Tungsten (W)
transition-metalSolid
Peso atomico standard
183,84 uConfigurazione elettronica
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4Punto di fusione
3421,85 °CPunto di ebollizione
5554,85 °CDensità
1,93e+4 kg/m³Stati di ossidazione
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6Elettronegatività (Pauling)
2,36Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
7,86403 eVAnno della scoperta
1781Raggio atomico
135 pmDettagli
Tungsten is a dense, refractory transition metal in group 6. It has the highest melting point of any element and retains strength at temperatures where most engineering metals soften. Chemically it is best known for stable high oxidation states, especially +6, and for forming hard carbides and complex oxoanions. Natural tungsten occurs mainly in tungstate minerals rather than as the native metal.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the same as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-to-metal seals.
The name derives from the Swedish tungsten for "heavy stone". The symbol W derives from the German wolfram, which was found with tin and interfered with the smelting of tin. It was said to eat up tin like a wolf eats up sheep. The element was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1781. Tungsten metal was first isolated by the Spanish chemists Fausto Elhuyar and his brother Juan José in 1783.
Tungsten was discovered by Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar, Spanish chemists and brothers, in 1783 in samples of the mineral wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4). Today, tungsten is primarily obtained from wolframite and scheelite (CaWO4) using the same basic method developed by José and Elhuyar. Tungsten ores are crushed, cleaned and treated with alkalis to form tungsten trioxide (WO3). Tungsten trioxide is then heated with carbon or hydrogen gas (H2), forming tungsten metal and carbon dioxide (CO2) or tungsten metal and water vapor (H2O).
From Swedish, tung sten meanig heavy stone. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tungsten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten (tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite, scheelite, huebnertie, and ferberite. Important deposits of tungsten occur in California, Colorado, South Korea, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world's tungsten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Twenty one other unstable isotopes are recognized. The metal is obtained commercially be reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to silvery-white metal with a metallic luster. It is hard and brittle when impure or cold-worked, but sufficiently pure tungsten can be drawn into wire after suitable processing. The metal is solid under ordinary conditions and has an exceptionally high density.
Tungsten metal is used where very high temperature strength, low vapor pressure, and resistance to arc erosion are needed. Important uses include filaments and electrodes in specialized lamps and vacuum devices, contacts, heating elements, and parts for high-temperature furnaces. Tungsten carbide is central to cutting tools, mining bits, dies, and wear-resistant components. Heavy tungsten alloys are used for counterweights, radiation shielding, vibration damping, and some kinetic-energy applications.
Pure tungsten is a light gray or whitish metal that is soft enough to be cut with a hacksaw and ductile enough to be drawn into wire or extruded into various shapes. If contaminated with other materials, tungsten becomes brittle and difficult to work with. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metallic elements and is used to make filaments for incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs and television tubes. Tungsten expands at nearly the same rate as borosilicate glass and is used to make metal to glass seals. Tungsten is also used as a target for X-ray production, as heating elements in electric furnaces and for parts of spacecraft and missiles which must withstand high temperatures.
Tungsten is alloyed with steel to form tough metals that are stable at high temperatures. Tungsten-steel alloys are used to make such things as high speed cutting tools and rocket engine nozzles.
Tungsten carbide (WC) is an extremely hard tungsten compound. It is used in the tips of drill bits, high speed cutting tools and in mining machinery. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a dry lubricant that can be used to temperatures as high as 500°C. Tungsten forms compounds with calcium and magnesium that have phosphorescent properties and are used in fluorescent light bulbs.
Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy(R), Stellite(R), and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries. Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
182W is the stable product of the decay of 182Hf, which has a half-life of 8.9×106 years. Although 182Hf was present at the dawn of the Solar System, this isotope has long since decayed. During the formation of the planets, including Earth, the elements hafnium and tungsten were partitioned into silicate minerals (rock forming minerals with silicon-oxygen bonds that constitute more than 90 percent of the Earth’s crust) and metal phases, respectively. The measurement of excessive amounts of 182W, arising from the decay of 182Hf that accumulated in silicate minerals, has been used to estimate the time that elapsed between the formation of the Solar System and accretion of the planets (Fig. IUPAC.74.1) [512] E. B. Norman, D. N. Schramm. Nature304, 515 (1983)., [513] C. Vockenhuber, F. Oberli, M. Bichler, I. Ahmad, G. Quitté, M. Meier, A. N. Halliday, D. C. Lee, W. Kutschera, P. Steier, R. J. Gehrke, R. G. Helmer. Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 172501-1 (2004)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
Tungsten-rhenium generators use 188W, which is produced from 186W, via the following double neutron capture reaction 186W (n, γ) 187W (n, γ) 188W.
Tungsten chemistry is dominated by oxidation states from 0 to +6, with +6 the most common in air-stable compounds. Tungsten(VI) oxide, WO₃, is an important oxide used in pigments, electrochromic devices, and as a precursor to metal powder. Tungstates contain the tungstate ion, WO₄²⁻, and include calcium tungstate, CaWO₄, and sodium tungstate, Na₂WO₄. Tungsten hexafluoride, WF₆, is a volatile +6 compound used in chemical vapor deposition. Tungsten carbide, WC, is a hard interstitial compound rather than a typical salt.
See more information at the Tungsten compound page.
Massive tungsten metal has low acute toxicity and is not easily absorbed, but fine powders can present dust, fire, or explosion hazards under some conditions. Soluble tungstate salts are more biologically available and should not be treated as harmless. Tungsten carbide tools may contain cobalt or nickel binders that add important occupational hazards. Tungsten is not radioactive as a natural element in practical terms, though artificial radioisotopes require isotope-specific controls.
Tungsten enters the environment mainly through weathering of tungstate minerals and through mining, milling, metalworking, and disposal of hard-metal products. In oxidizing waters it commonly forms tungstate species, which can be more mobile than many heavy-metal ions. Its biological role is limited but real in some microorganisms, where tungsten enzymes are known. Environmental behavior depends strongly on pH, redox conditions, and adsorption to iron or manganese oxides.
Tungsten is produced chiefly from scheelite and wolframite concentrates. Ore is converted to ammonium paratungstate and then to tungsten oxide or tungsten metal powder, with powder metallurgy used for many products because of the metal’s very high melting point. Supply is strategically important because deposits and refining capacity are geographically concentrated. Demand is led by cemented carbides, followed by alloy, mill-product, and chemical uses. Recycling of carbide scrap and heavy alloys is significant because tungsten is valuable and often recoverable from industrial products.
Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].
Tungsten is a rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar events, rather than by ordinary stellar fusion. In planets it is lithophile under oxidizing conditions but can partition into metal under reducing conditions. Hafnium-tungsten isotope systematics are used to study early Solar System chronology and core formation.
- The symbol W comes from wolfram, a name still reflected in wolframite ores.
- Tungsten wire was crucial to long-lived incandescent lamps after ductile wire production became practical.
- Tungsten has an unusually low vapor pressure at very high temperature.
- Cemented tungsten carbide is usually a composite with a metallic binder, not pure WC alone.
- The isotope ¹⁸²W is important in hafnium-tungsten geochronology.
- Tungsten compounds can form polyoxometalates with large, cage-like anions.
Immagini
Proprietà
Fisiche
- Raggio atomico (empirico)
- 135 pm Confronta Raggio atomico (empirico) di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio covalente
- 162 pm Confronta Raggio covalente di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio di van der Waals
- 210 pm Confronta Raggio di van der Waals di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio metallico
- 130 pm Confronta Raggio metallico di tutti gli elementi →
- Densità
- 1,93 × 104 kg/m³ Confronta Densità di tutti gli elementi →
- Volume molare
- 0,00953 L/mol
- Fase in condizioni STP
- Solido Confronta Fase in condizioni STP di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di fusione
- 3421,85 °C Confronta Punto di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di ebollizione
- 5554,85 °C Confronta Punto di ebollizione di tutti gli elementi →
- Conducibilità termica
- 173 W/(m·K) Confronta Conducibilità termica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica specifica
- 0,132 J/(g·K) Confronta Capacità termica specifica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica molare
- 24,27 J/(mol·K) Confronta Capacità termica molare di tutti gli elementi →
- Struttura cristallina
- Cubica a corpo centrato Confronta Struttura cristallina di tutti gli elementi →
Chimiche
- Elettronegatività (Pauling)
- 2,36 Confronta Elettronegatività (Pauling) di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettronegatività (Allen)
- 1,47
- Affinità elettronica
- 0,815 eV
- Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
- 7,86403 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (1ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (2ª)
- 16,370056 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (2ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (3ª)
- 26,000089 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (3ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (4ª)
- 38,200131 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (4ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (5ª)
- 51,600178 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (5ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Stati di ossidazione
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 Confronta Stati di ossidazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettroni di valenza
- 6 Confronta Elettroni di valenza di tutti gli elementi →
- Configurazione elettronica
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4
Termodinamiche
- Calore di fusione
- 0,36482355 eV Confronta Calore di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di vaporizzazione
- 8,360885 eV Confronta Calore di vaporizzazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di sublimazione
- 8,803441 eV
- Calore di atomizzazione
- 8,803441 eV
- Entalpia di atomizzazione
- 8,820024 eV
Nucleari
- Protoni
- 74 Confronta Protoni di tutti gli elementi →
- Neutroni
- 110 Confronta Neutroni di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi noti
- 41 Confronta Isotopi noti di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi stabili
- 0 Confronta Isotopi stabili di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopo più stabile
- W-184
- Anno della scoperta
- 1781
Abbondanza
- Abbondanza (crosta terrestre)
- 1,25 mg/kg Confronta Abbondanza (crosta terrestre) di tutti gli elementi →
- Abbondanza (oceano)
- 1 × 10−4 mg/L Confronta Abbondanza (oceano) di tutti gli elementi →
Struttura cristallina
- Costante reticolare a
- 316 pm
Struttura elettronica
- Elettroni per guscio
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 Confronta Elettroni per guscio di tutti gli elementi →
Identificativi
- Numero CAS
- 7440-33-7 Confronta Numero CAS di tutti gli elementi →
- Simbolo di termine
- 5D0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/W
- Chiave InChI
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configurazione elettronica Misurato
W: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²Modello atomico
Gli isotopi modificano il numero di neutroni, la massa e la stabilità — non la configurazione elettronica di un atomo neutro.
Modello atomico schematico, non in scala.
Impronta atomica
Spettro di emissione / assorbimento
Distribuzione isotopica
Nessun isotopo stabile.
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita |
|---|---|---|---|
| 183 Radioattivo | 182,95022275 ± 0,0000009 | 14,3100% | 670 Ey |
| 161 Radioattivo | 160,9672 ± 0,00021 | N/D | 409 ms |
| 157 Radioattivo | 156,97884 ± 0,00043 | N/D | 275 ms |
| 177 Radioattivo | 176,946643 ± 0,00003 | N/D | 132.4 minuti |
| 181 Radioattivo | 180,9481978 ± 0,0000051 | N/D | 120.956 giorni |
Fase / Stato
Motivo: 3396,8 °C sotto il punto di fusione (3421,85 °C)
Schema non in scala
Punti di transizione di fase
Energie di transizione
Energia necessaria per fondere 1 mol al punto di fusione
Energia necessaria per vaporizzare 1 mol al punto di ebollizione
Energia necessaria per sublimare 1 mol al punto di sublimazione
Densità
In condizioni standard
In condizioni standard
Spettri atomici
Sono visualizzati 10 di 74. Ordinamento per carica ionica crescente.
Righe disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Righe totali | Probabilità di transizione | Designazioni dei livelli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 7049 | 522 | 5852 |
| W II | +1 | 2838 | 211 | 2838 |
| W III | +2 | 2644 | 37 | 2644 |
| W IV | +3 | 791 | 0 | 791 |
| W V | +4 | 193 | 0 | 193 |
| W VI | +5 | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| W VII | +6 | 397 | 0 | 397 |
| W VIII | +7 | 193 | 187 | 193 |
Livelli disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Livelli |
|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 509 |
| W II | +1 | 264 |
| W III | +2 | 236 |
| W IV | +3 | 106 |
| W V | +4 | 60 |
| W VI | +5 | 15 |
| W VII | +6 | 113 |
| W VIII | +7 | 103 |
| W IX | +8 | 3 |
| W X | +9 | 2 |
Raggi ionici
| Carica | Coordinazione | Spin | Raggio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 6 | N/D | 66 pm |
| +5 | 6 | N/D | 62 pm |
| +6 | 4 | N/D | 42 pm |
| +6 | 5 | N/D | 51 pm |
| +6 | 6 | N/D | 60 pm |
Composti
Isotopi (5)
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita | Modalità di decadimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 183 Radioattivo | 182,95022275 ± 0,0000009 | 14,3100% ± 0,0400% | 670 Ey | IS =14.31±0.4%α ? | |
| 161 Radioattivo | 160,9672 ± 0,00021 | N/D | 409 ms | α =73±0.3%β+ =27±0.3% | |
| 157 Radioattivo | 156,97884 ± 0,00043 | N/D | 275 ms | β+ =100%α =0% | |
| 177 Radioattivo | 176,946643 ± 0,00003 | N/D | 132.4 minuti | β+ =100% | |
| 181 Radioattivo | 180,9481978 ± 0,0000051 | N/D | 120.956 giorni | ε =100% |
Righe spettrali
Sono visualizzati 50 di 2460. Per impostazione predefinita sono mostrate soltanto le righe spettrali con intensità misurata.
| Lunghezza d'onda (nm) | Intensità | Stadio di ionizzazione | Tipo | Transizione | Accuratezza | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 400.8749 nm | 1000 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 429.4605 nm | 800 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 386.7982 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 407.4357 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 381.7484 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 484.381 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 505.328 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 384.6213 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 525.9338 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 551.4684 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 383.5052 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 388.1394 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 522.4661 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 524.2973 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3G → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 424.4367 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 426.9384 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 430.2103 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 488.6902 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 498.2586 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 380.9234 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 384.749 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 505.4594 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 507.1736 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 523.352 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527.5538 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 549.2315 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 381.0796 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 506.9123 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 525.5401 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 434.811303 nm | 109 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 381.0385 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 401.5216 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 404.56 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 410.2701 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 424.1444 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 427.4553 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 525.4544 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 526.3195 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 526.9315 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 543.5042 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 395.105951 nm | 91 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D → 5d3.(4F).6s.(5F).6p 6G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 406.9948 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 413.7464 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 421.9375 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 425.9363 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 468.0513 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 498.6924 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3H → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 526.8545 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | Misurata | NIST | |
| 547.7798 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 667.838 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | Misurata | NIST |
Proprietà estese
Raggi covalenti (dati estesi)
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 137 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame doppio)
- 120 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame triplo)
- 115 pm
Raggi di van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 257 pm
- UFF
- 309,6 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
Raggi atomici e metallici
- Raggio atomico (Rahm)
- 253 pm
- Raggio metallico (C12)
- 139 pm
Scale di numerazione
- Mendeleev
- 53
- Pettifor
- 56
- Glawe
- 57
Scale di elettronegatività
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
Polarizzabilità e dispersione
- Polarizzabilità dipolare
- 68 a.u.
- Polarizzabilità dipolare (inc.)
- 15 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 757 Ha·Bohr6
Parametri di Miedema
- Volume molare di Miedema
- 9,55 cm3/mol
- Densità elettronica di Miedema
- 6
Rischio di approvvigionamento ed economia
- Concentrazione della produzione
- 84
- Rischio relativo di approvvigionamento
- 10
- Distribuzione delle riserve
- 61
- Stabilità politica (principale produttore)
- 24
- Stabilità politica (principale detentore di riserve)
- 24
Transizioni di fase e allotropi
| Punto di fusione | 3687,15 K |
| Punto di ebollizione | 5828,15 K |
Categorie degli stati di ossidazione
Dati di riferimento avanzati
Costanti di schermaggio (14)
| n | Orbitale | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1,4343 |
| 2 | p | 4,4258 |
| 2 | s | 19,3302 |
| 3 | d | 13,5476 |
| 3 | p | 21,3824 |
| 3 | s | 22,13 |
| 4 | d | 36,8268 |
| 4 | f | 39,2892 |
| 4 | p | 34,4516 |
| 4 | s | 33,4412 |
Dettaglio dei raggi cristallini (5)
| Carica | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | VI | 80 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 76 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | IV | 56 | ||
| 6 | V | 65 | ||
| 6 | VI | 74 |
Modalità di decadimento degli isotopi (54)
| Isotopo | Modalità | Intensità |
|---|---|---|
| 157 | B+ | 100% |
| 157 | A | 0% |
| 158 | A | 100% |
| 159 | A | 100% |
| 159 | B+ | — |
| 160 | A | 87% |
| 160 | B+ | — |
| 161 | A | 73% |
| 161 | B+ | 27% |
| 162 | B+ | — |
Fattori di diffusione dei raggi X (541)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1,92551 |
| 10,1617 | — | 2,00949 |
| 10,3261 | — | 2,09714 |
| 10,4931 | — | 2,18428 |
| 10,6628 | — | 2,26758 |
| 10,8353 | — | 2,35405 |
| 11,0105 | — | 2,44381 |
| 11,1886 | — | 2,537 |
| 11,3696 | — | 2,63375 |
| 11,5535 | — | 2,73418 |
Dati aggiuntivi
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.25 milligrams per kilogram
Riferimenti (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-4 milligrams per liter
Riferimenti (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
Riferimenti
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tungsten.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.