Manganese (Mn)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
54.938044 u電子配置
[Ar] 4s2 3d5融点
1245.85 °C沸点
2060.85 °C密度
7300 kg/m³酸化数
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.55第1イオン化エネルギー
7.434038 eV発見年
1774原子半径
140 pm詳細
Manganese is a hard, brittle first-row transition metal and an essential alloying element in steelmaking. It occurs in nature mainly as oxides, carbonates, and silicates rather than as the free metal. Its chemistry is notable for accessible oxidation states from +2 to +7, with strong colors and redox behavior. Small biological amounts are essential, especially in enzymes, but concentrated manganese compounds and dusts can be hazardous.
It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically and decomposes slowly in cold water. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. Manganese improves rolling and forging qualities in steel, along with adding strength, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness.
With aluminum and antimony, and especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys.
Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent.
The name derives from the Latin magnes for "magnet" since pyrolusite (MnO2) has magnetic properties. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In the same year, the Swedish chemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn first isolated the metal.
Proposed to be an element by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774, manganese was discovered by Johan Gottlieb Gahn, a Swedish chemist, by heating the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) in the presence of charcoal later that year. Today, most manganese is still obtained from pyrolusite, although it is usually burned in a furnace with powdered aluminum or is treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form manganese sulfate (MnSO4), which is then electrolyzed.
From the Latin word magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite. Recognized by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Torbern Olof Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon.
Pure manganese is a silvery-gray metal with a faint pinkish cast when freshly prepared. It tarnishes in air and is hard and brittle rather than malleable. Several solid allotropes are known, and the stable form at room temperature has a complex crystal structure.
Most manganese is used in iron and steel production, where it removes sulfur and oxygen and improves hardness, strength, and wear resistance. Ferromanganese and silicomanganese are standard alloy additions. Manganese is also used in some aluminum alloys and in dry-cell and alkaline batteries through manganese dioxide, MnO₂. Potassium permanganate, KMnO₄, has long been used as a strong oxidizing agent in chemical synthesis, water treatment, and analytical chemistry.
Nearly 90% of all of the manganese produced each year is used in the production of steel. Manganese is added to molten steel to remove oxygen and sulfur and is alloyed with steel to make it easier to form and work with and to increase steel's strength and resistance to impact. Railroad tracks, for example, are made with steel that contains as much as 1.2% manganese. Manganese is also used to give glass an amethyst color and is responsible for the color of amethyst gemstones.
Manganese dioxide (MnO2), the most common compound of manganese, makes up about 0.14% of the Earth's crust. It is used in dry cell batteries to prevent the formation of hydrogen, to remove the green color in glass that is caused by the presence of iron contaminants, and as a drying agent in black paints.
The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells and is used to "decolorize" glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine.
Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Radioactive 54Mn (half-life of 312 days) has been used as a tracer to study migration of heavy metals in effluents (flowing out) from mining waste [109] Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto). [Radioisotopes]:/their Role in Society Today/, Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto) (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ansto.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/3564/Radioisotopes.pdf., [110] AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students. Chemistry Tutorial: Summary of Radioactive Particles, Isotopes, Properties and Uses, AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ausetute.com.au/nuclesum.html..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The radioactive isotope 53Mn is formed by the interaction of protons, produced by cosmic rays, on iron in rocks. The accumulation of 53Mn, having a half-life of 3.7×106 years, at the Earth’s surface enables determination of exposure ages of landforms to cosmic rays and quantification of erosion rates. For example, Schaefer et al. [211] J. M. Schaefer, T. Faestermann, G. F. Herzog, K. Knie, G. Korschinek, J. Masarik, A. Meier, M. Poutivtsev, G. Rugel, C. Schlüchter, F. Serifiddin, G. Winckler. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.251, 334 (2006). measured 13 samples from nine dolerite (igneous rock containing plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine) surfaces in the Dry Valleys, Antarctica. They found that the terrestrial 53Mn concentrations correlate well with cosmic-ray-produced 3He and 21Ne concentrations in the same samples (Fig. IUPAC.25.1), which suggests that 53Mn is produced continuously in place and retained over millions of years without loss. Their results suggest that 53Mn concentrations in rocks can be used to monitor Earth-surface processes on time scales exceeding 10×106 years.
Isotopes in Medicine
51Mn, 52Mn and 52mMn (with half-lives of 46 min, 5.6 days, and 21 min, respectively) are radioactive isotopes that emit positrons that are used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging [212] G. J. Topping, P. Schaffer, C. Hoehr, T. J. Ruth, V. Sossi. Med. Phys.40, 042502 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4793756., [213] C. W. Olanow, P. F. Good, H. Shinotoh, K. A. Hewitt, F. Vingerhoets, B. J. Snow, M. F. Beal, D. B. Calne, D. P. Perl. Neurology46, 492 (1996).. The m in the superscript of 52mMn indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Manganese commonly forms Mn²⁺ compounds, many of which are pale pink and relatively stable in water. Higher oxidation states are important in oxides and oxyanions: manganese dioxide, MnO₂, contains Mn(IV), while permanganate salts such as potassium permanganate, KMnO₄, contain Mn(VII) and are powerful oxidants. Manganese(II) sulfate, MnSO₄, is an important soluble salt. The carbonate rhodochrosite, MnCO₃, and mixed oxide minerals are major natural sources. Manganate, MnO₄²⁻, is green and less stable than permanganate under many conditions.
See more information at the Manganese compound page.
Metallic manganese is not highly toxic as a solid lump, but dust and fumes from mining, welding, smelting, or grinding can be harmful if inhaled. Chronic excessive exposure to manganese can damage the nervous system and produce symptoms resembling parkinsonism. Strong oxidizing compounds such as potassium permanganate, KMnO₄, can burn skin and react dangerously with reducing agents or organic materials. Normal dietary manganese is essential, but concentrated exposure is a separate hazard.
Exposure to manganese dusts, fume, and compounds should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 for even short periods because of the element's toxicity level.
Manganese is widespread in rocks, soils, freshwater, and marine sediments. Its mobility is controlled strongly by oxidation state, pH, and the availability of oxygen; Mn²⁺ is more soluble, while Mn(III) and Mn(IV) oxides tend to form insoluble coatings and nodules. Microorganisms can oxidize and reduce manganese and help drive its cycling. In water systems, excess dissolved manganese can stain plumbing and affect taste before it reaches levels of toxicological concern.
Manganese is produced chiefly from oxide and carbonate ores, then converted into ferromanganese, silicomanganese, electrolytic manganese metal, or manganese chemicals according to use. Steelmaking dominates demand, so consumption follows construction, transport, and machinery production more than specialty chemical markets. High-grade ore supply is geographically concentrated, and beneficiation is often needed. Recycling occurs mainly indirectly through recycled steel rather than recovery of manganese as a separate product. Battery use has grown in importance but remains distinct from the much larger metallurgical market.
Manganese minerals are widely distributed, with oxides, silicates, and carbonates being the most common. Large quantities of manganese nodules are found on the ocean floor and may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese, together with many other elements in lesser abundance.
Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis.
Manganese is a moderately abundant iron-peak element formed in stellar nucleosynthesis, especially in processes associated with silicon burning and supernovae. In rocky planets and meteorites it follows geochemical behavior between lithophile and siderophile tendencies, appearing in silicates, oxides, and metal-bearing phases. Its abundance is far below that of iron but high enough for broad planetary distribution.
- Manganese dioxide, MnO₂, is the main depolarizer material in many zinc-carbon and alkaline cells.
- The intense purple color of permanganate comes from Mn(VII), not from a d-electron transition.
- Manganese nodules on the deep ocean floor also contain iron, nickel, copper, and cobalt.
- Hadfield steel contains high manganese and is valued for work-hardening under impact.
- The name is historically linked to magnesia minerals, which were often confused in early mineralogy.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 140 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 139 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 197 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 118 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 7300 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.00739 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 1245.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 2060.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.479 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 26.32 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 立方構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.55 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.75
- 電子親和力
- -0.5 eV (負の値—この原子は電子を取り込まないと予測される)
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 7.434038 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 15.640044 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 33.668116 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 51.210176 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 72.410249 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 7 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Ar] 4s2 3d5
熱力学的性質
- 臨界点（温度）
- 4052 °C
- 融解熱
- 0.13680883 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 2.331969 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 2.914443 eV
- 原子化熱
- 2.914443 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 2.936208 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 25 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 30 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 31 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 1 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Mn-55
- 発見年
- 1774
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 950 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 2 × 10−4 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 889 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 13, 2 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7439-96-5 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 6S5/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mn
- InChI Key
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Mn: 3d⁵ 4s²[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 55 安定 | 54.93804391 ± 0.00000048 | 100.0000% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（1245.85 °C）より1220.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
詳細
原子スペクトル
全25件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mn I | 0 | 631 | 499 | 499 |
| Mn II | +1 | 3975 | 844 | 3781 |
| Mn III | +2 | 86 | 0 | 0 |
| Mn IV | +3 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
| Mn V | +4 | 136 | 112 | 112 |
| Mn VI | +5 | 286 | 97 | 284 |
| Mn VII | +6 | 57 | 26 | 57 |
| Mn VIII | +7 | 49 | 3 | 49 |
| Mn IX | +8 | 43 | 9 | 43 |
| Mn X | +9 | 57 | 18 | 57 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Mn I | 0 | 552 |
| Mn II | +1 | 533 |
| Mn III | +2 | 393 |
| Mn IV | +3 | 104 |
| Mn V | +4 | 85 |
| Mn VI | +5 | 116 |
| Mn VII | +6 | 46 |
| Mn VIII | +7 | 32 |
| Mn IX | +8 | 38 |
| Mn X | +9 | 46 |
イオン半径
全15件中10件を表示しています。
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | high | 66 pm |
| +2 | 5 | high | 75 pm |
| +2 | 6 | low | 67 pm |
| +2 | 6 | high | 83 pm |
| +2 | 7 | high | 90 pm |
| +2 | 8 | データなし | 96 pm |
| +3 | 5 | データなし | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 6 | high | 64.5 pm |
| +4 | 4 | データなし | 39 pm |
化合物
同位体 (1)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 55 安定 | 54.93804391 ± 0.00000048 | 100.0000% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
全694件中50件を表示しています。 初期設定では、強度の測定値があるスペクトル線のみを表示します。
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 403.0753 nm | 27000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 403.3062 nm | 19000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 403.4483 nm | 11000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 404.1355 nm | 5600 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 380.6711 nm | 3200 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.3507 nm | 2100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 405.5544 nm | 1900 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 401.81 nm | 1500 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.4362 nm | 1300 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 404.8743 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 405.893 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 408.2939 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 408.3628 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 475.4042 nm | 1000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 8P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 482.3524 nm | 1000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 8P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 478.3427 nm | 940 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 8P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 445.1586 nm | 800 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 476.2367 nm | 750 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 406.173 nm | 730 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(5S).5s f 6S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 406.3528 nm | 730 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 407.9412 nm | 730 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 380.9592 nm | 700 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 384.1071 nm | 670 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 446.2031 nm | 510 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 432.6643 nm | 500 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 434.3983 nm | 500 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 476.6418 nm | 500 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.3861 nm | 480 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.3887 nm | 390 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 423.5295 nm | 370 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.9819 nm | 350 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 384.3984 nm | 350 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 441.489 nm | 350 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 476.5846 nm | 300 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 407.0278 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 425.7669 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 426.5923 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 446.4682 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 602.182 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 6S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 428.1097 nm | 270 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 445.8254 nm | 270 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 449.8902 nm | 240 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 450.2213 nm | 240 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 443.6357 nm | 210 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 445.7549 nm | 210 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.9718 nm | 200 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 384.4166 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(2F).4s b 3F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 3G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 420.63677 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4P).4p z 5D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 429.22329 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(2D).4s c 3D → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 434.83962 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 119 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 105 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 103 pm
- 共有結合半径（Bragg）
- 147 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 296.1 pm
- MM3
- 224 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 242 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 127 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 55
- Pettifor
- 60
- Glawe
- 72
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 68 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 9 a.u.
- C₆
- 552 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 635 Ha·Bohr6
化学親和力
- プロトン親和力
- 797.3 kJ/mol
- 気相塩基性
- 774.4 kJ/mol
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 7.35 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 4
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 33
- 相対供給リスク
- 6
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 24
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 24
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 44
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 1519.15 K |
| 沸点 | 2334.15 K |
| 臨界点（温度） | 4325.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (7)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.6043 |
| 2 | p | 3.916 |
| 2 | s | 7.2062 |
| 3 | d | 14.4718 |
| 3 | p | 12.8908 |
| 3 | s | 11.9821 |
| 4 | s | 19.7168 |
結晶半径の詳細 (15)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | HS | 80 | |
| 2 | V | HS | 89 | calculated, |
| 2 | VI | LS | 81 | estimated, |
| 2 | VI | HS | 97 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 2 | VII | HS | 104 | calculated, |
| 2 | VIII | 110 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | V | 72 | ||
| 3 | VI | LS | 72 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 3 | VI | HS | 78.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 4 | IV | 53 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (57)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 43 | p | — |
| 44 | p | — |
| 45 | p | — |
| 46 | B+ | 100% |
| 46 | B+p | 57% |
| 46 | 2p | 18% |
| 46 | B+A | — |
| 47 | B+ | 100% |
| 47 | B+p | 1.7% |
| 48 | B+ | 100% |
X線散乱因子 (504)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.8899 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.92644 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.96368 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.00165 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.04035 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.0798 |
| 11.0106 | — | 2.12001 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.161 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.20278 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.24537 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
9.50×102 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Manganese https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele025.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-4 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Manganese https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele025.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Manganese minerals are widely distributed, with oxides, silicates, and carbonates being the most common. Large quantities of manganese nodules are found on the ocean floor and may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese, together with many other elements in lesser abundance.
Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Manganese https://periodic.lanl.gov/25.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Manganese.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.