Chlorine (Cl)
halogenGas
표준 원자량
35.45 u [35.446, 35.457]전자 배치
[Ne] 3s2 3p5녹는점
-101.5 °C끓는점
-34.04 °C밀도
3.214 kg/m³산화 상태
−1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7전기 음성도(Pauling)
3.16제1 이온화 에너지
12.967633 eV발견 연도
1774원자 반지름
100 pm상세 정보
Chlorine is a reactive halogen and a yellow-green diatomic gas, Cl₂, under ordinary conditions. It is a strong oxidizing agent and occurs naturally mainly as chloride salts, especially in seawater and evaporite minerals. Chlorine chemistry is central to water disinfection, inorganic chlorides, chlorinated solvents, polymers, and many industrial oxidation and substitution processes. The element has two stable isotopes, ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl.
It is a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of elements and is obtained from chlorides by the action of oxidizing agents and more often by electrolysis; it is a greenish-yellow gas, combining directly with nearly all elements. At 10°C one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine, at 30°C only 1.77 volumes.
The name derives from the Greek chloros for "pale green" or "greenish yellow" colour of the element. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In 1810, the English chemist Humphry Davy proved it was an element.
Since it combines directly with nearly every element, chlorine is never found free in nature. Chlorine was first produced by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist, when he combined the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) with hydrochloric acid (HCl) in 1774. Although Scheele thought the gas produced in his experiment contained oxygen, Sir Humphry Davy proved in 1810 that it was actually a distinct element. Today, most chlorine is produced through the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl).
From the Greek word chloro, greenish yellow. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele, who thought it contained oxygen. Chlorine was named in 1810 by Davy, who insisted it was an element.
Pure chlorine is a dense yellow-green gas with a sharp, irritating odor. It condenses to an amber liquid under pressure or cooling and freezes to a pale solid. The gas is visibly colored even at moderate concentrations in laboratory vessels.
Elemental chlorine, Cl₂, is used chiefly as a chemical intermediate rather than as an end product. Major uses include production of vinyl chloride for polyvinyl chloride, manufacture of chlorinated solvents and intermediates, bleaching of some pulp and textile streams, and synthesis of inorganic chlorides. Chlorine and hypochlorite solutions are widely used for drinking-water, wastewater, and swimming-pool disinfection. Hydrochloric acid, HCl, made directly or as a by-product, is also an important industrial reagent.
Chlorine is commonly used as an antiseptic and is used to make drinking water safe and to treat swimming pools. Large amounts of chlorine are used in many industrial processes, such as in the production of paper products, plastics, dyes, textiles, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, solvents and paints.
Two of the most familiar chlorine compounds are sodium chloride (NaCl) and hydrogen chloride (HCl). Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt, is used to season food and in some industrial processes. Hydrogen chloride, when mixed with water (H2O), forms hydrochloric acid, a strong and commercially important acid. Other chlorine compounds include: chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), potassium chloride (KCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2).
Chlorine is a very dangerous material. Liquid chlorine burns the skin and gaseous chlorine irritates the mucus membranes. Concentrations of the gas as low as 3.5 parts per million can be detected by smell while concentrations of 1000 parts per million can be fatal after a few deep breaths.
Chlorine is widely used in making many everyday products. It is used for producing safe drinking water the world over. Even the smallest water supplies are now usually chlorinated.
It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, food, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products.
Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine.
Organic chemistry demands much from chlorine, both as an oxidizing agent and in substitution, since it often brings many desired properties in an organic compound when substituted for hydrogen, as in one form of synthetic rubber.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of chlorine possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of chlorine in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.17.1). These variations are useful for investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes. Chlorine is subject to isotopic fractionation by physical and chemical processes. Variations in isotopic compositions of stable chlorine isotopes provide evidence for ultrafiltration and crystallization of brines and indicate sources of chlorine-bearing contaminants, such as solvents and rocket fuels, in the environment [151] H. G. M. Eggenkamp, R. Kreulen, A. F. Koster Van Groos. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta59, 5169 (1995)., [152] M. A. Stewart, A. J. Spivack. Rev. Mineral. Geochem.55, 231 (2004)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Analyses of chlorine isotopes and other environmental tracers can help to identify whether an environmental contaminant is of anthropogenic origin or naturally occurring. For example, perchlorate (ClO4 -) can be of anthropogenic origin and is also found naturally. Perchlorate is a widespread groundwater contaminant that can interfere with hormone production in the thyroid gland by displacing iodide. Both the stable chlorine isotope-amount ratio n(37Cl)/n(35Cl) and the mole fraction of 36Cl, n(36Cl)/n(Cl), can provide useful information about origins of perchlorate in the environment (Fig. IUPAC.17.2). Such information may be important for legal reasons and for remediation of contaminated areas [152] M. A. Stewart, A. J. Spivack. Rev. Mineral. Geochem.55, 231 (2004)., [153] J. K. Böhlke, N. C. Sturchio, B. Gu, J. Horita, G. M. Brown, W. A. Jackson, J. R. Batista, P. B. Hatzinger. Anal. Chem.77, 7838 (2005)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
Radioactive 36Cl provides a useful tool to determine ages in geology and hydrology. Some radioactive 36Cl is cosmogenic and enters the terrestrial environment in precipitation. Because of its long half-life of 3.01×105 years, the level of 36Cl in aquifers can be measured and used to estimate ages (on the order of 105 to 106 years) of old meteoric groundwater (water that was originally precipitation) [155] F. M. Phillips. “Chlorine-36”, in Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, P. G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston MA (2000)..
Thermonuclear bomb tests in the ocean produced large amounts of 36Cl by neutron reactions with 35Cl in seawater. This was especially prevalent in the late 1950s. Large amounts of this anthropogenic 36Cl were distributed throughout the atmosphere, deposited with precipitation, and incorporated into terrestrial soils and groundwater. This enriched 36Cl has been used as a tracer of meteoric water from that era [156] F. M. Phillips, J. L. Mattick, T. A. Duval, D. Elmore, P. W. Kubik. Water Resour. Res.24, 877 (1988)..
Chlorine commonly forms chloride compounds in the −1 oxidation state, including sodium chloride, NaCl, hydrogen chloride, HCl, and many metal chlorides. It also forms positive oxidation states in oxyanions such as hypochlorite, ClO⁻, chlorite, ClO₂⁻, chlorate, ClO₃⁻, and perchlorate, ClO₄⁻. Important molecular compounds include chlorine dioxide, ClO₂, and phosphorus trichloride, PCl₃. Organic chlorides range from simple chloromethane, CH₃Cl, to complex polymers and pharmaceuticals.
See more information at the Chlorine compound page.
Chlorine, Cl₂, is acutely toxic by inhalation and strongly irritating to eyes, skin, and the respiratory tract. It reacts with moisture in tissues to form acidic and oxidizing species. Concentrated hypochlorite solutions and chlorine dioxide, ClO₂, are hazardous oxidizers, and mixing hypochlorite with acids can release chlorine gas. Many chloride salts are low-hazard at ordinary exposure levels, but toxicity depends strongly on the accompanying cation or organic group.
Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucus membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odor, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. In fact, chlorine was used as a war gas in 1915.
Chlorine is abundant in the environment mainly as chloride, Cl⁻, dissolved in seawater, brines, soils, and biological fluids. Marine aerosols, evaporite deposits, volcanic gases, and weathering move chlorine through natural cycles. Reactive chlorine compounds are formed naturally in the atmosphere and by organisms, but industrial organochlorines have added persistent pollutants in some settings. Chloride is mobile in water and is not readily removed by ordinary soil adsorption.
Chlorine is produced industrially by electrolysis of brine, usually together with sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and hydrogen, H₂, in the chlor-alkali process. The economics are closely tied to demand for caustic soda and for chlorine-consuming products such as polyvinyl chloride and isocyanates. Because chlorine gas is hazardous to transport, large users are often integrated with production sites or consume it nearby. Recycling is indirect: chloride from wastes may be recovered in salts or converted through industrial processes, but much chlorine ultimately disperses as chloride.
In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite, and sylvite.
Chlorine is a moderately abundant cosmic element made mainly in massive stars and supernova-related nucleosynthesis. It is less abundant than neighboring elements such as sulfur and argon. In planetary materials it is strongly lithophile and volatile relative to many rock-forming elements, occurring as chlorides, brines, and volcanic gases. Chlorine-bearing salts have been detected or inferred on several planetary bodies.
- Chlorine gas was used as a chemical weapon in the First World War.
- Natural chlorine has a stable isotope ratio that is useful in isotope geochemistry.
- Dry chlorine is less corrosive to many metals than moist chlorine.
- Common table salt contains chlorine as chloride, not as elemental Cl₂.
- Perchlorate salts can persist in arid soils and interfere with iodide uptake.
- Chlorine is liquefied commercially for storage and transport under pressure.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 100 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 102 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 175 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 3.214 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0187 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 기체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- -101.5 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- -34.04 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 0.009 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.479 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 33.949 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 사방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 3.16 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 2.869
- 전자 친화도
- 3.6127 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 12.967633 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 23.813722 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 39.800137 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 53.240183 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 67.680233 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 7 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Ne] 3s2 3p5
열역학적 특성
- 임계점(온도)
- 143.9 °C
- 임계점(압력)
- 7.991e+6 Pa
- 융해열
- 0.0664352 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 0.21153547 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 원자화열
- 1.261129 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 1.257211 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 17 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 18 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 25 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 2 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Cl-35
- 발견 연도
- 1774
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 145 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 1.94 × 104 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 624 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 7 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7782-50-5 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 2P°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cl
- InChI 키
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Cl: 3s² 3p⁵[Ne] 3s² 3p⁵1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35 안정 | 34.968852682 ± 0.000000037 | 75.7600% | 안정 |
| 37 안정 | 36.965902602 ± 0.000000055 | 24.2400% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 끓는점(-34.04 °C)보다 59.0 °C 높음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
현재 온도 T에서 이상 기체 법칙으로 추정
심화
원자 스펙트럼
전체 17개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cl I | 0 | 221 | 99 | 100 |
| Cl II | +1 | 292 | 221 | 221 |
| Cl III | +2 | 192 | 166 | 166 |
| Cl IV | +3 | 73 | 42 | 45 |
| Cl V | +4 | 27 | 6 | 6 |
| Cl VI | +5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Cl VII | +6 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Cl VIII | +7 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Cl IX | +8 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Cl X | +9 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Cl I | 0 | 379 |
| Cl II | +1 | 275 |
| Cl III | +2 | 83 |
| Cl IV | +3 | 41 |
| Cl V | +4 | 29 |
| Cl VI | +5 | 67 |
| Cl VII | +6 | 47 |
| Cl VIII | +7 | 29 |
| Cl IX | +8 | 57 |
| Cl X | +9 | 15 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 181 pm |
| +5 | 3 | 해당 없음 | 12 pm |
| +7 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 8 pm |
| +7 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 27 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (2)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 35 안정 | 34.968852682 ± 0.000000037 | 75.7600% ± 0.1000% | 안정 | stable | |
| 37 안정 | 36.965902602 ± 0.000000055 | 24.2400% ± 0.1000% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
전체 207개 중 50개를 표시합니다. 기본적으로 세기가 측정된 스펙트럼선만 표시됩니다.
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 479.4556 nm | 99000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4s 5S* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 542.3257 nm | 99000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).3d 5D* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 489.6783 nm | 81000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 3D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3F | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 521.7945 nm | 56000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4s 3S* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 3P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 490.4776 nm | 47000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 3D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3F | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 481.007 nm | 29000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4s 5S* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 491.773 nm | 26000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 3D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3F | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 507.8267 nm | 26000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 3D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 386.0828 nm | 25000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 522.1362 nm | 23000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4s 3S* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 3P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 544.3375 nm | 19000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).3d 5D* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 481.948 nm | 16000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4s 5S* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 539.2125 nm | 15000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 1D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 1F | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 478.132 nm | 13000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2P*).4s 3P* → 3s2.3p3.(2P*).4p 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 385.0988 nm | 10000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 499.5473 nm | 10000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).3d 3F* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 542.3516 nm | 10000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).3d 5D* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 544.4217 nm | 10000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).3d 5D* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 385.1374 nm | 7900 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 725.6618 nm | 7500 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4S* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 545.7037 nm | 5600 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).3d 5D* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 741.4118 nm | 5000 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 386.099 nm | 4400 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 476.8651 nm | 4300 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2P*).4s 3P* → 3s2.3p3.(2P*).4p 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 384.5639 nm | 3900 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 384.5362 nm | 3100 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 380.5174 nm | 1900 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3D → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4d 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 609.468 nm | 1900 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 1D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 1P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 384.5788 nm | 1500 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 391.3866 nm | 1500 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3F → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4d 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 380.9459 nm | 1300 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3D → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4d 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 385.1651 nm | 1200 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 391.6632 nm | 1100 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3F → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4d 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 386.1378 nm | 1000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 399.1367 nm | 700 | Cl III | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 401.8351 nm | 600 | Cl III | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 405.893 nm | 600 | Cl III | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 410.4082 nm | 500 | Cl III | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 410.6764 nm | 500 | Cl III | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 436.3268 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 436.9498 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 2D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 437.9896 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 438.9751 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 443.8488 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 452.6182 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 439.0403 nm | 90 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 440.302 nm | 90 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 447.5304 nm | 90 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 2D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 460.0977 nm | 80 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 466.1208 nm | 80 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 99 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 95 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 93 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Bragg)
- 105 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Bondi
- 175 pm
- Batsanov
- 180 pm
- Alvarez
- 182 pm
- UFF
- 394.7 pm
- MM3
- 207 pm
- Dreiding
- 395.03 pm
- Rowland–Taylor
- 176 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 206 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 91 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 107
- Pettifor
- 99
- Glawe
- 101
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 9
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 8
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 14.6 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 0.1 a.u.
- C₆
- 94.6 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 97.1 Ha·Bohr6
화학 친화력
- 양성자 친화도
- 513.6 kJ/mol
- 기체상 염기성
- 490.1 kJ/mol
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 24
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 4
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 24
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 171.65 K |
| 끓는점 | 239.11 K |
| 임계점(온도) | 417.05 K |
| 임계점(압력) | 7.99 MPa |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (5)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.4761 |
| 2 | p | 4.0068 |
| 2 | s | 5.5696 |
| 3 | p | 10.8839 |
| 3 | s | 9.9317 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (4)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | VI | 167 | Pauling's (1960) crystal radius, | |
| 5 | IIIPY | 26 | ||
| 7 | IV | 22 | ||
| 7 | VI | 41 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (45)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 28 | p | 100% |
| 29 | p | 100% |
| 30 | p | 100% |
| 31 | B+ | 100% |
| 31 | B+p | 2.4% |
| 32 | B+ | 100% |
| 32 | B+A | 0.1% |
| 32 | B+p | 0% |
| 33 | B+ | 100% |
| 34 | B+ | 100% |
X선 산란 인자 (504)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.46938 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.6922 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.9488 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.24432 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.51303 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.73153 |
| 11.0106 | — | 2.95549 |
| 11.1886 | — | 3.19416 |
| 11.3696 | — | 3.48881 |
| 11.5535 | — | 3.87618 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.45×102 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Chlorine https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele017.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.94×104 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Chlorine https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele017.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite, and sylvite.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Chlorine https://periodic.lanl.gov/17.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
Analyses of chlorine isotopes and other environmental tracers can help to identify whether an environmental contaminant is of anthropogenic origin or naturally occurring. For example, perchlorate (ClO4 -) can be of anthropogenic origin and is also found naturally. Perchlorate is a widespread groundwater contaminant that can interfere with hormone production in the thyroid gland by displacing iodide. Both the stable chlorine isotope-amount ratio n(37Cl)/n(35Cl) and the mole fraction of 36Cl, n(36Cl)/n(Cl), can provide useful information about origins of perchlorate in the environment (Fig. IUPAC.17.2). Such information may be important for legal reasons and for remediation of contaminated areas [152] M. A. Stewart, A. J. Spivack. Rev. Mineral. Geochem.55, 231 (2004)., [153] J. K. Böhlke, N. C. Sturchio, B. Gu, J. Horita, G. M. Brown, W. A. Jackson, J. R. Batista, P. B. Hatzinger. Anal. Chem.77, 7838 (2005)..
참고 문헌 (4)
- [152] M. A. Stewart, A. J. Spivack. Rev. Mineral. Geochem.55, 231 (2004).
- [153] J. K. Böhlke, N. C. Sturchio, B. Gu, J. Horita, G. M. Brown, W. A. Jackson, J. R. Batista, P. B. Hatzinger. Anal. Chem.77, 7838 (2005).
- [154] J. K. Böhlke, P. Hatzinger, N. C. Sturchio, B. Gu, I. J. Abbene, S. J. Mroczkowski. Environ. Sci. Technol.43, 5619 (2009).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Chlorine.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.