Bismuth (Bi)
post-transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
208.9804 u電子配置
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3融点
271.4 °C沸点
1563.85 °C密度
9807 kg/m³酸化数
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5電気陰性度（Pauling）
2.02第1イオン化エネルギー
7.285516 eV発見年
1753原子半径
160 pm詳細
Bismuth is a heavy post-transition metal and the heaviest element with a primordial isotope that is effectively stable on human timescales. Natural bismuth is almost entirely ²⁰⁹Bi, now known to be very weakly radioactive by alpha decay. It has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal, low thermal conductivity, a low melting point, and a strong tendency to form +3 compounds. These traits make it useful where lead, cadmium, or mercury are undesirable.
It is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs in a native state. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field).
The name derives from the German weisse masse for "white mass" from the colour of its oxides. The ancients did not distinguish bismuth from lead. The French chemist Claude-Francois Geoffroy showed that bismuth was distinct from lead in 1753.
Bismuth, which has been known since ancient times, was often confused with lead and tin. Bismuth was first shown to be a distinct element in 1753 by Claude Geoffroy the Younger. Bismuth does occur free in nature and in such minerals as bismuthinite (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). The largest deposits of bismuth are found in Bolivia, although bismuth is usually obtained as a by-product of mining and refining lead, copper, tin, silver and gold.
From the German Weisse Masse, meaning white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753.
Pure bismuth is a brittle, crystalline metal with a silvery white surface that often shows a pinkish tint. Fresh crystals readily develop iridescent oxide films. It expands on solidifying, a behavior shared by few common elements.
Bismuth is used in low-melting alloys for fire-sprinkler links, fuses, solders, and precision casting. It is a common lead substitute in some free-machining metals, shot, fishing weights, and plumbing-related solders. Bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and catalysts. Bismuth subsalicylate, C₇H₅BiO₄, is a long-established gastrointestinal medicine, and bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl, gives pearly effects in cosmetic formulations.
Pure bismuth is a white, brittle metal with a slight pink color. Bismuth is usually mixed with other metals, such as lead, tin, iron or cadmium to form low-melting alloys. These alloys are used in such things as automatic fire sprinkler systems, fire detection systems and electrical fuses.
Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), a bismuth compound, is used as a yellow pigment in paints and cosmetics. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is used to make a pigment known as bismuth white. Bismuth carbonate (Bi2(CO3)3) is used to treat diarrhea and gastric ulcers.
Once thought to be the heaviest stable isotope to exist in nature, experiments conducted in 2002 showed that bismuth-209 is unstable and decays into thallium-205 through alpha decay. Bismuth-209 has a half-life of roughly 19,000,000,000,000,000,000 years.
"Bismanol" is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235U or 233U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine.
Isotopes in Medicine
212Bi and 213Bi (with half-lives of 1 h and 0.76 h, respectively) are both used in medicine for radioimmunotherapy as bismuth-labeled monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer cells from melanoma (skin cancer) (Fig. IUPAC.83.1) and ovarian cancer [559] D. E. Milenic, M. Roselli, S. Mirzadeh, C. G. Pippin, O. A. Gansow, D. Colcher, M. W. Brechbiel, J. Schlom. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm.16, 133 (2001).. Figure 4.83.2 compares the biologic effect of 131I and 213Bi using a specific monoclonal antibody, B-B4, coupled to 213Bi by a chelating agent (a substance that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion). 213Bi is a mixed alpha and beta emitter with a half-life of 0.76 h. The primary mode of decay is by beta emission to the very short-lived alpha emitter 213Po. The 8.4 MeV alpha particle emitted by 213Po has a path length of 76 μm in human tissue and is responsible for its cytotoxic effects (toxic to living cells). 213Bi is produced from a series of alpha particle decays beginning with 225Ac, which is a pure alpha emitter with a half-life of 10 days. A schematic of the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Standard 225Ac/ 213Bi Radionuclide Generator is shown in Fig. IUPAC.83.3.
212Bi has been used for radioimmunotherapy of leukemia and for targeting the vascular endothelial cells (thin layer of simple squamous cells that forms the interface between circulating blood or lymph and the remainder of the vessel wall) of tumors [560] F. Hartmann, E. M. Horak, K. Garmestani, C. Wu, M. W. Brechbiel, R. W. Kozak, J. Tso, S. A. Kosteiny, O. A. Gansow, D. L. Nelson. Cancer Res.54, 4362 (1994)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
209Bi is bombarded with neutrons in a nuclear reactor to form radioactive 210Bi. The 210Bi (with a half-life of 5 days) decays via the reaction 210Bi→ 210Po+β −. The half-life of 210Po is 138 days and it is used in static eliminators in machinery [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf..
Bismuth chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, with the +5 state less stable and strongly oxidizing in many compounds. Bismuth(III) oxide, Bi₂O₃, is an important oxide with several polymorphs and high oxide-ion conductivity in some phases. Bismuth trichloride, BiCl₃, hydrolyzes readily in water to give oxychloride species. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate, Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O, is a common laboratory precursor. Organobismuth compounds exist but are less broadly used than analogous phosphorus or arsenic chemistry.
See more information at the Bismuth compound page.
Elemental bismuth and many insoluble bismuth compounds are comparatively low in toxicity, but this does not make all bismuth materials harmless. Soluble salts, dusts, and pharmaceutical overuse can cause adverse effects, including kidney or neurological problems in severe cases. Molten bismuth presents ordinary burn and metal-fume precautions. Natural ²⁰⁹Bi is radioactive only at an extremely low specific activity, so its radiological hazard is normally negligible.
Bismuth occurs at low abundance in the crust, commonly associated with sulfide ores of lead, copper, tin, and tungsten. Native bismuth and minerals such as bismuthinite, Bi₂S₃, are known but not usually mined alone. In soils and waters, bismuth tends to form sparingly soluble oxides, sulfides, and basic salts, limiting mobility under many conditions. It has no established essential biological role.
Bismuth is obtained mainly as a by-product of refining lead, copper, tin, tungsten, and other metal ores, rather than from dedicated bismuth mines. Supply therefore depends strongly on the processing of other metals. Demand is supported by substitution for more toxic heavy metals, especially lead, and by uses in alloys, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recycling occurs from some alloy and manufacturing scrap, but dispersed uses in cosmetics, medicines, and small components are difficult to recover economically.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
Bismuth is a rare heavy element in cosmic terms. Its stable primordial inventory was made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from the slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile and siderophile trace element, concentrating preferentially in sulfide-rich and metallic phases rather than in common silicates.
- Bismuth is more strongly diamagnetic than any other stable metal.
- Its liquid form is denser than its solid form, so it expands when it freezes.
- The half-life of ²⁰⁹Bi is about 1.9 × 10¹⁹ years.
- Bismuth crystals sold as ornaments usually owe their colors to a thin oxide film.
- Bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, is a major thermoelectric material near room temperature.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 160 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 148 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 207 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 151 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 9807 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0213 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 271.4 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 1563.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 7.9 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.122 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 25.52 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 菱面体構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 2.02 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 2.01
- 電子親和力
- 0.942 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 7.285516 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 16.703057 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 25.570838 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 45.370156 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 54.856189 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 5 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3
熱力学的性質
- 臨界点（温度）
- 4347 °C
- 融解熱
- 0.11297093 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 1.56501 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 2.176504 eV
- 原子化熱
- 2.176504 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 2.172358 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 83 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 126 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 41 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 0 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Bi-209
- 発見年
- 1753
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 0.009 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 2 × 10−5 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 475 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-69-9 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Bi
- InChI Key
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Bi: 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
安定同位体はありません。
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 189 放射性 | 188.989195 ± 0.000022 | データなし | 688 ms |
| 208 放射性 | 207.9797425 ± 0.0000025 | データなし | 368 ky |
| 195 放射性 | 194.9806488 ± 0.0000057 | データなし | 183 秒 |
| 201 放射性 | 200.97701 ± 0.000016 | データなし | 103 分 |
| 217 放射性 | 217.009372 ± 0.000019 | データなし | 98.5 秒 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（271.4 °C）より246.4 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
詳細
原子スペクトル
全83件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 69 | 39 | 63 |
| Bi II | +1 | 111 | 4 | 16 |
| Bi III | +2 | 204 | 204 | 204 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 45 | 0 | 0 |
| Bi V | +4 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 75 |
| Bi II | +1 | 78 |
| Bi III | +2 | 68 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 38 |
| Bi V | +4 | 15 |
| Bi VI | +5 | 115 |
| Bi VII | +6 | 2 |
| Bi VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Bi IX | +8 | 2 |
| Bi X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 5 | データなし | 96 pm |
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 103 pm |
| +3 | 8 | データなし | 117 pm |
| +5 | 6 | データなし | 76 pm |
化合物
同位体 (5)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 189 放射性 | 188.989195 ± 0.000022 | データなし | 688 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 208 放射性 | 207.9797425 ± 0.0000025 | データなし | 368 ky | β+ =100% | |
| 195 放射性 | 194.9806488 ± 0.0000057 | データなし | 183 秒 | β+ ≈100%α =0.030±1.2% | |
| 201 放射性 | 200.97701 ± 0.000016 | データなし | 103 分 | β+ =100% | |
| 217 放射性 | 217.009372 ± 0.000019 | データなし | 98.5 秒 | β- =100% |
スペクトル線
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 384.893 nm | 21 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 392.72 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(3P) 2P → 6s2.8p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 393.036 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 422.469 nm | 350 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 423.421 nm | 280 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 425.9413 nm | データなし | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 430.1697 nm | データなし | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 430.653 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 432.792 nm | 360 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7p 2P* → 6s2.8s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 456.143 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7s 2S → 6s2.7p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 470.5285 nm | データなし | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,1/2) → 6s2.6p.7d (1/2,3/2)* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 472.883 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 475.128 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 479.742 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 480.9082 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6p 2P* → 6s2.6p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 505.244 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 507.928 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 512.4356 nm | データなし | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (3/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (3/2,3/2) | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 514.4507 nm | データなし | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 520.9325 nm | データなし | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 613.907 nm | 22 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 614.039 nm | 150 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 616.071 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 662.323 nm | 180 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.8p 2P* → 6s2.8d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 738.23 nm | データなし | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 151 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 141 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 135 pm
- 共有結合半径（Bragg）
- 148 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Truhlar
- 207 pm
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 254 pm
- UFF
- 437 pm
- MM3
- 266 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 250 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 178 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 97
- Pettifor
- 87
- Glawe
- 92
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 48 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 4 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 513 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 19.32 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 2
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 42
- 相対供給リスク
- 9
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 75
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 24
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 24
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 544.55 K |
| 沸点 | 1837.15 K |
| 臨界点（温度） | 4620.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (15)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.6018 |
| 2 | p | 4.533 |
| 2 | s | 21.824 |
| 3 | d | 13.4585 |
| 3 | p | 23.0678 |
| 3 | s | 24.1145 |
| 4 | d | 37.7608 |
| 4 | f | 37.9308 |
| 4 | p | 36.1496 |
| 4 | s | 35.2928 |
結晶半径の詳細 (4)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | V | 110 | calculated, | |
| 3 | VI | 117 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 131 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 90 | estimated, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (70)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 184 | A | 100% |
| 185 | p | — |
| 185 | A | — |
| 186 | A | 100% |
| 186 | B+ | — |
| 186 | B+SF | 0% |
| 187 | A | 100% |
| 188 | A | 100% |
| 188 | B+ | — |
| 188 | B+SF | 0% |
X線散乱因子 (516)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 5.59475 |
| 10.1617 | — | 5.63587 |
| 10.3261 | — | 5.67729 |
| 10.4931 | — | 5.71901 |
| 10.6628 | — | 5.74574 |
| 10.8353 | — | 5.7564 |
| 11.0106 | — | 5.76707 |
| 11.1886 | — | 5.77776 |
| 11.3696 | — | 5.78847 |
| 11.5535 | — | 5.7834 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-5 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Bismuth https://periodic.lanl.gov/83.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Bismuth.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.