Dysprosium (Dy)
lanthanideSolid
標準原子量
162.5 u電子配置
[Xe] 6s2 4f10融点
1411.85 °C沸点
2566.85 °C密度
8550 kg/m³酸化数
0, +1, +2, +3, +4電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.22第1イオン化エネルギー
5.939061 eV発見年
1878原子半径
175 pm詳細
Dysprosium is a heavy lanthanide metal with atomic number 66. In compounds it is overwhelmingly trivalent, forming pale salts whose chemistry resembles that of neighboring rare earths. Its technological importance comes from an unusually large magnetic moment and strong magnetic anisotropy, especially when incorporated into high-performance permanent magnets. Natural dysprosium is a mixture of stable isotopes and is obtained with other rare earth elements rather than as a native metal.
The element has a metallic, bright silver luster. It is relatively stable in air at room temperature, and is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids, to evolve hydrogen. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties.
The name derives from the Greek dysprositos for "hard to get at", owing to the difficulty in separating this rare earth element from a holmium mineral in which it was found. It was discovered by the Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine in the mineral samarskite in 1878 and called philippia. Philippia was subsequently thought to be a mixture of terbium and yttrium. It was later rediscovered in a holmium sample by the French chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886, who was then credited with the discovery. Dysprosium was first isolated by the French chemist Georges Urbain in 1906.
Dysprosium was discovered by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, a French chemist, in 1886 as an impurity in erbia, the oxide of erbium. The metal was isolated by Georges Urbain, another French chemist, in 1906. Pure samples of dysprosium were first produced in the 1950s. Today, dysprosium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.
From the Greek word dysprositos, meaning hard to get at. Dysprosium was discovered in 1886 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not isolated. Neither the oxide nor the metal was available in relatively pure form until 1950, when the development of ion-exchange separation and metallographic reduction techniques were created by Spedding and associates. Dysprosium occurs along with other so-called rare-earth or lanthanide elements in a variety of minerals such as xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, and blomstrandine. The most important sources, however, are from monaziate and bastnasite. Dysprosium can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with calcium.
Pure dysprosium is a bright, silvery metal when freshly cut, but it slowly tarnishes in air. It is relatively soft and can be machined, though the metal is reactive enough that clean surfaces require protection. At ordinary temperature it is paramagnetic; it develops more ordered magnetic states only at low temperatures.
The largest practical use of dysprosium is as an additive to neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets, where it improves resistance to demagnetization at elevated temperature. This is important in traction motors, wind-turbine generators, and compact actuators, although manufacturers try to minimize the amount used because supply is constrained. Dysprosium is also used in Terfenol-D magnetostrictive alloy, in some specialty lighting and laser materials, and as neutron-absorbing material in selected nuclear-technology applications.
There are no commercial applications for dysprosium. Since it easily absorbs neutrons and has a high melting point, dysprosium might be alloyed with steel for use in nuclear reactors. When combined with vanadium and other rare earth elements, dysprosium is used as a laser material.
Dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3), also known as dysprosia, is combined with nickel and added to a special cement used to cool nuclear reactor rods. Other dysprosium compounds include: dysprosium fluoride (DyF3), dysprosium iodide (DyI3) and dysprosium sulfate (Dy2(SO4)3).
While we have not found many applications for dysprosium, its thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high melting point suggest metallurgical uses in nuclear control applications and for alloying with special stainless steels. A dysprosium oxide-nickel cement has found use in cooling nuclear reactor rods. This cement absorbs neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment. In combination with vanadium and other rare earths, dysprosium has been used in making laser materials. Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides, as sources of infrared radiation, have been used for studying chemical reactions.
Isotopes in Industry
The isotopes of dysprosium are highly magnetic and have been the subject of physics research involving interactions of isotopes and the structure of lattice supersolids (spatially ordered material with superfluid properties, i.e. zero viscosity). The Magneto-Optical Trapping (MOT) chamber is used for slowing atoms (isotopes) to study the physics of neutral atoms by using a laser light to cool atoms (“Doppler cooling”) and magnetic quadrupole fields to slow and “trap” the neutral atoms (Fig. IUPAC.66.1) [462] S. H. Youn, M. Lu, U. Ray, B. L. Lev. Am. Phys. Soc. Phys. Rev. A.82, 043425 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.82.043425., [463] C. M. Elliott. First Dysprosium MOT, Physics Illinois-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2017), Feb. 28; http://engineering.illinois.edu/news/article/2009-07-31-first-dysprosium-mot..
164Dy has a large neutron absorption cross section, so dysprosium is used for control rods [464] V. E. Ceron, J. G. Hirsch. Phys. Lett. B471, 1 (1999).. 161Dy has been a key isotope for studying the Mössbauer Effect, which is the resonance and absorption of gamma ray emissions on nearby atoms in a solid state [465] R. L. Cohen. Phys. Rev.137, 1809 (1965)..
Isotopes in Medicine
165Dy (with a half-life of 140 min) is commonly used in arthritis therapy (radiosynovectomy). Rheumatic inflammation of the membranes of joints is often treated by the injection of 165Dy-ferric oxide directly into the joint space of the knee. Leakage from the joint has been shown to be minimal [467] C. B. Sledge, J. D. Zuckerman, M. R. Zalutsky, R. W. Atcher, S. Shortkroff, D. R. Lionberger, H. A. Rose, B. J. Hurson, P. A. Lankenner, R. J. Anderson, W. A. Bloomer. Arthritis Rheum.29, 153 (1986)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
164Dy is used to produce 166Dy (with a half-life of 3.4 days) via double neutron capture [468] D. Ma, A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, W. Jia. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.206, 119 (1996)., [469] S. Mirzadeh, R. E. Schenter, A. P. Callahan, F. F. Knapp. Production Capabilities in U.S. Nuclear Reactors for Medical Radioisotopes, Tm-12010, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tenn (1992)., [470] S. Lahiri, K. J. Volkers, B. Wierczinski. Appl. Radiat. Isot.61, 1157 (2004).. 166Dy, which decays to 166Ho, is used in cancer and arthritis therapy [468] D. Ma, A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, W. Jia. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.206, 119 (1996)., [471] G. Ferro-Flores, O. Hernandez-Oviedo, C. Arteaga de Murphy, J. I. Tendilla, F. Monroy-Guzman, M. Pedraza-Lopez, K. Aldama-Alvarado. Appl. Radiat. Isot.61, 1227 (2004)..
Dysprosium chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, represented by dysprosium(III) oxide, Dy₂O₃, dysprosium(III) chloride, DyCl₃, and many hydrated salts. The Dy³⁺ ion is strongly paramagnetic because of its 4f electrons, which are shielded enough to give sharp optical transitions in some host crystals. Dysprosium(II) compounds are uncommon and require strongly reducing conditions; +4 chemistry is not a normal feature of dysprosium. Many minerals contain dysprosium only as a minor component substituting for other heavy rare earth ions.
See more information at the Dysprosium compound page.
Dysprosium metal dust and filings can burn, and the metal reacts slowly with moisture to form hydrogen, H₂, and hydroxides or oxides. Soluble dysprosium salts should be handled as toxicologically uncertain rare-earth compounds rather than as harmless materials; ingestion or inhalation of dust is undesirable. Natural dysprosium is not significantly radioactive, but activated dysprosium isotopes can present radiation hazards in nuclear settings.
Dysprosium occurs dispersed in minerals such as xenotime and ion-adsorption clays, where it substitutes for other trivalent rare earth elements. Weathering and processing can mobilize rare-earth ions, but dysprosium generally has low solubility in neutral to alkaline waters because it forms insoluble phosphates, carbonates, and hydroxides. It has no known biological function. Environmental concern is usually tied to mining, acid leaching, and waste management rather than to natural background concentrations.
Dysprosium is produced as a separated rare earth from mixed ores and concentrates, not from dedicated dysprosium minerals. The main industrial challenge is separation from chemically similar lanthanides by solvent extraction or ion-exchange processes. Demand is strongly linked to high-temperature permanent magnets, while supply is limited by the availability of heavy rare-earth feedstocks. Recycling from magnets is technically possible and increasingly important, but collection, separation, and alloy complexity limit recovery. Substitution strategies include reducing dysprosium content, using grain-boundary diffusion, or redesigning motors to need less coercivity.
Usually found with erbium, holmium and other rare earths in some minerals such as monazite sand, which is often 50% rare earth by weight.
Dysprosium is a rare cosmic element. Its stable isotopes are produced mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar environments, then incorporated into interstellar dust and later planetary materials. In the Solar System it is concentrated with other refractory rare earths in silicate and phosphate phases rather than in metallic cores or volatile reservoirs.
- The name dysprosium comes from a Greek word meaning “hard to get at,” reflecting its difficult separation from other lan
- Dysprosium has one of the highest thermal-neutron absorption cross sections among stable elements.
- A small dysprosium addition can greatly raise the coercivity of Nd₂Fe₁₄B-based magnets.
- The isotope ¹⁶⁴Dy is the most abundant naturally occurring dysprosium isotope.
- Dysprosium metal can be cut with ordinary tools, but fresh surfaces tarnish readily.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 175 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 192 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 229 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 8550 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.019 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 1411.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 2566.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 10.7 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.173 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 28.16 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 六方最密充填構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.22 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電子親和力
- 0.352 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 5.939061 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 11.64704 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 22.890079 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 41.230142 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 62.100214 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 3 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Xe] 6s2 4f10
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.11504379 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 2.38379 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 3.016013 eV
- 原子化熱
- 3.016013 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 3.009794 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 66 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 98 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 39 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 6 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Dy-164
- 発見年
- 1878
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 5.2 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 9.1 × 10−7 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 359 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7429-91-6 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 5I8
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Dy
- InChI Key
- KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Dy: 4f¹⁰ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁰ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁰ 6s²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 158 安定 | 157.9244159 ± 0.0000031 | 0.0950% | 安定 |
| 160 安定 | 159.9252046 ± 0.000002 | 2.3290% | 安定 |
| 161 安定 | 160.9269405 ± 0.000002 | 18.8890% | 安定 |
| 162 安定 | 161.9268056 ± 0.000002 | 25.4750% | 安定 |
| 163 安定 | 162.9287383 ± 0.000002 | 24.8960% | 安定 |
| 164 安定 | 163.9291819 ± 0.000002 | 28.2600% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（1411.85 °C）より1386.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全66件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Dy I | 0 | 740 |
| Dy II | +1 | 576 |
| Dy III | +2 | 2 |
| Dy IV | +3 | 13 |
| Dy V | +4 | 2 |
| Dy VI | +5 | 2 |
| Dy VII | +6 | 2 |
| Dy VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Dy IX | +8 | 2 |
| Dy X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | データなし | 107 pm |
| +2 | 7 | データなし | 112.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 8 | データなし | 119 pm |
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 91.2 pm |
| +3 | 7 | データなし | 97 pm |
| +3 | 8 | データなし | 102.69999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 9 | データなし | 108.3 pm |
化合物
同位体 (6)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 158 安定 | 157.9244159 ± 0.0000031 | 0.0950% ± 0.0030% | 安定 | stable | |
| 160 安定 | 159.9252046 ± 0.000002 | 2.3290% ± 0.0180% | 安定 | stable | |
| 161 安定 | 160.9269405 ± 0.000002 | 18.8890% ± 0.0420% | 安定 | stable | |
| 162 安定 | 161.9268056 ± 0.000002 | 25.4750% ± 0.0360% | 安定 | stable | |
| 163 安定 | 162.9287383 ± 0.000002 | 24.8960% ± 0.0420% | 安定 | stable | |
| 164 安定 | 163.9291819 ± 0.000002 | 28.2600% ± 0.0540% | 安定 | stable |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 167 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 133 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Alvarez
- 287 pm
- UFF
- 342.8 pm
- MM3
- 290 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 275 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 31
- Pettifor
- 25
- Glawe
- 24
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 163 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 15 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2430 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 19 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 2
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 97
- 相対供給リスク
- 10
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 50
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 24
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 24
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 1685.15 K |
| 沸点 | 2840.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (13)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.2914 |
| 2 | p | 4.3204 |
| 2 | s | 17.2906 |
| 3 | d | 13.6701 |
| 3 | p | 20.1195 |
| 3 | s | 20.6067 |
| 4 | d | 34.982 |
| 4 | f | 39.464 |
| 4 | p | 32.174 |
| 4 | s | 31.408 |
結晶半径の詳細 (7)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 121 | ||
| 2 | VII | 127 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 133 | ||
| 3 | VI | 105.2 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 111 | ||
| 3 | VIII | 116.7 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 122.3 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (56)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 138 | B+ | — |
| 138 | B+p | — |
| 139 | B+ | 100% |
| 139 | B+p | 11% |
| 140 | B+ | — |
| 140 | B+p | — |
| 141 | B+ | 100% |
| 141 | B+p | — |
| 142 | B+ | 100% |
| 142 | e+ | 90% |
X線散乱因子 (514)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.15635 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.1621 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.16806 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.17425 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.18066 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.18731 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.19421 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.20135 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.20876 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.21654 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
5.2 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Dysprosium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele066.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
9.1×10-7 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Dysprosium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele066.html
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
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The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Dysprosium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.