primarily obtained by heating the mineral chromite (FeCr2O4) in the presence of aluminum or silicon.
From the Greek word chroma, color. Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish. Discovered in 1797 by the Frenchman Louis Nicolas Vauquelin.
Pure chromium is a lustrous, silvery-gray metal with a high polish and a relatively high melting point. It is hard and brittle at room temperature, and its surface is rapidly passivated by a very thin oxide layer that resists further corrosion under many conditions.
The largest use of chromium is in ferrochrome for stainless steel, where chromium provides corrosion resistance by forming a passive surface film. It is also used in tool steels, superalloys, wear-resistant coatings, and hard chromium electroplating. Chromium compounds have been used in pigments, leather tanning, wood preservation, catalysts, and refractory materials, although several Cr(VI)-based uses have been restricted or replaced because of toxicity and environmental persistence.
Chromium is a blue-white metal that is hard, brittle and very corrosion resistant. Chromium can be polished to form a very shiny surface and is often plated to other metals to form a protective and attractive covering. Chromium is added to steel to harden it and to form stainless steel, a steel alloy that contains at least 10% chromium. Other chromium-steel alloys are used to make armor plate, safes, ball bearings and cutting tools.
Chromium forms many colorful compounds that have industrial uses. Lead chromate (PbCrO4), also known as chrome yellow, has been used as a yellow pigment in paints. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3), also known as chrome green, is the ninth most abundant compound in the earth's crust and is a widely used green pigment. Rubies and emeralds also owe their colors to chromium compounds. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used in the tanning of leather while other chromium compounds are used as mordants, materials which permanently fix dyes to fabrics. Chromium compounds are also used to anodize aluminum, a process which coats aluminum with a thick, protective layer of oxide. Chromite, chromium's primary ore, is used to make molds for the firing of bricks because of its high melting point, moderate thermal expansion and stable crystal structure.
Chromium is used to harden steel, manufacture stainless steel, and form many useful alloys. It is mostly used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium gives glass an emerald green color and is widely used as a catalyst.
The refractory industry uses chromite for forming bricks and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stability of crystalline structure.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of chromium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of chromium in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.24.1).
SiC grains are formed in very high-temperature events that occurred before the formation of the Solar System. The chemical and isotopic composition of certain elements in these grains, such as chromium, provides insights into the origin of the Solar System. The 54Cr nucleus is only produced by supernovae. Excess amounts of this isotope in the SiC grains (relative to terrestrial isotopic composition) in primitive meteorites suggest a heterogeneous distribution of 54Cr in the early Solar System and different sources of material to our Solar System [206] L. Qin, L. R. Nittler, C. M. O. D. Alexander, J. Wang, F. J. Stadermann, R. W. Carlson. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.75, 629 (2010).. The early solar nebula was divided into two components. One contained chromium depleted in the lighter isotopes and the other contained heavier chromium isotopes. Isotopic studies indicate these components formed a homogeneous mixture in the early Earth, but they separated during partitioning of the Earth’s core (Fig. IUPAC.24.1) [207] F. Moynier, Q. Z. Yin, E. Schauble. Science331, 1417 (2011)., [208] W. F. McDonough. Science331, 1397 (2011)..
Mobility and toxicity of chromium metal depend largely on the oxidation state of the element. Isotopes of chromium are fractionated by reduction-oxidation (redox) chemical reactions. The isotopic composition has been used to trace the origin of the element in the environment and provide information on reduction-oxidation chemical processes [209] A. S. Ellis, T. M. Johnson, T. D. Bullen. Science295, 2060 (2002)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Stable isotopes of chromium are used to investigate the metabolism of chromium (III), which is an essential nutrient. Chromium stable isotopes (53Cr and 54Cr) have been administered to patients and the relative metabolic activity of each isotope is measured to study insulin function in patients suffering from diabetes (a disease in which the body is unable to produce any or enough insulin, and/or is not able to properly use the insulin that it does produce, resulting in elevated levels of glucose in the blood) [210] H. M. Silver, M. A. Seebeck, R. M. Cowett, K. Y. Patterson, C. Veillon. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig.4, 254 (1997).. 51Cr and 53Cr have been used to label red blood cells to determine blood volume and life-time of red blood cells in the body [210] H. M. Silver, M. A. Seebeck, R. M. Cowett, K. Y. Patterson, C. Veillon. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig.4, 254 (1997)..
Chromium forms compounds in oxidation states from negative values in organometallic chemistry to +6, but +3 and +6 dominate common inorganic chemistry. Chromium(III) oxide, Cr₂O₃, is a stable green solid and an important pigment and refractory material. Chromium(VI) oxide, CrO₃, chromates such as potassium chromate, K₂CrO₄, and dichromates such as potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇, are strong oxidants. Chromium(II) chloride, CrCl₂, is a reducing Cr(II) salt used in specialized synthesis.
All compounds of chromium are colored. The most important chromates are those of sodium and potassium, the dichromates, and the potassium and ammonium chrome alums. The dichromates are used as oxidizing agents in quantitative analysis, also in tanning leather.
Other compounds are of industrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum.
See more information at the Chromium compound page.
Metallic chromium is not highly reactive in bulk form, but dusts and fumes from welding, grinding, or plating operations can be hazardous. Soluble Cr(VI) compounds are toxic, corrosive, sensitizing, and carcinogenic by inhalation, and they require strict exposure control. Cr(III) compounds are generally less mobile and less toxic, although concentrated salts and fine powders still present chemical and occupational hazards.
Chromium compounds are toxic and should be handled with proper safeguards.
Chromium is a natural trace constituent of rocks, soils, and sediments, commonly associated with ultramafic rocks and chromite minerals. In the environment, Cr(III) tends to form insoluble hydroxides and complexes with organic matter, while Cr(VI) oxyanions are more mobile in oxygenated waters. Industrial releases from plating, tanning, pigment manufacture, and waste disposal have produced localized contamination where redox conditions control persistence and transport.
Chromium is produced chiefly by mining chromite ore and reducing it to ferrochrome for steelmaking. South Africa, Kazakhstan, India, Turkey, and several other countries are important sources of chromite, so supply is tied to ore quality, energy costs, and metallurgical capacity. Demand is dominated by stainless steel production, with smaller markets for chemicals, refractories, and plating. Recycling occurs mainly through stainless steel and alloy scrap, which returns chromium to steel production and reduces dependence on primary ore.
The principal ore is chromite, which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, New Zealand, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, and the Phillippines. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum.
Chromium is a minor but widespread element in the cosmos, made mainly in massive stars and supernova nucleosynthesis near the iron peak. It is present in the Sun, meteorites, and rocky planetary materials. Isotopic ratios of chromium in meteorites are used in cosmochemistry to trace early Solar System reservoirs and nucleosynthetic contributions.
- The name chromium comes from the Greek word for color, reflecting its vividly colored compounds.
- Ruby owes its red color to trace Cr³⁺ substituting for aluminum in corundum.
- Chrome plating can be decorative, but engineering hard chrome is used mainly for wear resistance.
- Passivation by chromium oxide is the key reason stainless steel does not behave like ordinary carbon steel.
- Lead chromate, PbCrO₄, was once a major yellow pigment but is now restricted in many applications.
- Chromium metal is usually traded through ferrochrome rather than as pure metal.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 140 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 139 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 189 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 119 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 7150 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.00723 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 1906.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 2670.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 93.9 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.449 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 23.35 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 체심 입방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 1.66 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.65
- 전자 친화도
- 0.675 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 6.76651 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 16.486362 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 30.959107 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 49.160169 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 69.460239 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 6 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Ar] 3d5 4s1
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.21246826 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 3.518682 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 4.119811 eV
- 원자화열
- 4.119811 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 4.119604 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 24 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 28 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 30 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 3 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Cr-52
- 발견 연도
- 1797
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 102 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 3 × 10−4 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 288 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 13, 1 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-47-3 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 7S3
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cr
- InChI 키
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Cr: 3d⁵ 4s¹[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s¹원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 52 안정 | 51.94050623 ± 0.00000063 | 83.7890% | 안정 |
| 53 안정 | 52.94064815 ± 0.00000062 | 9.5010% | 안정 |
| 54 안정 | 53.93887916 ± 0.00000061 | 2.3650% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(1906.85 °C)보다 1881.8 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 24개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cr I | 0 | 4369 | 527 | 4369 |
| Cr II | +1 | 5370 | 92 | 5370 |
| Cr III | +2 | 136 | 0 | 0 |
| Cr IV | +3 | 188 | 102 | 102 |
| Cr V | +4 | 193 | 104 | 193 |
| Cr VI | +5 | 102 | 26 | 102 |
| Cr VII | +6 | 143 | 4 | 143 |
| Cr VIII | +7 | 36 | 9 | 36 |
| Cr IX | +8 | 58 | 18 | 58 |
| Cr X | +9 | 75 | 46 | 75 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Cr I | 0 | 659 |
| Cr II | +1 | 914 |
| Cr III | +2 | 215 |
| Cr IV | +3 | 155 |
| Cr V | +4 | 47 |
| Cr VI | +5 | 63 |
| Cr VII | +6 | 66 |
| Cr VIII | +7 | 34 |
| Cr IX | +8 | 49 |
| Cr X | +9 | 39 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | low | 73 pm |
| +2 | 6 | high | 80 pm |
| +3 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 61.5 pm |
| +4 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 41 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +5 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 34.5 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 49 pm |
| +5 | 8 | 해당 없음 | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +6 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 26 pm |
| +6 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 44 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (3)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 52 안정 | 51.94050623 ± 0.00000063 | 83.7890% ± 0.0180% | 안정 | stable | |
| 53 안정 | 52.94064815 ± 0.00000062 | 9.5010% ± 0.0170% | 안정 | stable | |
| 54 안정 | 53.93887916 ± 0.00000061 | 2.3650% ± 0.0070% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
전체 2531개 중 50개를 표시합니다. 기본적으로 세기가 측정된 스펙트럼선만 표시됩니다.
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 540.978408 nm | 8500 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 534.57965 nm | 5100 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 529.827202 nm | 3540 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 435.17622 nm | 3500 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 534.83147 nm | 3200 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 434.450128 nm | 3100 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 433.944609 nm | 2600 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 526.415341 nm | 2600 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 464.616212 nm | 2400 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 529.669109 nm | 2100 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 391.915844 nm | 2030 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 433.755701 nm | 1900 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 740.01798 nm | 1900 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4p z 7P* → 3d5.(6S).5s e 7S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 465.215743 nm | 1750 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 435.962444 nm | 1420 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 437.127465 nm | 1400 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 735.58903 nm | 1400 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4p z 7P* → 3d5.(6S).5s e 7S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 461.612404 nm | 1360 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 390.875593 nm | 1310 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 449.685195 nm | 1300 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s a 5S → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 524.756509 nm | 1250 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 460.074835 nm | 1190 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 433.971051 nm | 1120 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 462.617342 nm | 1100 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 435.104951 nm | 1080 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 438.4975 nm | 1060 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 526.571497 nm | 1050 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 452.64538 nm | 960 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 454.595302 nm | 930 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s a 5S → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 532.832346 nm | 930 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4p z 7P* → 3d5.(6S).4d e 7D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 388.32867 nm | 910 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 392.86372 nm | 880 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 388.521354 nm | 810 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 746.23079 nm | 800 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4p z 7P* → 3d5.(6S).5s e 7S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 453.073802 nm | 770 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 388.679508 nm | 740 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 392.102067 nm | 740 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 394.148757 nm | 720 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 697.83983 nm | 640 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 7P* → 3d5.(6S).4d e 7D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 396.3684 nm | 620 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p y 5H* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 453.569676 nm | 600 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 390.290908 nm | 590 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 455.864413 nm | 590 | Cr II | emission | 3d5 b 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p z 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 461.335727 nm | 590 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 396.974253 nm | 570 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p y 5H* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 458.004789 nm | 560 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s a 5S → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 530.074563 nm | 530 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d5.(6S).4p z 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 397.665859 nm | 520 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p y 5H* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 454.04987 nm | 500 | Cr I | emission | 3d5.(4G).4s a 5G → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 459.139098 nm | 490 | Cr I | emission | 3d4.4s2 a 5D → 3d4.(5D).4s.4p.(3P*) y 5P* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 122 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 111 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 103 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Bragg)
- 140 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 302.3 pm
- MM3
- 225 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 233 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 128 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 51
- Pettifor
- 57
- Glawe
- 55
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 83 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 12 a.u.
- C₆
- 602 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 709 Ha·Bohr6
화학 친화력
- 양성자 친화도
- 791.3 kJ/mol
- 기체상 염기성
- 768.4 kJ/mol
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 7.23 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 5
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 37
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 6
- 매장량 분포
- 46
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 44
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 62
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 2180.15 K |
| 끓는점 | 2944.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (7)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5862 |
| 2 | p | 3.9248 |
| 2 | s | 7.0162 |
| 3 | d | 14.2434 |
| 3 | p | 12.534 |
| 3 | s | 11.6322 |
| 4 | s | 18.8668 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (10)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | LS | 87 | estimated, |
| 2 | VI | HS | 94 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 3 | VI | 75.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | IV | 55 | ||
| 4 | VI | 69 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | IV | 48.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 63 | estimated, from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VIII | 71 | ||
| 6 | IV | 40 | ||
| 6 | VI | 58 | calculated, |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (52)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 41 | p | — |
| 42 | B+ | 100% |
| 42 | B+p | 94.4% |
| 42 | 2p | — |
| 43 | B+ | 100% |
| 43 | B+p | 79.3% |
| 43 | 2p | 11.6% |
| 43 | 3p | 0.1% |
| 43 | B+A | — |
| 44 | B+ | 100% |
X선 산란 인자 (751)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0.42 | -0.0076 | 0.02756 |
| 0.46 | -0.01 | 0.03022 |
| 0.5 | -0.0123 | 0.03301 |
| 0.54 | -0.0148 | 0.03586 |
| 0.58 | -0.0176 | 0.03897 |
| 0.62 | -0.0202 | 0.04225 |
| 0.66 | -0.0225 | 0.04515 |
| 0.7 | -0.0257 | 0.04771 |
| 0.74 | -0.0292 | 0.05056 |
| 0.78 | -0.0332 | 0.05331 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.02×102 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Chromium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele024.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3×10-4 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Chromium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele024.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The principal ore is chromite, which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, New Zealand, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, and the Phillippines. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Chromium https://periodic.lanl.gov/24.shtml
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Chromium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.