Mercury (Hg)
transition-metalLiquid
Peso atomico standard
200,592 uConfigurazione elettronica
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10Punto di fusione
-38,83 °CPunto di ebollizione
356,73 °CDensità
1,35336e+4 kg/m³Stati di ossidazione
−2, +1, +2Elettronegatività (Pauling)
2Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
10,437504 eVAnno della scoperta
N/DRaggio atomico
150 pmDettagli
Mercury is a heavy, silvery transition metal with the distinctive feature of being liquid near ordinary room temperature. It has a filled 5d shell and commonly forms +1 and +2 compounds, with covalent character more prominent than in many lighter metals. Mercury has been used in instruments, electrical devices, and gold extraction, but many uses have declined because its vapor and several compounds are highly toxic.
It is a heavy, silvery-white metal; a rather poor conductor of heat, as compared with other metals, and a fair conductor of electricity. It easily forms alloys with many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, which are called amalgams. Its ease in amalgamating with gold is made use of in the recovery of gold from its ores. The most important salts are mercury chloride (corrosive sublimate - a violent poison), mercurous chloride (calomel, occasionally still used in medicine), mercury fulminate, a detonator widely used in explosives, and mercuric sulfide (vermilion, a high-grade paint pigment). Organic mercury compounds are important. It has been found that an electrical discharge causes mercury vapor to combine with neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. These products, held together with van der Waals' forces, correspond to HgNe, HgAr, HgKr, and HgXe. Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison and dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Air saturated with mercury vapor at 20°C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxicity limits. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is important therefore that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. If it is necessary to heat mercury or mercury compounds, it should be done in a well-ventilated hood. Methyl mercury is a dangerous pollutant and is now widely found in water and streams. The triple point of mercury, -38.8344C, is a fixed point on the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90).
The name derives from the Roman god Mercury, the nimble messenger of the gods, because the ancients used that name for the element known from prehistoric times. The symbol Hg derives from the Greek hydrargyrum for "liquid silver" or "quick silver".
Mercury was known to the ancient Chinese and Hindus and has been found in 3500 year old Egyptian tombs. Mercury is not usually found free in nature and is primarily obtained from the mineral cinnabar (HgS). Spain and Italy produce about half of the world's supply of Mercury.
From Greek hydoor. Known to ancient Chinese and Hindus; found in Egyptian tombs of 1500 B.C. Mercury is the only common metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. It only rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar; Spain and Italy produce about 50% of the world's supply of the metal. The commercial unit for handling mercury is the "flask," which weighs 76 lb. The metal is obtained by heating cinnabar in a current of air and by condensing the vapor.
Pure mercury is a dense, mirror-bright liquid at room temperature, forming rounded droplets with high surface tension. It freezes to a soft, silvery solid below −38.83 °C and boils at 356.73 °C. Clean mercury wets few common surfaces but readily forms amalgams with many metals.
Mercury was historically important in thermometers, barometers, manometers, tilt switches, fluorescent lamps, dental amalgam, and laboratory electrodes. Some of these uses persist under restrictions or in specialized settings. Mercury vapor remains useful in certain discharge lamps, and mercury compounds have had roles as catalysts, reagents, and preservatives, though many have been replaced. Elemental mercury is still used in some artisanal and small-scale gold mining, a practice associated with substantial emissions.
Mercury can be used to make thermometers, barometers and other scientific instruments. Mercury conducts electricity and is used to make silent, position dependent switches. Mercury vapor is used in streetlights, fluorescent lamps and advertising signs.
Mercury easily forms alloys with other metals, such as gold, silver, zinc and cadmium. These alloys are called amalgams. Amalgams are used to help extract gold from its ores, create dental fillings (in the case of silver) and help extend the life of dry cell batteries (in the case of zinc and cadmium).
Mercury forms useful compounds with other elements. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is a very poisonous salt and was once used to disinfect wounds. Mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2), also called calomel, is an antiseptic used to kill bacteria. Mercuric sulfide (HgS) is used to make a red paint pigment called vermilion. Mercuric oxide (HgO) is used to make mercury batteries.
Mercury is poisonous and can enter the body through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract or directly through the skin. It accumulates in the body, eventually causing severe illness or death.
The metal is widely used in laboratory work for making thermometers, barometers, diffusion pumps, and many other instruments. It is used in making mercury-vapor lamps and advertising signs, etc. and is used in mercury switches and other electronic apparatus. Other uses are in making pesticides, Mercury cells for caustic soda and chlorine production, dental preparations, anti-fouling paint, batteries, and catalysts.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
198Hg, 200Hg, and 202Hg are stable isotopes of mercury that can be used to study environmental sources and environmental sinks of this element in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. For example, in an ecosystem, different stable isotopes of mercury can be added to an upland region for run-off evaluation, to a lake for direct deposition analysis, and to a wetland region for outflow contribution analysis (Fig. IUPAC.80.1). As a result, it is possible to determine the entry points of mercury into an ecosystem and determine how the inputs of mercury affect the accumulation of this element in local fish populations. An international consortium of scientists is conducting an experiment called METAALICUS (Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading In Canada and the U.S.). This experiment includes determination of whether mercury contamination in fish is old or new mercury. Tracer studies were performed in northwestern Ontario at the Experimental Lakes Area of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada [537] Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. Mercury-Contaminated Fish-Is it Old or New Mercury? U.S. Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 26; http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/mercury_contaminated_fish.html..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
202Hg is used to produce radioactive 203Hg (with a half-life of 46.6 days) via the 202Hg (n, γ) 203Hg reaction, which is used in gamma radiation calibration and medical tests.
Mercury chemistry is dominated by mercury(I) and mercury(II). Mercury(I) usually exists as the dimeric cation Hg₂²⁺, represented in mercury(I) chloride, Hg₂Cl₂. Mercury(II) chloride, HgCl₂, is more soluble and highly toxic. Mercury(II) sulfide, HgS, occurs as cinnabar and is very insoluble. Organomercury compounds such as methylmercury, CH₃Hg⁺, are environmentally important because they are readily bioaccumulated. Mercury forms amalgams with metals such as silver, gold, and tin.
See more information at the Mercury compound page.
Elemental mercury is hazardous mainly through inhalation of vapor, which is produced even at room temperature and can accumulate in poorly ventilated spaces. Soluble mercury(II) salts are corrosive and systemically toxic, while methylmercury, CH₃Hg⁺, is a potent neurotoxin that concentrates in food webs. Spills are treated as chemical contamination because droplets are persistent and difficult to remove. Heating mercury greatly increases vapor exposure.
Mercury is naturally released by volcanic activity, weathering, geothermal emissions, and ocean-atmosphere exchange, but human activities have greatly redistributed it. Coal combustion, metal smelting, waste burning, and gold mining are major anthropogenic sources. In aquatic sediments, microbes can convert inorganic mercury to methylmercury, CH₃Hg⁺, which biomagnifies in predatory fish and wildlife. Mercury can travel long distances in the atmosphere before deposition.
Mercury is produced mainly from cinnabar ore, HgS, and in some regions as a by-product of nonferrous metal processing or from recycling. Demand has fallen in many industrialized markets because of regulation and substitution in instruments, batteries, switches, and chlor-alkali technology. Supply is affected by restrictions on trade and storage as well as recovery from obsolete equipment. Significant consumption persists where alternatives are costly or poorly enforced, especially in small-scale gold extraction.
Virtually all mercury comes from cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Some sources of red cinnabar are so rich in mercury that droplets of elemental mercury can be found in random samples.
Mercury is a rare heavy element in cosmic terms. Its stable isotopes were formed chiefly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with later redistribution into the solar nebula. In the Solar System it is present in trace amounts in rocky bodies and meteorites, but it is volatile enough that planetary abundance depends strongly on condensation, heating, and loss processes.
- The chemical symbol Hg comes from hydrargyrum, meaning liquid silver.
- Mercury expands fairly uniformly with temperature, which made it valuable in older thermometers.
- Cinnabar, HgS, was used historically as the red pigment vermilion.
- Mercury droplets can divide into many beads, increasing surface area and vapor release.
- Aluminum structures can be damaged by mercury because amalgamation disrupts protective oxide behavior.
- Most dental amalgam is an alloy phase mixture rather than pure mercury.
Immagini
Proprietà
Fisiche
- Raggio atomico (empirico)
- 150 pm Confronta Raggio atomico (empirico) di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio covalente
- 132 pm Confronta Raggio covalente di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio di van der Waals
- 209 pm Confronta Raggio di van der Waals di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio metallico
- 139 pm Confronta Raggio metallico di tutti gli elementi →
- Densità
- 1,35336 × 104 kg/m³ Confronta Densità di tutti gli elementi →
- Volume molare
- 0,0148 L/mol
- Fase in condizioni STP
- Liquido Confronta Fase in condizioni STP di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di fusione
- -38,83 °C Confronta Punto di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di ebollizione
- 356,73 °C Confronta Punto di ebollizione di tutti gli elementi →
- Conducibilità termica
- 8,3 W/(m·K) Confronta Conducibilità termica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica specifica
- 0,14 J/(g·K) Confronta Capacità termica specifica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica molare
- 27,983 J/(mol·K) Confronta Capacità termica molare di tutti gli elementi →
- Struttura cristallina
- Romboedrica Confronta Struttura cristallina di tutti gli elementi →
Chimiche
- Elettronegatività (Pauling)
- 2 Confronta Elettronegatività (Pauling) di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettronegatività (Allen)
- 1,76
- Affinità elettronica
- -0,5 eV (valore negativo — l'atomo non dovrebbe legare un elettrone extra)
- Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
- 10,437504 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (1ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (2ª)
- 18,756945 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (2ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (3ª)
- 34,490119 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (3ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (4ª)
- 48,550167 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (4ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (5ª)
- 61,200211 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (5ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Stati di ossidazione
- −2, +1, +2 Confronta Stati di ossidazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettroni di valenza
- 12 Confronta Elettroni di valenza di tutti gli elementi →
- Configurazione elettronica
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10
Termodinamiche
- Punto triplo (temperatura)
- -38,8344 °C
- Punto critico (temperatura)
- 1491 °C
- Punto critico (pressione)
- 1,67e+8 Pa
- Calore di fusione
- 0,02373426 eV Confronta Calore di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di vaporizzazione
- 0,61263409 eV Confronta Calore di vaporizzazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di sublimazione
- 0,63636835 eV
- Calore di atomizzazione
- 0,63636835 eV
- Entalpia di atomizzazione
- 0,63616106 eV
Nucleari
- Protoni
- 80 Confronta Protoni di tutti gli elementi →
- Neutroni
- 122 Confronta Neutroni di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi noti
- 47 Confronta Isotopi noti di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi stabili
- 6 Confronta Isotopi stabili di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopo più stabile
- Hg-202
Abbondanza
- Abbondanza (crosta terrestre)
- 0,085 mg/kg Confronta Abbondanza (crosta terrestre) di tutti gli elementi →
- Abbondanza (oceano)
- 3 × 10−5 mg/L Confronta Abbondanza (oceano) di tutti gli elementi →
Struttura cristallina
- Costante reticolare a
- 299 pm
Struttura elettronica
- Elettroni per guscio
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 Confronta Elettroni per guscio di tutti gli elementi →
Identificativi
- Numero CAS
- 7439-97-6 Confronta Numero CAS di tutti gli elementi →
- Simbolo di termine
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Hg
- Chiave InChI
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configurazione elettronica Misurato
Hg: 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²Modello atomico
Gli isotopi modificano il numero di neutroni, la massa e la stabilità — non la configurazione elettronica di un atomo neutro.
Modello atomico schematico, non in scala.
Impronta atomica
Spettro di emissione / assorbimento
Distribuzione isotopica
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita |
|---|---|---|---|
| 198 Stabile | 197,9667686 ± 0,00000052 | 9,9700% | Stabile |
| 199 Stabile | 198,96828064 ± 0,00000046 | 16,8700% | Stabile |
| 200 Stabile | 199,96832659 ± 0,00000047 | 23,1000% | Stabile |
| 201 Stabile | 200,97030284 ± 0,00000069 | 13,1800% | Stabile |
| 202 Stabile | 201,9706434 ± 0,00000069 | 29,8600% | Stabile |
| 204 Stabile | 203,97349398 ± 0,00000053 | 6,8700% | Stabile |
Fase / Stato
Motivo: tra il punto di fusione (-38,83 °C) e il punto di ebollizione (356,73 °C)
Schema non in scala
Punti di transizione di fase
Energie di transizione
Energia necessaria per fondere 1 mol al punto di fusione
Energia necessaria per vaporizzare 1 mol al punto di ebollizione
Energia necessaria per sublimare 1 mol al punto di sublimazione
Densità
In condizioni standard
Non disponibile per la fase liquida
Avanzate
Spettri atomici
Sono visualizzati 10 di 81. Ordinamento per carica ionica crescente.
Righe disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Righe totali | Probabilità di transizione | Designazioni dei livelli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hg I | 0 | 754 | 53 | 708 |
| 198Hg I Isotopo | 0 | 210 | 0 | 210 |
| Hg II | +1 | 554 | 446 | 463 |
| Hg III | +2 | 52 | 0 | 0 |
Livelli disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Livelli |
|---|---|---|
| Hg I | 0 | 299 |
| 198Hg I Isotopo | 0 | 61 |
| Hg II | +1 | 115 |
| Hg III | +2 | 94 |
| Hg IV | +3 | 61 |
| Hg V | +4 | 2 |
| Hg VI | +5 | 2 |
| Hg VII | +6 | 2 |
| Hg VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Hg IX | +8 | 2 |
Dati sulla struttura cristallina non disponibili per la fase solida
Struttura cristallina: rhombohedral
Raggi ionici
| Carica | Coordinazione | Spin | Raggio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 3 | N/D | 97 pm |
| +1 | 6 | N/D | 119 pm |
| +2 | 2 | N/D | 69 pm |
| +2 | 4 | N/D | 96 pm |
| +2 | 6 | N/D | 102 pm |
| +2 | 8 | N/D | 113.99999999999999 pm |
Composti
Isotopi (6)
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita | Modalità di decadimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 198 Stabile | 197,9667686 ± 0,00000052 | 9,9700% ± 0,2000% | Stabile | stable | |
| 199 Stabile | 198,96828064 ± 0,00000046 | 16,8700% ± 0,2200% | Stabile | stable | |
| 200 Stabile | 199,96832659 ± 0,00000047 | 23,1000% ± 0,1900% | Stabile | stable | |
| 201 Stabile | 200,97030284 ± 0,00000069 | 13,1800% ± 0,0900% | Stabile | stable | |
| 202 Stabile | 201,9706434 ± 0,00000069 | 29,8600% ± 0,2600% | Stabile | stable | |
| 204 Stabile | 203,97349398 ± 0,00000053 | 6,8700% ± 0,1500% | Stabile | stable |
Righe spettrali
Sono visualizzati 50 di 218. Per impostazione predefinita sono mostrate soltanto le righe spettrali con intensità misurata.
| Lunghezza d'onda (nm) | Intensità | Stadio di ionizzazione | Tipo | Transizione | Accuratezza | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 542.5249 nm | 8000000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.6d 2D → 5d10.5f 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 587.12779 nm | 1200000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.7d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 559.526 nm | 200000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.6d 2D → 5d10.5f 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 520.4768 nm | 150000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 629.123 nm | 65000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.5f 2F* → 5d10.6g 2G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 639.4888 nm | 55000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.5f 2F* → 5d10.6g 2G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 380.63154 nm | 50000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.8d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 439.8623 nm | 40000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.8d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 521.6379 nm | 40000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 466.0216 nm | 30000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<1>)* → 5d10.7d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527.7593 nm | 18000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 482.5564 nm | 17000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,3/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 514.6293 nm | 15000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 404.65643 nm | 12000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 435.83363 nm | 12000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 383.9255 nm | 10000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7s 2S → 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,1P<1>)* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 546.07498 nm | 6000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 391.43142 nm | 5000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<2>)* → 5d9.6s.7s [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,1/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 412.0447 nm | 4000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.9s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.28309 nm | 2800 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.6d 2D → 5d10.8p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 664.66839 nm | 1300 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s2 2D → 5d9.6s2 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 506.6497 nm | 1200 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,3/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 382.89121 nm | 1000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<2>)* → 5d9.6s.7s [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,1/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 407.7837 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 1S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 576.96095 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 690.746 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.8p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 708.1901 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.8p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 579.06705 nm | 900 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.6d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 709.186 nm | 800 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.8p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 567.588 nm | 600 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.9p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 671.636 nm | 600 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[3/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 580.3783 nm | 400 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d10.6s.10p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 474.2296 nm | 300 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,3/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 434.74951 nm | 150 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.7d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 594.7682 nm | 150 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7d 2D → 5d10.8f 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 535.4036 nm | 130 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.10p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 585.9254 nm | 130 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.9p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 496.017 nm | 100 | Hg I | emission | 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).7s 2[5/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 510.0945 nm | 100 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 410.8054 nm | 70 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.9s 1S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 512.0637 nm | 70 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.11p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 509.8561 nm | 60 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 380.16582 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.10s 1S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 382.037 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).7s 2[5/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 404.7742 nm | 50 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<2>)* → 5d9.6s.7s [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,1/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 433.92228 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 538.4627 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.10p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 554.9636 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d10.6s.11p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 623.435 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d10.6s.9p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 390.6383 nm | 40 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.8d 1D | Misurata | NIST |
Proprietà estese
Raggi covalenti (dati estesi)
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 133 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame doppio)
- 142 pm
Raggi di van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 270,5 pm
- MM3
- 253 pm
Raggi atomici e metallici
- Raggio atomico (Rahm)
- 229 pm
- Raggio metallico (C12)
- 151 pm
Scale di numerazione
- Mendeleev
- 79
- Pettifor
- 74
- Glawe
- 76
Scale di elettronegatività
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarizzabilità e dispersione
- Polarizzabilità dipolare
- 33,91 a.u.
- Polarizzabilità dipolare (inc.)
- 0,34 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 268 Ha·Bohr6
Parametri di Miedema
- Volume molare di Miedema
- 14,08 cm3/mol
- Densità elettronica di Miedema
- 2
Rischio di approvvigionamento ed economia
- Concentrazione della produzione
- 74
- Rischio relativo di approvvigionamento
- 9
- Distribuzione delle riserve
- 29
- Stabilità politica (principale produttore)
- 24
- Stabilità politica (principale detentore di riserve)
- 23
Transizioni di fase e allotropi
| Punto di fusione | 234,32 K |
| Punto di ebollizione | 629,77 K |
| Punto critico (temperatura) | 1764,15 K |
| Punto critico (pressione) | 167 MPa |
| Punto triplo (temperatura) | 234,32 K |
Categorie degli stati di ossidazione
Dati di riferimento avanzati
Costanti di schermaggio (14)
| n | Orbitale | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1,5419 |
| 2 | p | 4,499 |
| 2 | s | 20,8906 |
| 3 | d | 13,4804 |
| 3 | p | 22,4798 |
| 3 | s | 23,4587 |
| 4 | d | 37,532 |
| 4 | f | 38,2392 |
| 4 | p | 35,594 |
| 4 | s | 34,7552 |
Dettaglio dei raggi cristallini (6)
| Carica | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | III | 111 | ||
| 1 | VI | 133 | ||
| 2 | II | 83 | ||
| 2 | IV | 110 | ||
| 2 | VI | 116 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 128 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
Modalità di decadimento degli isotopi (76)
| Isotopo | Modalità | Intensità |
|---|---|---|
| 170 | A | 100% |
| 171 | A | 100% |
| 171 | B+ | — |
| 172 | A | 100% |
| 172 | B+ | — |
| 173 | A | 100% |
| 174 | A | 100% |
| 174 | B+ | — |
| 175 | A | 100% |
| 175 | B+ | — |
Fattori di diffusione dei raggi X (516)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3,07253 |
| 10,1617 | — | 3,05926 |
| 10,3261 | — | 3,04605 |
| 10,4931 | — | 3,0329 |
| 10,6628 | — | 3,0198 |
| 10,8353 | — | 3,00676 |
| 11,0106 | — | 3,02448 |
| 11,1886 | — | 3,04517 |
| 11,3696 | — | 3,066 |
| 11,5535 | — | 3,08698 |
Dati aggiuntivi
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
Riferimenti (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3×10-5 milligrams per liter
Riferimenti (1)
Riferimenti
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Mercury.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.