Francium (Fr)
alkali-metalSolid
Peso atomico standard
[223]Configurazione elettronica
[Rn] 7s1Punto di fusione
26,85 °CPunto di ebollizione
N/DDensità
1870 kg/m³Stati di ossidazione
+1Elettronegatività (Pauling)
0,7Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
4,072741 eVAnno della scoperta
1939Raggio atomico
N/DDettagli
Francium is the heaviest known alkali metal and a member of group 1. All of its isotopes are radioactive, and the element occurs naturally only as fleeting decay products in uranium and thorium series minerals. Its chemistry is expected and partly observed to resemble an extremely electropositive form of caesium, dominated by the +1 oxidation state. Because the longest-lived isotope, ²²³Fr, has a half-life of only about 22 minutes, francium has no bulk technological role.
Francium was discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey, a physicist at the Curie Institute in Paris, France (Fig. IUPAC.87.1). 223Fr (with a half-life of 22 min) occurs naturally in uranium minerals as a result of actinium decay. However, it is estimated that no more than approximately 30 g of francium is present in the Earth’s crust at any time. Francium can be produced artificially for research by bombarding thorium with protons. Francium was named in honor of Perey’s home country, France [575], [576], [577]. Francium has no known isotopic applications outside of scientific research.
Francium was discovered by Marguerite Catherine Perey, a French chemist, in 1939 while analyzing actinium's decay sequence. Although considered a natural element, scientists estimate that there is no more than one ounce of francium in the earth's crust at one time. Since there is so little naturally occurring francium on earth, scientists must produce francium in order to study it. Francium can be produced by bombarding thorium with protons or by bombarding radium with neutrons. Francium's most stable isotope, francium-223, has a half-life of about 22 minutes. It decays into radium-223 through beta decay or into astatine-219 through alpha decay.
Discovered in 1939 by Mlle. Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute, Paris. Francium, the heaviest known member of the alkali metals series, occurs as a result of an alpha disintegration of actinium. It can also be made artificially by bombarding thorium with protons. While it occurs naturally in uranium minerals, there is probably less than an ounce of francium at any time in the total crust of the earth. It has the highest equivalent weight of any element, and is the most unstable of the first 101 elements of the periodic system. Thirty-three isotopes of francium are recognized. The longest lived 223Fr (Ac, K), a daughter of 227Ac, has a half-life of 22 min. This is the only isotope of francium occurring in nature. Because all known isotopes of francium are highly unstable, knowledge of the chemical properties of this element comes from radiochemical techniques. No weighable quantity of the element has been prepared or isolated. The chemical properties of francium most resemble cesium.
No macroscopic sample of pure francium has been prepared, so its actual bulk appearance is unknown. By periodic trend it is predicted to be a very soft, silvery metallic solid, but this has not been directly observed.
Francium has no commercial or industrial use. Its practical use is confined to research with very small numbers of atoms, especially laser spectroscopy, tests of atomic structure theory in very heavy alkali atoms, and studies relevant to fundamental symmetry measurements. ²²³Fr and other isotopes can be generated from nuclear decay or accelerator reactions, but their short half-lives restrict experiments to specialized laboratories and prevent storage or shipment as ordinary material.
Due to the small amounts produced and its short half-life, there are currently no uses for francium outside of basic scientific research.
Francium chemistry is difficult to study because only tracer quantities exist at any time. The stable oxidation state is Fr⁺, and no well-characterized bulk compounds are known. Experiments and periodic trends indicate close analogy with caesium salts, including expected ionic compounds such as francium chloride, FrCl, and francium hydroxide, FrOH. Complexation and adsorption studies show behavior consistent with a large, weakly hydrated alkali-metal cation, but many thermodynamic values remain estimated or derived from trace-scale measurements.
See more information at the Francium compound page.
Francium is hazardous primarily because all isotopes are radioactive and decay rapidly, emitting radiation through isotope-specific decay chains. The element is not encountered outside nuclear or radiochemical settings. Chemical toxicity is poorly characterized and is of little practical importance compared with radiological dose, contamination control, and the hazards associated with its radioactive daughters.
Natural francium is continually produced in minute amounts by decay within uranium- and thorium-bearing materials and then quickly decays, so it does not accumulate as a persistent environmental contaminant. Its environmental chemistry is inferred to follow alkali-metal ion behavior in water and minerals, but the number of atoms present in nature is so small that it has no known biological or geochemical cycling role.
Francium has no commodity market, no commercial supply chain, and no demand outside research. It cannot be mined in meaningful quantity because natural inventories are extraordinarily small and transient. Research samples are made as needed, commonly by separating ²²³Fr from actinium decay sources or by producing neutron-deficient isotopes in accelerator experiments. The limiting factors are specialized facilities, radiochemical handling, rapid decay, and the need to conduct measurements immediately after production.
Formed by decay of actinium. Chemical properties similar to cesium. Decays to radium or astatine.
Francium is not a significant cosmic element. Any primordial francium would have decayed long ago, and present atoms arise only from ongoing radioactive decay or nuclear reactions. In stars, supernova debris, and planetary materials it is expected to be transient and extremely rare, with no stable isotope allowing accumulation over geological or astronomical time.
- Francium was discovered through its decay signature rather than from an isolated visible sample.
- Only trace radiochemical amounts can exist before most atoms decay away.
- ²²³Fr belongs to the actinium decay series.
- Francium is less well characterized experimentally than many synthetic elements with longer-lived isotopes.
- Its first ionization energy is among the lowest expected for any known element.
Immagini
Proprietà
Fisiche
- Raggio covalente
- 260 pm Confronta Raggio covalente di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio di van der Waals
- 348 pm Confronta Raggio di van der Waals di tutti gli elementi →
- Densità
- 1870 kg/m³ Confronta Densità di tutti gli elementi →
- Fase in condizioni STP
- Solido Confronta Fase in condizioni STP di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di fusione
- 26,85 °C Confronta Punto di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Struttura cristallina
- Cubica a corpo centrato Confronta Struttura cristallina di tutti gli elementi →
Chimiche
- Elettronegatività (Pauling)
- 0,7 Confronta Elettronegatività (Pauling) di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettronegatività (Allen)
- 0,67
- Affinità elettronica
- 0,491 eV
- Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
- 4,072741 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (1ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (2ª)
- 22,400077 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (2ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (3ª)
- 33,500115 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (3ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (4ª)
- 39,100135 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (4ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (5ª)
- 50,000172 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (5ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Stati di ossidazione
- +1 Confronta Stati di ossidazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettroni di valenza
- 1 Confronta Elettroni di valenza di tutti gli elementi →
- Configurazione elettronica
- [Rn] 7s1
Termodinamiche
- Calore di fusione
- 0,02072861 eV Confronta Calore di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di vaporizzazione
- 0,67367985 eV Confronta Calore di vaporizzazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di sublimazione
- 0,74622998 eV
- Calore di atomizzazione
- 0,74622998 eV
Nucleari
- Protoni
- 87 Confronta Protoni di tutti gli elementi →
- Neutroni
- 136 Confronta Neutroni di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi noti
- 37 Confronta Isotopi noti di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi stabili
- 0 Confronta Isotopi stabili di tutti gli elementi →
- Numero di massa (isotopo più stabile)
- 223
- Isotopo più stabile
- Fr-223
- Anno della scoperta
- 1939
Abbondanza
N/D
Struttura cristallina
N/D
Struttura elettronica
- Elettroni per guscio
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1 Confronta Elettroni per guscio di tutti gli elementi →
Identificativi
- Numero CAS
- 7440-73-5 Confronta Numero CAS di tutti gli elementi →
- Simbolo di termine
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Fr
- Chiave InChI
- KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configurazione elettronica Misurato
Fr: 7s¹[Rn] 7s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶ 7s¹Modello atomico
Gli isotopi modificano il numero di neutroni, la massa e la stabilità — non la configurazione elettronica di un atomo neutro.
Modello atomico schematico, non in scala.
Impronta atomica
Spettro di emissione / assorbimento
Distribuzione isotopica
Nessun isotopo stabile.
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita |
|---|---|---|---|
| 233 Radioattivo | 233,05264 ± 0,00032 | N/D | 900 ms |
| 216 Radioattivo | 216,0031899 ± 0,0000045 | N/D | 700 ns |
| 203 Radioattivo | 203,0009407 ± 0,0000067 | N/D | 550 ms |
| 202 Radioattivo | 202,00332 ± 0,000055 | N/D | 372 ms |
| 215 Radioattivo | 215,0003418 ± 0,0000076 | N/D | 90 ns |
Fase / Stato
Motivo: 1,9 °C sotto il punto di fusione (26,85 °C)
Schema non in scala
Punti di transizione di fase
Energie di transizione
Energia necessaria per fondere 1 mol al punto di fusione
Energia necessaria per vaporizzare 1 mol al punto di ebollizione
Energia necessaria per sublimare 1 mol al punto di sublimazione
Densità
In condizioni standard
In condizioni standard
Spettri atomici
Sono visualizzati 10 di 87. Ordinamento per carica ionica crescente.
Righe disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Righe totali | Probabilità di transizione | Designazioni dei livelli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fr I | 0 | 149 | 149 | 149 |
Livelli disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Livelli |
|---|---|---|
| Fr I | 0 | 123 |
| Fr II | +1 | 2 |
| Fr III | +2 | 2 |
| Fr IV | +3 | 2 |
| Fr V | +4 | 2 |
| Fr VI | +5 | 2 |
| Fr VII | +6 | 2 |
| Fr VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Fr IX | +8 | 2 |
| Fr X | +9 | 2 |
Dati sulla struttura cristallina non disponibili
Struttura cristallina: bcc
Raggi ionici
| Carica | Coordinazione | Spin | Raggio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 6 | N/D | 180 pm |
Composti
Isotopi (5)
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita | Modalità di decadimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 233 Radioattivo | 233,05264 ± 0,00032 | N/D | 900 ms | β- =100%β-n ? | |
| 216 Radioattivo | 216,0031899 ± 0,0000045 | N/D | 700 ns | α =100%β+ ? | |
| 203 Radioattivo | 203,0009407 ± 0,0000067 | N/D | 550 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 202 Radioattivo | 202,00332 ± 0,000055 | N/D | 372 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 215 Radioattivo | 215,0003418 ± 0,0000076 | N/D | 90 ns | α =100% |
Righe spettrali
| Lunghezza d'onda (nm) | Intensità | Stadio di ionizzazione | Tipo | Transizione | Accuratezza | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 422.56552 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7s 2S → 8p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 432.53607 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7s 2S → 8p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 494.61573 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 20d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 495.91444 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 19d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 496.90308 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 20s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 497.49878 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 18d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 498.7192 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 19s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 499.45999 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 17d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 500.99176 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 18s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 501.92929 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 16d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 503.88964 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 17s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 505.10105 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 15d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 507.66912 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 16s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 509.27532 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 14d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 512.73622 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 15s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 514.93307 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 13d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 519.7664 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 14s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 522.89168 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 12d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 529.95916 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 13s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 534.64166 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 11d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 539.61762 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 20d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 539.6469 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 20d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.15779 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 19d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.19321 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 19d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 542.37083 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 20s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 543.03716 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 18d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 543.08061 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 18d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 544.53524 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 19s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 545.36417 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 17d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 545.4185 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 17d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 545.63748 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 12s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 547.24565 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 18s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 548.29545 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 16d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 548.36447 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 16d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 550.70515 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 17s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 552.06365 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 15d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 552.15244 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 15d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 553.17161 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 10d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 555.22268 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 16s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 557.02549 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 14d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 557.14445 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 14d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 561.28917 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 15s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 563.7589 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 13d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 563.92284 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 13d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 569.72475 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 14s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 571.87464 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 11s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 573.24676 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 12d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 573.48185 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 12d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 585.3491 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 9d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 587.29 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 11d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 587.64619 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 11d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 600.95745 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 12s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 609.52762 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 10d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 610.10952 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 10d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 618.5596 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 20p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 618.7831 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 20p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 621.0658 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 19p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 621.3414 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 19p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 621.98126 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 10s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 624.178 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 18p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 624.5235 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 18p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 626.3009 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 20p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 628.1118 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 17p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 628.5529 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 17p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 628.8704 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 19p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 632.0616 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 18p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 632.9403 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 11s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 633.1901 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 16p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 633.7661 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 16p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 636.0957 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 17p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 639.9141 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 15p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 640.6887 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 15p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 641.3044 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 16p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 648.2027 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 15p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 648.421 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 9d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 649.103 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 14p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 649.4876 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 9d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 650.1812 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 14p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 650.7242 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 8d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 657.633 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 14p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 662.174 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 13p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 663.746 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 13p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 671.054 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 13p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 681.787 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 12p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 684.222 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 12p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 691.204 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 12p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 694.8987 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 10s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 713.491 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 11p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 717.615 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 11p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 717.98664 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7s 2S → 7p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 723.811 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 6d 2D → 11p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 728.5892 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 8d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 730.9713 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 8d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 744.1976 nm | N/D | Fr I | emission | 7p 2P* → 9s 2S | Misurata | NIST |
Proprietà estese
Raggi covalenti (dati estesi)
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 223 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame doppio)
- 218 pm
Raggi di van der Waals
- Truhlar
- 348 pm
- UFF
- 490 pm
- MM3
- 364 pm
Raggi atomici e metallici
- Raggio atomico (Rahm)
- 258 pm
Scale di numerazione
- Mendeleev
- 6
- Pettifor
- 7
- Glawe
- 7
Scale di elettronegatività
- Ghosh
- 0
Polarizzabilità e dispersione
- Polarizzabilità dipolare
- 317,8 a.u.
- Polarizzabilità dipolare (inc.)
- 2,4 a.u.
Transizioni di fase e allotropi
| Punto di fusione | 294,15 K |
Categorie degli stati di ossidazione
Dati di riferimento avanzati
Dettaglio dei raggi cristallini (1)
| Carica | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | VI | 194 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, |
Modalità di decadimento degli isotopi (60)
| Isotopo | Modalità | Intensità |
|---|---|---|
| 197 | A | 100% |
| 198 | A | 100% |
| 199 | A | 100% |
| 199 | B+ | — |
| 200 | A | 100% |
| 200 | B+ | — |
| 200 | B+SF | — |
| 201 | A | 100% |
| 201 | B+ | — |
| 202 | A | 100% |
Fattori di diffusione dei raggi X (516)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0,05044 |
| 10,1617 | — | 0,06059 |
| 10,3261 | — | 0,07277 |
| 10,4931 | — | 0,08938 |
| 10,6628 | — | 0,11712 |
| 10,8353 | — | 0,15347 |
| 11,0106 | — | 0,20109 |
| 11,1886 | — | 0,26349 |
| 11,3696 | — | 0,40321 |
| 11,5535 | — | 0,63759 |
Dati aggiuntivi
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
Riferimenti (1)
- [5] Francium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele087.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Riferimenti (1)
- [5] Francium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele087.html
Riferimenti
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Francium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.