Aluminum (Al)
post-transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
26.981538 u電子配置
[Ne] 3s2 3p1融点
660.287 °C沸点
2518.85 °C密度
2700 kg/m³酸化数
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.61第1イオン化エネルギー
5.985769 eV発見年
1825原子半径
125 pm詳細
Aluminum is a light, silvery post-transition metal and the most abundant metal in Earth’s crust. It is highly reactive thermodynamically, but a thin, adherent oxide film protects the metal from rapid corrosion in air and water. Its low density, electrical conductivity, formability, and alloying behavior make it one of the major structural and engineering metals.
Pure aluminum, a silvery-white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, it is nonmagnetic and nonsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility.
The name derives from the Latin, alum and alumen for "stringent" because the early Romans called any substance with a stringent taste alum. The element was known in prehistoric times. In 1825, the Danish physicist, Hans Christian Oersted, isolated impure aluminium. The pure metal was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler in 1827.
Although aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust, it is never found free in nature. All of the earth's aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds. Two of the most common compounds are alum, such as potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). About 8.2% of the earth's crust is composed of aluminum. Scientists suspected than an unknown metal existed in alum as early as 1787, but they did not have a way to extract it until 1825. Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist, was the first to produce tiny amounts of aluminum. Two years later, Friedrich Wöhler, a German chemist, developed a different way to obtain aluminum. By 1845, he was able to produce samples large enough to determine some of aluminum's basic properties. Wöhler's method was improved in 1854 by Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville, a French chemist. Deville's process allowed for the commercial production of aluminum. As a result, the price of aluminum dropped from around $1200 per kilogram in 1852 to around $40 per kilogram in 1859. Unfortunately, aluminum remained too expensive to be widely used.
From the Latin word alumen, alum. The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum as an astringent and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal.
Friedrich Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name aluminium for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminum was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements.
Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. See the Wikipedia entry on Aluminium for additional discussion on the spelling of this element.
Pure aluminum is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly cut. It is soft and ductile in high purity, but most practical aluminum is used as stronger alloys. Ordinary surfaces quickly become slightly dull because of a transparent aluminum oxide film.
Aluminum is used in aircraft, vehicles, building products, packaging, electrical conductors, heat exchangers, cookware, and machinery. Alloys with magnesium, silicon, copper, zinc, or manganese provide strength, corrosion resistance, or good casting behavior. Aluminum foil and cans exploit its malleability and barrier properties. Powdered aluminum is used in some pyrotechnic mixtures and as a reducing agent in thermite processes.
Two important developments in the 1880s greatly increased the availability of aluminum. The first was the invention of a new process for obtaining aluminum from aluminum oxide. Charles Martin Hall, an American chemist, and Paul L. T. Héroult, a French chemist, each invented this process independently in 1886. The second was the invention of a new process that could cheaply obtain aluminum oxide from bauxite. Bauxite is an ore that contains a large amount of aluminum hydroxide (Al2O3·3H2O), along with other compounds. Karl Joseph Bayer, an Austrian chemist, developed this process in 1888. The Hall-Héroult and Bayer processes are still used today to produce nearly all of the world's aluminum.
With an easy way to extract aluminum from aluminum oxide and an easy way to extract large amounts of aluminum oxide from bauxite, the era of inexpensive aluminum had begun. In 1888, Hall formed the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which is now known as the Aluminum Company of America, or Alcoa. When it opened, his company could produce about 25 kilograms of aluminum a day. By 1909, his company was producing about 41,000 kilograms of aluminum a day. As a result of this huge increase of supply, the price of aluminum fell rapidly to about $0.60 per kilogram.
Today, aluminum and aluminum alloys are used in a wide variety of products: cans, foils and kitchen utensils, as well as parts of airplanes, rockets and other items that require a strong, light material. Although it doesn't conduct electricity as well as copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. It can be deposited on the surface of glass to make mirrors, where a thin layer of aluminum oxide quickly forms that acts as a protective coating. Aluminum oxide is also used to make synthetic rubies and sapphires for lasers.
It is extensively used for kitchen utensils, outside building decoration, and in thousands of industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed.
Although its electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties.
These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They are used to coat telescope mirrors and to make decorative paper, packages, and toys.
Isotopes in Biology
26Al is a radioactive isotope (half-life of 7.1×105 years) that can be detected at the ultra-trace level (attogram range; 10−18 g levels) using accelerator mass spectrometry. 26Al is used as a tracer to study the uptake, distribution, and retention of aluminium in plants, animals, and humans under different physiological conditions [117] C. Steinhausen, G. Kislinger, C. Winklhofer, E. Beck, C. Hohl, E. Nolte, T. H. Ittel, M. J. Alvarez-Brückmann. Food Chem. Toxicol.42, 363 (2004)., [118] B. Kleja, W. Standring, D. H. Oughton, J. P. Gustafsson, K. Fifield, A. R. Fraser. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.69, 5263 (2005)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
26Al is produced from spallation reactions of protons, produced by cosmic rays, on argon. 26Al has been used for dating geological samples, such as marine sediments, manganese nodules, rocks, and meteorites [119] United States Geological Survey. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Aluminum, United States Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 24; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/al_iig.html., [120] D. E. Granger. Geol. Soc. Spec. Pap.415, 1 (2006).. The abundances of 26Al to 10Be have been used to study erosion and transport of soil and sediments on a thousand- to million-year time scale, because production rates of 26Al to 10Be are greatest at the surface and decrease exponentially with depth (Fig. IUPAC.13.1) [121] K. K. Nichols, P. R. Bierman, R. L. Hooke, E. M. Clapp, M. Caffee. Geomorphology45, 105 (2002)., [122] D. Lal. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.16, 355 (1988)..
Intense cosmic-ray bombardment in space produces 26Al in meteorites and other bodies, such as the Moon. After a meteorite falls to Earth, 26Al production ceases due to atmospheric shielding; the decay of 26Al to 26Mg has been used to determine the terrestrial age of a meteorite (i.e. the time elapsed since the meteorite fell to Earth) [119] United States Geological Survey. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Aluminum, United States Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 24; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/al_iig.html..
Aluminum chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state and by strong affinity for oxygen and fluorine. Aluminum oxide, Al₂O₃, occurs in corundum and is used as an abrasive, refractory, ceramic, and catalyst support. Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)₃, and alumina hydrates are important intermediates from bauxite. Aluminum chloride, AlCl₃, is a Lewis acid catalyst, while sodium aluminate, NaAlO₂, and aluminosilicates are central to industrial and mineral chemistry.
The compounds of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, the sulfate, and the soluble sulfate with potassium (alum). The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby (Al2O3), sapphire, corundum, and emery, and is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and sapphire are used in lasers for producing coherent light.
See more information at the Aluminum compound page.
Massive aluminum metal is generally of low acute toxicity, but fine powder or dust can burn or explode when dispersed in air. Molten aluminum reacts dangerously with water or wet scrap because steam and hydrogen can be generated. Soluble aluminum salts and airborne industrial dusts are exposure concerns at sufficient dose. Aluminum has no known essential biological role in humans.
Aluminum is widespread in minerals, especially aluminosilicates and bauxite ores, but free metal is not found naturally because it oxidizes readily. In neutral waters it is usually poorly soluble, while acidic conditions can mobilize Al³⁺ species that are harmful to plant roots and aquatic organisms. Weathering, clay formation, and sediment burial are major parts of its natural cycling.
Primary aluminum is made mainly from bauxite by refining it to aluminum oxide, Al₂O₃, through the Bayer process and electrolytically reducing the oxide in molten cryolite-based electrolyte by the Hall-Héroult process. Production is energy-intensive, so electricity cost and power source strongly affect siting. Recycling is economically important because remelting scrap needs far less energy than primary production, and beverage cans, vehicle parts, and construction scrap form major recyclable streams.
The method of obtaining aluminum metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production, but has been replaced by an artificial mixture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides.
Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth's crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is also found in granite and in many other common minerals.
Aluminum is a moderately abundant cosmic element made chiefly by stellar nucleosynthesis in massive stars and released by supernovae and stellar winds. The radioactive isotope ²⁶Al is observed through its gamma-ray emission and is evidence of recent nucleosynthesis in the Milky Way. In rocky planets and meteorites, aluminum is concentrated in refractory minerals.
- The protective oxide film on aluminum is only nanometers thick but reforms rapidly if scratched.
- Anodizing deliberately thickens the oxide layer and can make it porous enough to take dyes.
- Aluminum was once more costly than common precious metals before electrolytic production became practical.
- Most high-strength aluminum structures are alloys, not chemically pure aluminum.
- Corundum gemstones such as ruby and sapphire are aluminum oxide colored by trace impurities.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 125 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 121 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 184 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 125 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 2700 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.01 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 660.287 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 2518.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 237 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.897 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 24.2 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 面心立方構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.61 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.613
- 電子親和力
- 0.4328 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 5.985769 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 18.828615 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 28.44774 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 119.992813 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 153.825729 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 3 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Ne] 3s2 3p1
熱力学的性質
- 臨界点（温度）
- 6427 °C
- 融解熱
- 0.11100171 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 3.047106 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 3.382909 eV
- 原子化熱
- 3.382909 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 3.429549 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 13 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 14 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 23 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 1 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Al-27
- 発見年
- 1825
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 8.23e+4 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 0.002 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 405 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 3 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7429-90-5 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 2P°1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Al
- InChI Key
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Al: 3s² 3p¹[Ne] 3s² 3p¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27 安定 | 26.98153853 ± 0.00000011 | 100.0000% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（660.287 °C）より635.3 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
詳細
原子スペクトル
全13件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al I | 0 | 589 | 322 | 560 |
| Al II | +1 | 1429 | 986 | 1429 |
| Al III | +2 | 344 | 259 | 344 |
| Al IV | +3 | 409 | 123 | 409 |
| Al V | +4 | 600 | 444 | 600 |
| Al VI | +5 | 515 | 491 | 515 |
| Al VII | +6 | 350 | 339 | 350 |
| Al VIII | +7 | 440 | 418 | 438 |
| Al IX | +8 | 372 | 339 | 372 |
| Al X | +9 | 189 | 169 | 189 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Al I | 0 | 192 |
| Al II | +1 | 219 |
| Al III | +2 | 84 |
| Al IV | +3 | 121 |
| Al V | +4 | 158 |
| Al VI | +5 | 87 |
| Al VII | +6 | 73 |
| Al VIII | +7 | 95 |
| Al IX | +8 | 69 |
| Al X | +9 | 61 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 4 | データなし | 39 pm |
| +3 | 5 | データなし | 48 pm |
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 53.5 pm |
化合物
同位体 (1)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 安定 | 26.98153853 ± 0.00000011 | 100.0000% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
全341件中50件を表示しています。 初期設定では、強度の測定値があるスペクトル線のみを表示します。
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 466.3046 nm | 1000 | Al II | emission | 3p2 1D → 3s.4p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 559.33 nm | 800 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 1P* → 3s.4d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 458.5818 nm | 500 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 458.8199 nm | 400 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 464.8609 nm | 400 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 1D → 3s.10p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 466.6799 nm | 400 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 1P* → 3s.11s 1S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 458.975 nm | 300 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 444.7805 nm | 200 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 1D → 3s.11p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 458.968 nm | 200 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.7f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 600.641 nm | 200 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 390.0675 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3p2 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 528.3733 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.8d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 561.329 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 1D → 3s.7f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 585.376 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 624.337 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 3P* → 3s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 704.208 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 747.141 nm | 90 | Al II | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.4f 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 586.177 nm | 80 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 597.197 nm | 80 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 1P* → 3s.7d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 683.713 nm | 80 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 3P* → 3s.5s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 623.175 nm | 75 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 3P* → 3s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 600.187 nm | 60 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 422.6816 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.8f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 422.7495 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.8f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 422.7987 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.8f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 586.79 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.6f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 607.32 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.8s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 622.619 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 3P* → 3s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 682.339 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 3P* → 3s.5s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 705.671 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.4p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 744.944 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 1P* → 3s.6d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 399.5837 nm | 40 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.9f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 450.371 nm | 40 | Al IV | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 600.192 nm | 40 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.7d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 399.6141 nm | 30 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.9f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 450.237 nm | 30 | Al IV | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4s 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 463.576 nm | 30 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.10d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 528.5838 nm | 30 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 1P* → 3s.8d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 606.112 nm | 30 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 1P* → 3s.8s 1S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 633.571 nm | 30 | Al II | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.5p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 399.6368 nm | 20 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.9f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 402.6318 nm | 20 | Al II | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.6p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 446.894 nm | 20 | Al IV | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 569.66 nm | 17 | Al III | emission | 2p6.4s 2S → 2p6.4p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 572.273 nm | 16 | Al III | emission | 2p6.4s 2S → 2p6.4p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 462.038 nm | 15 | Al IV | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 531.6073 nm | 15 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.9s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 452.919 nm | 14 | Al III | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.4d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 451.257 nm | 13 | Al III | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.4d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 669.6018 nm | 13 | Al I | emission | 3s2.4s 2S → 3s2.5p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 126 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 113 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 111 pm
- 共有結合半径（Bragg）
- 135 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Truhlar
- 184 pm
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 225 pm
- UFF
- 449.9 pm
- MM3
- 236 pm
- Dreiding
- 439 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 239 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 143 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 82
- Pettifor
- 80
- Glawe
- 78
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 57.8 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 1 a.u.
- C₆
- 528 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 520 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 10 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 3
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 31
- 相対供給リスク
- 5
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 26
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 75
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 5
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 933.47 K |
| 沸点 | 2792.15 K |
| 臨界点（温度） | 6700.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (5)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.409 |
| 2 | p | 4.0366 |
| 2 | s | 4.7864 |
| 3 | p | 8.9344 |
| 3 | s | 8.8828 |
結晶半径の詳細 (3)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | IV | 53 | ||
| 3 | V | 62 | ||
| 3 | VI | 67.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (51)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 21 | p | — |
| 22 | B+ | 100% |
| 22 | B+p | 55% |
| 22 | 2p | 1.1% |
| 22 | B+A | 0% |
| 23 | B+ | 100% |
| 23 | B+p | 1.2% |
| 24 | B+ | 100% |
| 24 | B+A | 0% |
| 24 | B+p | 0% |
X線散乱因子 (504)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3.1199 |
| 10.1617 | — | 3.05822 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.99776 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.9385 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.88041 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.82347 |
| 11.0106 | — | 2.76766 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.722 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.69148 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.66129 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.23×104 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Aluminum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-3 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Aluminum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The method of obtaining aluminum metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production, but has been replaced by an artificial mixture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides.
Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth's crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is also found in granite and in many other common minerals.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Aluminum https://periodic.lanl.gov/13.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Aluminum.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.