Bismuth (Bi)
post-transition-metalSolid
Peso atomico standard
208,9804 uConfigurazione elettronica
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3Punto di fusione
271,4 °CPunto di ebollizione
1563,85 °CDensità
9807 kg/m³Stati di ossidazione
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5Elettronegatività (Pauling)
2,02Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
7,285516 eVAnno della scoperta
1753Raggio atomico
160 pmDettagli
Bismuth is a heavy post-transition metal and the heaviest element with a primordial isotope that is effectively stable on human timescales. Natural bismuth is almost entirely ²⁰⁹Bi, now known to be very weakly radioactive by alpha decay. It has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal, low thermal conductivity, a low melting point, and a strong tendency to form +3 compounds. These traits make it useful where lead, cadmium, or mercury are undesirable.
It is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs in a native state. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field).
The name derives from the German weisse masse for "white mass" from the colour of its oxides. The ancients did not distinguish bismuth from lead. The French chemist Claude-Francois Geoffroy showed that bismuth was distinct from lead in 1753.
Bismuth, which has been known since ancient times, was often confused with lead and tin. Bismuth was first shown to be a distinct element in 1753 by Claude Geoffroy the Younger. Bismuth does occur free in nature and in such minerals as bismuthinite (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). The largest deposits of bismuth are found in Bolivia, although bismuth is usually obtained as a by-product of mining and refining lead, copper, tin, silver and gold.
From the German Weisse Masse, meaning white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753.
Pure bismuth is a brittle, crystalline metal with a silvery white surface that often shows a pinkish tint. Fresh crystals readily develop iridescent oxide films. It expands on solidifying, a behavior shared by few common elements.
Bismuth is used in low-melting alloys for fire-sprinkler links, fuses, solders, and precision casting. It is a common lead substitute in some free-machining metals, shot, fishing weights, and plumbing-related solders. Bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and catalysts. Bismuth subsalicylate, C₇H₅BiO₄, is a long-established gastrointestinal medicine, and bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl, gives pearly effects in cosmetic formulations.
Pure bismuth is a white, brittle metal with a slight pink color. Bismuth is usually mixed with other metals, such as lead, tin, iron or cadmium to form low-melting alloys. These alloys are used in such things as automatic fire sprinkler systems, fire detection systems and electrical fuses.
Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), a bismuth compound, is used as a yellow pigment in paints and cosmetics. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is used to make a pigment known as bismuth white. Bismuth carbonate (Bi2(CO3)3) is used to treat diarrhea and gastric ulcers.
Once thought to be the heaviest stable isotope to exist in nature, experiments conducted in 2002 showed that bismuth-209 is unstable and decays into thallium-205 through alpha decay. Bismuth-209 has a half-life of roughly 19,000,000,000,000,000,000 years.
"Bismanol" is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235U or 233U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine.
Isotopes in Medicine
212Bi and 213Bi (with half-lives of 1 h and 0.76 h, respectively) are both used in medicine for radioimmunotherapy as bismuth-labeled monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer cells from melanoma (skin cancer) (Fig. IUPAC.83.1) and ovarian cancer [559] D. E. Milenic, M. Roselli, S. Mirzadeh, C. G. Pippin, O. A. Gansow, D. Colcher, M. W. Brechbiel, J. Schlom. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm.16, 133 (2001).. Figure 4.83.2 compares the biologic effect of 131I and 213Bi using a specific monoclonal antibody, B-B4, coupled to 213Bi by a chelating agent (a substance that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion). 213Bi is a mixed alpha and beta emitter with a half-life of 0.76 h. The primary mode of decay is by beta emission to the very short-lived alpha emitter 213Po. The 8.4 MeV alpha particle emitted by 213Po has a path length of 76 μm in human tissue and is responsible for its cytotoxic effects (toxic to living cells). 213Bi is produced from a series of alpha particle decays beginning with 225Ac, which is a pure alpha emitter with a half-life of 10 days. A schematic of the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Standard 225Ac/ 213Bi Radionuclide Generator is shown in Fig. IUPAC.83.3.
212Bi has been used for radioimmunotherapy of leukemia and for targeting the vascular endothelial cells (thin layer of simple squamous cells that forms the interface between circulating blood or lymph and the remainder of the vessel wall) of tumors [560] F. Hartmann, E. M. Horak, K. Garmestani, C. Wu, M. W. Brechbiel, R. W. Kozak, J. Tso, S. A. Kosteiny, O. A. Gansow, D. L. Nelson. Cancer Res.54, 4362 (1994)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
209Bi is bombarded with neutrons in a nuclear reactor to form radioactive 210Bi. The 210Bi (with a half-life of 5 days) decays via the reaction 210Bi→ 210Po+β −. The half-life of 210Po is 138 days and it is used in static eliminators in machinery [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf..
Bismuth chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, with the +5 state less stable and strongly oxidizing in many compounds. Bismuth(III) oxide, Bi₂O₃, is an important oxide with several polymorphs and high oxide-ion conductivity in some phases. Bismuth trichloride, BiCl₃, hydrolyzes readily in water to give oxychloride species. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate, Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O, is a common laboratory precursor. Organobismuth compounds exist but are less broadly used than analogous phosphorus or arsenic chemistry.
See more information at the Bismuth compound page.
Elemental bismuth and many insoluble bismuth compounds are comparatively low in toxicity, but this does not make all bismuth materials harmless. Soluble salts, dusts, and pharmaceutical overuse can cause adverse effects, including kidney or neurological problems in severe cases. Molten bismuth presents ordinary burn and metal-fume precautions. Natural ²⁰⁹Bi is radioactive only at an extremely low specific activity, so its radiological hazard is normally negligible.
Bismuth occurs at low abundance in the crust, commonly associated with sulfide ores of lead, copper, tin, and tungsten. Native bismuth and minerals such as bismuthinite, Bi₂S₃, are known but not usually mined alone. In soils and waters, bismuth tends to form sparingly soluble oxides, sulfides, and basic salts, limiting mobility under many conditions. It has no established essential biological role.
Bismuth is obtained mainly as a by-product of refining lead, copper, tin, tungsten, and other metal ores, rather than from dedicated bismuth mines. Supply therefore depends strongly on the processing of other metals. Demand is supported by substitution for more toxic heavy metals, especially lead, and by uses in alloys, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recycling occurs from some alloy and manufacturing scrap, but dispersed uses in cosmetics, medicines, and small components are difficult to recover economically.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
Bismuth is a rare heavy element in cosmic terms. Its stable primordial inventory was made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from the slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile and siderophile trace element, concentrating preferentially in sulfide-rich and metallic phases rather than in common silicates.
- Bismuth is more strongly diamagnetic than any other stable metal.
- Its liquid form is denser than its solid form, so it expands when it freezes.
- The half-life of ²⁰⁹Bi is about 1.9 × 10¹⁹ years.
- Bismuth crystals sold as ornaments usually owe their colors to a thin oxide film.
- Bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, is a major thermoelectric material near room temperature.
Immagini
Proprietà
Fisiche
- Raggio atomico (empirico)
- 160 pm Confronta Raggio atomico (empirico) di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio covalente
- 148 pm Confronta Raggio covalente di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio di van der Waals
- 207 pm Confronta Raggio di van der Waals di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio metallico
- 151 pm Confronta Raggio metallico di tutti gli elementi →
- Densità
- 9807 kg/m³ Confronta Densità di tutti gli elementi →
- Volume molare
- 0,0213 L/mol
- Fase in condizioni STP
- Solido Confronta Fase in condizioni STP di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di fusione
- 271,4 °C Confronta Punto di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di ebollizione
- 1563,85 °C Confronta Punto di ebollizione di tutti gli elementi →
- Conducibilità termica
- 7,9 W/(m·K) Confronta Conducibilità termica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica specifica
- 0,122 J/(g·K) Confronta Capacità termica specifica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica molare
- 25,52 J/(mol·K) Confronta Capacità termica molare di tutti gli elementi →
- Struttura cristallina
- Romboedrica Confronta Struttura cristallina di tutti gli elementi →
Chimiche
- Elettronegatività (Pauling)
- 2,02 Confronta Elettronegatività (Pauling) di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettronegatività (Allen)
- 2,01
- Affinità elettronica
- 0,942 eV
- Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
- 7,285516 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (1ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (2ª)
- 16,703057 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (2ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (3ª)
- 25,570838 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (3ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (4ª)
- 45,370156 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (4ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (5ª)
- 54,856189 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (5ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Stati di ossidazione
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 Confronta Stati di ossidazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettroni di valenza
- 5 Confronta Elettroni di valenza di tutti gli elementi →
- Configurazione elettronica
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3
Termodinamiche
- Punto critico (temperatura)
- 4347 °C
- Calore di fusione
- 0,11297093 eV Confronta Calore di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di vaporizzazione
- 1,56501 eV Confronta Calore di vaporizzazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di sublimazione
- 2,176504 eV
- Calore di atomizzazione
- 2,176504 eV
- Entalpia di atomizzazione
- 2,172358 eV
Nucleari
- Protoni
- 83 Confronta Protoni di tutti gli elementi →
- Neutroni
- 126 Confronta Neutroni di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi noti
- 41 Confronta Isotopi noti di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi stabili
- 0 Confronta Isotopi stabili di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopo più stabile
- Bi-209
- Anno della scoperta
- 1753
Abbondanza
- Abbondanza (crosta terrestre)
- 0,009 mg/kg Confronta Abbondanza (crosta terrestre) di tutti gli elementi →
- Abbondanza (oceano)
- 2 × 10−5 mg/L Confronta Abbondanza (oceano) di tutti gli elementi →
Struttura cristallina
- Costante reticolare a
- 475 pm
Struttura elettronica
- Elettroni per guscio
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 Confronta Elettroni per guscio di tutti gli elementi →
Identificativi
- Numero CAS
- 7440-69-9 Confronta Numero CAS di tutti gli elementi →
- Simbolo di termine
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Bi
- Chiave InChI
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configurazione elettronica Misurato
Bi: 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³Modello atomico
Gli isotopi modificano il numero di neutroni, la massa e la stabilità — non la configurazione elettronica di un atomo neutro.
Modello atomico schematico, non in scala.
Impronta atomica
Spettro di emissione / assorbimento
Distribuzione isotopica
Nessun isotopo stabile.
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita |
|---|---|---|---|
| 189 Radioattivo | 188,989195 ± 0,000022 | N/D | 688 ms |
| 208 Radioattivo | 207,9797425 ± 0,0000025 | N/D | 368 ky |
| 195 Radioattivo | 194,9806488 ± 0,0000057 | N/D | 183 secondi |
| 201 Radioattivo | 200,97701 ± 0,000016 | N/D | 103 minuti |
| 217 Radioattivo | 217,009372 ± 0,000019 | N/D | 98.5 secondi |
Fase / Stato
Motivo: 246,4 °C sotto il punto di fusione (271,4 °C)
Schema non in scala
Punti di transizione di fase
Energie di transizione
Energia necessaria per fondere 1 mol al punto di fusione
Energia necessaria per vaporizzare 1 mol al punto di ebollizione
Energia necessaria per sublimare 1 mol al punto di sublimazione
Densità
In condizioni standard
In condizioni standard
Avanzate
Spettri atomici
Sono visualizzati 10 di 83. Ordinamento per carica ionica crescente.
Righe disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Righe totali | Probabilità di transizione | Designazioni dei livelli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 69 | 39 | 63 |
| Bi II | +1 | 111 | 4 | 16 |
| Bi III | +2 | 204 | 204 | 204 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 45 | 0 | 0 |
| Bi V | +4 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
Livelli disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Livelli |
|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 75 |
| Bi II | +1 | 78 |
| Bi III | +2 | 68 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 38 |
| Bi V | +4 | 15 |
| Bi VI | +5 | 115 |
| Bi VII | +6 | 2 |
| Bi VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Bi IX | +8 | 2 |
| Bi X | +9 | 2 |
Raggi ionici
| Carica | Coordinazione | Spin | Raggio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 5 | N/D | 96 pm |
| +3 | 6 | N/D | 103 pm |
| +3 | 8 | N/D | 117 pm |
| +5 | 6 | N/D | 76 pm |
Composti
Isotopi (5)
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita | Modalità di decadimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 189 Radioattivo | 188,989195 ± 0,000022 | N/D | 688 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 208 Radioattivo | 207,9797425 ± 0,0000025 | N/D | 368 ky | β+ =100% | |
| 195 Radioattivo | 194,9806488 ± 0,0000057 | N/D | 183 secondi | β+ ≈100%α =0.030±1.2% | |
| 201 Radioattivo | 200,97701 ± 0,000016 | N/D | 103 minuti | β+ =100% | |
| 217 Radioattivo | 217,009372 ± 0,000019 | N/D | 98.5 secondi | β- =100% |
Righe spettrali
| Lunghezza d'onda (nm) | Intensità | Stadio di ionizzazione | Tipo | Transizione | Accuratezza | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 384.893 nm | 21 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 392.72 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(3P) 2P → 6s2.8p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 393.036 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 422.469 nm | 350 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 423.421 nm | 280 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 425.9413 nm | N/D | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | Misurata | NIST | |
| 430.1697 nm | N/D | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | Misurata | NIST | |
| 430.653 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 432.792 nm | 360 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7p 2P* → 6s2.8s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 456.143 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7s 2S → 6s2.7p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 470.5285 nm | N/D | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,1/2) → 6s2.6p.7d (1/2,3/2)* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 472.883 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 475.128 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 479.742 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 480.9082 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6p 2P* → 6s2.6p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 505.244 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 507.928 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 512.4356 nm | N/D | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (3/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (3/2,3/2) | Misurata | NIST | |
| 514.4507 nm | N/D | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | Misurata | NIST | |
| 520.9325 nm | N/D | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | Misurata | NIST | |
| 613.907 nm | 22 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 614.039 nm | 150 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 616.071 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 662.323 nm | 180 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.8p 2P* → 6s2.8d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 738.23 nm | N/D | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Misurata | NIST |
Proprietà estese
Raggi covalenti (dati estesi)
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 151 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame doppio)
- 141 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame triplo)
- 135 pm
- Raggio covalente (Bragg)
- 148 pm
Raggi di van der Waals
- Truhlar
- 207 pm
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 254 pm
- UFF
- 437 pm
- MM3
- 266 pm
Raggi atomici e metallici
- Raggio atomico (Rahm)
- 250 pm
- Raggio metallico (C12)
- 178 pm
Scale di numerazione
- Mendeleev
- 97
- Pettifor
- 87
- Glawe
- 92
Scale di elettronegatività
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizzabilità e dispersione
- Polarizzabilità dipolare
- 48 a.u.
- Polarizzabilità dipolare (inc.)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 513 Ha·Bohr6
Parametri di Miedema
- Volume molare di Miedema
- 19,32 cm3/mol
- Densità elettronica di Miedema
- 2
Rischio di approvvigionamento ed economia
- Concentrazione della produzione
- 42
- Rischio relativo di approvvigionamento
- 9
- Distribuzione delle riserve
- 75
- Stabilità politica (principale produttore)
- 24
- Stabilità politica (principale detentore di riserve)
- 24
Transizioni di fase e allotropi
| Punto di fusione | 544,55 K |
| Punto di ebollizione | 1837,15 K |
| Punto critico (temperatura) | 4620,15 K |
Categorie degli stati di ossidazione
Dati di riferimento avanzati
Costanti di schermaggio (15)
| n | Orbitale | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1,6018 |
| 2 | p | 4,533 |
| 2 | s | 21,824 |
| 3 | d | 13,4585 |
| 3 | p | 23,0678 |
| 3 | s | 24,1145 |
| 4 | d | 37,7608 |
| 4 | f | 37,9308 |
| 4 | p | 36,1496 |
| 4 | s | 35,2928 |
Dettaglio dei raggi cristallini (4)
| Carica | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | V | 110 | calculated, | |
| 3 | VI | 117 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 131 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 90 | estimated, |
Modalità di decadimento degli isotopi (70)
| Isotopo | Modalità | Intensità |
|---|---|---|
| 184 | A | 100% |
| 185 | p | — |
| 185 | A | — |
| 186 | A | 100% |
| 186 | B+ | — |
| 186 | B+SF | 0% |
| 187 | A | 100% |
| 188 | A | 100% |
| 188 | B+ | — |
| 188 | B+SF | 0% |
Fattori di diffusione dei raggi X (516)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 5,59475 |
| 10,1617 | — | 5,63587 |
| 10,3261 | — | 5,67729 |
| 10,4931 | — | 5,71901 |
| 10,6628 | — | 5,74574 |
| 10,8353 | — | 5,7564 |
| 11,0106 | — | 5,76707 |
| 11,1886 | — | 5,77776 |
| 11,3696 | — | 5,78847 |
| 11,5535 | — | 5,7834 |
Dati aggiuntivi
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
Riferimenti (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-5 milligrams per liter
Riferimenti (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
Riferimenti (1)
- [6] Bismuth https://periodic.lanl.gov/83.shtml
Riferimenti
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Bismuth.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.