Erbium (Er)
lanthanideSolid
標準原子量
167.259 u電子配置
[Xe] 6s2 4f12融点
1528.85 °C沸点
2867.85 °C密度
9070 kg/m³酸化数
0, +1, +2, +3電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.24第1イオン化エネルギー
6.1077 eV発見年
1843原子半径
175 pm詳細
Erbium is a lanthanide metal and one of the heavier rare-earth elements. In compounds it is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, giving many salts a characteristic pale pink color. Its greatest technological importance comes from optical transitions of Er³⁺ ions, especially in silica glass, where they enable amplification near 1.55 micrometres for fiber-optic communications. It occurs in nature with other rare earths rather than as a native metal.
The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare-earth metals, its properties depend to a certain extent on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other rare-earth metals. Naturally occurring erbium is a mixture of six isotopes, all of which are stable. Nine radioactive isotopes of erbium are also recognized. Recent production techniques, using ion-exchange reactions, have resulted in much lower prices of the rare-earth metals and their compounds in recent years. Most of the rare-earth oxides have sharp absorption bands in the visible, ultraviolet, and near infrared. This property, associated with the electronic structure, gives beautiful pastel colors to many of the rare-earth salts.
The name derives from the Swedish town of Ytterby, where the ore gadolinite (in which it was found) was first mined. Erbium was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1843 in a yttrium sample. He separated the yttrium into yttrium, a rose-coloured salt he called terbium and a deep-yellow peroxide that he called erbium.
The mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10), discovered in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden, has been the source of a great number of rare earth elements. In 1843, Carl Gustaf Mosander, a Swedish chemist, was able to separate gadolinite into three materials, which he named yttria, erbia and terbia. As might be expected considering the similarities between their names and properties, scientists soon confused erbia and terbia and, by 1877, had reversed their names. What Mosander called erbia is now called terbia and visa versa. From these two substances, Mosander discovered two new elements, terbium and erbium. Today, erbium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from the minerals xenotime (YPO4) and euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6).
Erbium, one of the so-called rare-earth elements on the lanthanide series, is found in the minerals mentioned under dysprosium. In 1842 Mosander separated "yttria" found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and terbia. The names erbia and terbia became confused in this early period. After 1860, Mosander's terbia was known as erbia, and after 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as erbia, scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonably pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor.
Pure erbium is a silvery-white metal with a metallic lustre. It is soft and malleable compared with many common structural metals, and it slowly tarnishes in air as an oxide layer forms. Finely divided erbium reacts more readily than massive pieces.
Erbium-doped silica glass is used in optical fiber amplifiers and some fiber lasers, where Er³⁺ emits in the low-loss telecommunications window. Erbium-doped crystals and glasses are also used in solid-state lasers, including medical and dental laser systems that couple strongly to water. Small additions of erbium can modify the properties of some alloys and nuclear materials, but these uses are limited compared with optical applications. Erbium oxide is used as a pink colorant in glass and ceramics.
Erbium is alloyed with vanadium to make it softer and easier to shape. Erbium is added to fiber optic cables as a doping agent where it is used as a signal amplifier. Erbium also has some uses in the nuclear power industry.
Erbia, the renamed material that Mosander discovered in 1843, is erbium oxide (Er2O3), one of erbium's compounds. Erbia has a pink color and is used to color glass and glazes. Other erbium compounds include: erbium fluoride (ErF3, erbium chloride (ErCl3 and erbium iodide (ErI3).
Erbium is finding nuclear and metallurgical uses. Added to vanadium, for example, erbium lowers the hardness and improves workability. Erbium oxide gives a pink color and has been used as a colorant in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes.
Isotopes in Biology
Radiolabeled 171Er (with a half-life of 7.5 h) tablets have been used to study bowel movements of individuals using external scintigraphy. Such tablets have an enteric coating and contain small amounts of stable erbium oxide (170Er) initially. The tablets are then irradiated at a low neutron flux to produce radioactively labeled 171Er tablets, via the 170Er (n, γ) 171Er reaction. This method is a noninvasive approach for determining gastric emptying rates and visualizing segments of the digestive system in an individual [479] A. Parr, R. M. Beihn, M. Jay. Int. J. Pharm.32, 251 (1986)., [480] M. C. Theodorakis. Am. Physiol. Soc. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.239, G39 (1980)..
Isotopes in Medicine
169Er (with a half-life of 9.4 days) is used in radiosynovectomy, which is a regularly practiced radiotherapy, on rheumatoid arthritis patients whose condition is resistant to standard methods of treatment (Fig. IUPAC.68.1). Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of the joint capsule (synovial sac), which is lined with a thin membrane called the synovium, of an individual’s moveable joints (synovial joints). In radiosynovectomy, the radiopharmaceutical called 169Er- citrate colloid, which contains colloidal particles that are labeled with β-emitting 169Er, is directly injected into the synovial cavity (the cavity between the bones in a moveable joint inside of the synovium) of the affected joint. These radioactive-colloid particles are then phagocytized (engulfed) by macrophage-like synoviocytes as well as other phagocytizing inflammatory cells in the patient’s synovium. Necrosis (tissue death) and the inhabitation of cell proliferation (increase in number of cells) result from the radiation of the synovium and therefore, temporarily halts synovitis (which is the condition of when the synovium thickens with inflammation) and improves synovial joint function [481] F. M. van der Zanta, Z. N. Jahangierb, G. G. M. Gommansa, J. D. Moolenburghc, J. W. G. Jacobs. Appl. Radiat. Isot.65, 649 (2007)., [482] S. J. Kim, K. A. Jung. Clin. Med. Res.5, 244 (2007)., [483] M. E. A. McNeil. The First Year Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Essential Guide for the Newly Diagnosed, Marlowe & Company, New York, NY (2005)., [484] G. Prabhakar, S. S. Sachdev, N. Sivaprasad. Pharma Times41, 11 (2009)..
Erbium chemistry is typical of the trivalent lanthanides. Erbium(III) oxide, Er₂O₃, is a stable pink oxide and an important commercial intermediate. Erbium(III) chloride, ErCl₃, and erbium(III) nitrate, Er(NO₃)₃, form hydrated salts used in preparation and research. Er³⁺ is a hard Lewis acid and forms complexes with oxygen- and nitrogen-donor ligands. The +2 state is uncommon and strongly reducing; the +4 state is not a normal part of erbium chemistry under ordinary conditions.
See more information at the Erbium compound page.
Metallic erbium has low acute toxicity, but dust or turnings can present fire and inhalation hazards, as with many finely divided reactive metals. Soluble erbium salts should be handled as irritants and potential systemic toxicants because rare-earth ions can interact with biological ligands. Erbium has no known essential biological role. Natural erbium is only weakly radioactive in the practical sense; isotope-specific radiation hazards apply mainly to artificially produced radioisotopes.
Erbium is dispersed in the crust in rare-earth minerals such as monazite and xenotime, always mixed with chemically similar lanthanides. Weathering can release Er³⁺ into soils and sediments, where it tends to bind to clays, phosphates, carbonates, and organic matter rather than remain highly mobile. It has no established biological function, and environmental concern is usually linked to mining, separation reagents, and waste streams rather than to erbium alone.
Erbium is obtained as a by-product of rare-earth mining and separation, not from ores mined specifically for erbium. Processing relies on solvent extraction or ion-exchange methods to separate it from neighboring lanthanides with very similar chemistry. Demand is specialized and strongly tied to optical materials, lasers, and colorants, so the market is much smaller than for major light rare earths or magnet materials. Recycling is limited because erbium is often present as a dilute dopant in glass or ceramics, where recovery is technically possible but rarely economical.
Found with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxerite.
Erbium is a trace element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes were made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, followed by incorporation into interstellar dust and later planetary material. In meteorites and rocky planets it behaves as a refractory lithophile rare earth and is concentrated with other lanthanides rather than forming separate phases.
- The name erbium comes from Ytterby, the Swedish village that also gave names to yttrium, terbium, and ytterbium.
- Er³⁺ in glass can amplify light directly inside an optical fiber without converting the signal to electricity.
- Erbium oxide is pink, although the pure metal is silvery.
- Natural erbium contains several stable isotopes, with ¹⁶⁶Er the most abundant.
- Erbium and holmium discoveries were historically entangled because rare-earth oxides were difficult to separate.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 175 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 189 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 235 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 9070 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0184 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 1528.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 2867.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.168 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 28.12 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 六方最密充填構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.24 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電子親和力
- 0.312 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 6.1077 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 11.916041 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 22.700078 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 42.420146 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 65.100224 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- 0, +1, +2, +3 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 3 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Xe] 6s2 4f12
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.11815308 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 2.902005 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 3.285485 eV
- 原子化熱
- 3.285485 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 3.279266 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 68 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 98 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 39 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 4 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Er-166
- 発見年
- 1843
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 3.5 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 8.7 × 10−7 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 356 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-52-0 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 3H6
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Er
- InChI Key
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Er: 4f¹² 6s²[Xe] 4f¹² 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹² 6s²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 164 安定 | 163.9292088 ± 0.000002 | 1.6010% | 安定 |
| 166 安定 | 165.9302995 ± 0.0000022 | 33.5030% | 安定 |
| 167 安定 | 166.9320546 ± 0.0000022 | 22.8690% | 安定 |
| 168 安定 | 167.9323767 ± 0.0000022 | 26.9780% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（1528.85 °C）より1503.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全68件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Er I | 0 | 232 | 11 | 13 |
| Er II | +1 | 285 | 11 | 12 |
| Er III | +2 | 120 | 0 | 0 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Er I | 0 | 674 |
| Er II | +1 | 362 |
| Er III | +2 | 53 |
| Er IV | +3 | 10 |
| Er V | +4 | 2 |
| Er VI | +5 | 2 |
| Er VII | +6 | 2 |
| Er VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Er IX | +8 | 2 |
| Er X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 89 pm |
| +3 | 7 | データなし | 94.5 pm |
| +3 | 8 | データなし | 100.4 pm |
| +3 | 9 | データなし | 106.2 pm |
化合物
同位体 (4)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 164 安定 | 163.9292088 ± 0.000002 | 1.6010% ± 0.0030% | 安定 | stable | |
| 166 安定 | 165.9302995 ± 0.0000022 | 33.5030% ± 0.0360% | 安定 | stable | |
| 167 安定 | 166.9320546 ± 0.0000022 | 22.8690% ± 0.0090% | 安定 | stable | |
| 168 安定 | 167.9323767 ± 0.0000022 | 26.9780% ± 0.0180% | 安定 | stable |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 165 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 133 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Alvarez
- 283 pm
- UFF
- 339.1 pm
- MM3
- 267 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 272 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 35
- Pettifor
- 23
- Glawe
- 22
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 150 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 10 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2150 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 18.45 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 2
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 97
- 相対供給リスク
- 10
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 50
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 24
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 24
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 1802.15 K |
| 沸点 | 3141.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (13)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.3263 |
| 2 | p | 4.346 |
| 2 | s | 17.7984 |
| 3 | d | 13.6397 |
| 3 | p | 20.3891 |
| 3 | s | 20.9231 |
| 4 | d | 35.7288 |
| 4 | f | 40.0216 |
| 4 | p | 32.8908 |
| 4 | s | 31.768 |
結晶半径の詳細 (4)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 103 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 108.5 | ||
| 3 | VIII | 114.4 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 120.2 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (52)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 142 | p | — |
| 143 | B+ | — |
| 143 | B+p | — |
| 144 | B+ | — |
| 145 | B+ | 100% |
| 145 | B+p | — |
| 146 | B+ | 100% |
| 146 | B+p | — |
| 147 | B+ | 100% |
| 147 | B+p | — |
X線散乱因子 (514)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.18333 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.18626 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.18925 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.19229 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.19537 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.1985 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.20168 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.20739 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.21399 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.2208 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.5 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
8.7×10-7 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Erbium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.