Antimony (Sb)
metalloidSolid
Peso atomico standard
121,76 uConfigurazione elettronica
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3Punto di fusione
630,63 °CPunto di ebollizione
1586,85 °CDensità
6685 kg/m³Stati di ossidazione
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5Elettronegatività (Pauling)
2,05Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
8,608389 eVAnno della scoperta
1707Raggio atomico
145 pmDettagli
Antimony is a brittle p-block metalloid in group 15. It commonly shows oxidation states +3 and +5, with chemistry that bridges arsenic and bismuth. The element is best known as a hardening additive for lead alloys and as a component of flame-retardant systems through antimony trioxide. Natural antimony is usually encountered in sulfide minerals rather than as native metal.
Antimony is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic.
The name derives from the Greek, anti + monos for "not alone" or "not one" because it was found in many compounds. The symbol Sb comes from stibium, which is derived from the Greek stibi for "mark" because it was used for blackening eyebrows and eyelashes. The minerals stibnite (Sb2S3) and stibine (SbH3) are two of more than one hundred mineral species, which were known in the ancient world.
Antimony has been known since ancient times. It is sometimes found free in nature, but is usually obtained from the ores stibnite (Sb2S3) and valentinite (Sb2O3). Nicolas Lémery, a French chemist, was the first person to scientifically study antimony and its compounds. He published his findings in 1707. Antimony makes up about 0.00002% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word anti plus monos - "a metal not found alone". Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier.
Pure antimony is a silvery white, lustrous solid with a crystalline, flaky fracture. It is hard enough to take a polish but is very brittle and can be pulverized. The stable form at ordinary conditions is metallic in appearance, although it has semimetallic electrical behavior.
The largest uses of antimony are tied to compounds rather than the pure element. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, is widely used as a synergist with halogenated flame retardants in plastics, textiles, and coatings. Metallic antimony hardens lead in lead-acid battery grids, ammunition, and some bearing or type-metal alloys. Smaller uses include glass fining, ceramic opacifiers or color modifiers, and antimony-containing semiconductors such as indium antimonide, InSb.
Antimony is a brittle metal and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Very pure antimony is used to make certain types of semiconductor devices, such as diodes and infrared detectors. Antimony is alloyed with lead to increase lead's durability. Antimony alloys are also used in batteries, low friction metals, type metal and cable sheathing, among other products. Antimony compounds are used to make flame-proofing materials, paints, ceramic enamels, glass and pottery. The ancient Egyptians used antimony, in the form of stibnite, for black eye make-up.
Antimony is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes and Hall-effect devices. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of antimony possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of antimony in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.51.1) [370] O. Rouxel, J. Ludden, Y. Fouquet. Chem. Geol.200, 25 (2003).. The stable isotopes 121Sb and 123Sb have been used to measure movement of sediments and rocks originating from locations high in antimony. 121Sb and 123Sb move with the sediments and have been used as tracers in areas low in antimony to determine the originating location of certain metal/metalloid contaminants in streams [371] B. Chauvenet, M. M. Be, M. N. Amiot, C. Bobin, M. C. Lepy, T. Branger, I. Laniece, A. Luca, M. Sahagia, A. C. Watjen, K. Kossert, O. Ott, O. Nahle, P. Dryak, J. Sochorova, P. Kovar, P. Auerbach, T. Altzitzoglou, S. Pomme, G. Sibbens, R. Van Ammel, J. Paepen, A. Iwahara, J. U. Delgado, R. Poledna, C. J. da Silva, L. Johansson, A. Stroak, C. Bailat, Y. Nedjadi, P. Spring. Appl. Radiat. Isot.68, 1207 (2010)., [372] M. Baeza, J. Ren, S. Krishnamurthy, T. C. Vaughan. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.8, 299 (2010)., [373] L. Wilson. “Determination of trace element provenance in the Rio Loa Basin, Chile”, in 2010 Geological Society of America Presentation..
Isotopes in Industry
In the 1950s, 124Sb and 125Sb (with half-lives of 60 days and about 1000 days, respectively) were used commercially as tracers. They were injected into oil pipelines as a way to detect the residence time and flow rate of the substance through the pipeline. The presence of these isotopes could be detected by means of a Geiger counter held above the pipeline. If the pipeline had a leak, the tracer would escape and its contamination and movement could be detected in the soil. 124Sb and 125Sb are now both treated as environmental contaminants [375] R. Gibbs. Popular Mech.117, 117 (1955)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
123Sb is used to produce 124I (with a half-life of 100 h), which is used in radioimmunotherapy and also in positron emission tomography. It can be produced from the 123Sb (3He, 2n) 124I reaction [376] M. S. Uddin, A. Hermanne, S. Sudár, M. N. Aslam, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.69, 699 (2010).. 121Sb and 123Sb can both be used for the production of 123I (with a half-life of 13.2 h) via 3He and alpha particle-induced reactions with 121Sb and 123Sb, although the most common production route is via 124Xe or 123Te [377] K. F. Hassan, S. M. Qaim, Z. A. Saleh, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.64, 101 (2006)..
Antimony forms stable trivalent and pentavalent compounds, with Sb(III) generally more common. Stibnite, Sb₂S₃, is the principal ore mineral and a representative sulfide. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, is amphoteric and dissolves in strong acids or bases under suitable conditions. Antimony pentachloride, SbCl₅, is a strong Lewis acid, while antimony trifluoride, SbF₃, is a useful fluorinating reagent. Complex antimonates contain Sb(V) in oxide frameworks.
See more information at the Antimony compound page.
Elemental antimony is less readily absorbed than many soluble compounds, but dust and fumes can irritate the respiratory tract and should be controlled. Soluble antimony(III) compounds are generally more toxic than many antimony(V) compounds. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, has occupational inhalation concerns and is classified in several jurisdictions as a suspected or possible carcinogenic hazard. Stibine, SbH₃, is a highly toxic gas.
Antimony is a trace element in the crust and is concentrated mainly in sulfide deposits. Weathering of antimony minerals can release antimony species to soils and waters, where mobility depends strongly on pH, redox state, and adsorption to iron and manganese oxides. Mining, smelting, coal combustion, waste incineration, and wear or disposal of antimony-containing products can add local contamination. It has no known essential biological role.
Antimony supply is based mainly on mining and processing stibnite ores, with additional recovery as a by-product from some complex lead, copper, and precious-metal operations. Concentrates are roasted or otherwise converted to oxides and then reduced or refined, depending on the desired product. Demand is dominated by flame-retardant applications and lead-alloy use, especially batteries. Supply is relatively concentrated geographically, so recycling from lead-acid batteries and substitution in flame-retardant systems are important industrial considerations.
Antimony is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found as the sulfide stibnite.
Antimony is a relatively uncommon heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced chiefly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow neutron capture in evolved stars and rapid neutron capture in explosive events. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile element, tending to associate with sulfur-rich phases rather than silicate minerals.
- The symbol Sb comes from stibium, a Latin name associated with antimony sulfide.
- Antimony expands slightly on solidifying, a property useful in sharp-casting alloys.
- Stibnite crystals can form long metallic-gray blades with a very low hardness.
- Indium antimonide, InSb, has a very narrow band gap and is used in infrared detectors.
- Antimony has two stable natural isotopes, ¹²¹Sb and ¹²³Sb.
Immagini
Proprietà
Fisiche
- Raggio atomico (empirico)
- 145 pm Confronta Raggio atomico (empirico) di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio covalente
- 139 pm Confronta Raggio covalente di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio di van der Waals
- 206 pm Confronta Raggio di van der Waals di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio metallico
- 139 pm Confronta Raggio metallico di tutti gli elementi →
- Densità
- 6685 kg/m³ Confronta Densità di tutti gli elementi →
- Volume molare
- 0,0184 L/mol
- Fase in condizioni STP
- Solido Confronta Fase in condizioni STP di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di fusione
- 630,63 °C Confronta Punto di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di ebollizione
- 1586,85 °C Confronta Punto di ebollizione di tutti gli elementi →
- Conducibilità termica
- 24,43 W/(m·K) Confronta Conducibilità termica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica specifica
- 0,207 J/(g·K) Confronta Capacità termica specifica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica molare
- 25,23 J/(mol·K) Confronta Capacità termica molare di tutti gli elementi →
- Struttura cristallina
- Romboedrica Confronta Struttura cristallina di tutti gli elementi →
Chimiche
- Elettronegatività (Pauling)
- 2,05 Confronta Elettronegatività (Pauling) di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettronegatività (Allen)
- 1,984
- Affinità elettronica
- 1,07 eV
- Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
- 8,608389 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (1ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (2ª)
- 16,626057 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (2ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (3ª)
- 25,323587 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (3ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (4ª)
- 43,804151 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (4ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (5ª)
- 55,000189 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (5ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Stati di ossidazione
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 Confronta Stati di ossidazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettroni di valenza
- 5 Confronta Elettroni di valenza di tutti gli elementi →
- Allotropi
- ["gray"]
- Configurazione elettronica
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3
Termodinamiche
- Calore di fusione
- 0,20417682 eV Confronta Calore di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di vaporizzazione
- 0,70477276 eV Confronta Calore di vaporizzazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di sublimazione
- 2,02104 eV
- Calore di atomizzazione
- 2,715448 eV
- Entalpia di atomizzazione
- 2,740322 eV
Nucleari
- Protoni
- 51 Confronta Protoni di tutti gli elementi →
- Neutroni
- 70 Confronta Neutroni di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi noti
- 41 Confronta Isotopi noti di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi stabili
- 2 Confronta Isotopi stabili di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopo più stabile
- Sb-121
- Anno della scoperta
- 1707
Abbondanza
- Abbondanza (crosta terrestre)
- 0,2 mg/kg Confronta Abbondanza (crosta terrestre) di tutti gli elementi →
- Abbondanza (oceano)
- 2,4 × 10−4 mg/L Confronta Abbondanza (oceano) di tutti gli elementi →
Struttura cristallina
- Costante reticolare a
- 451 pm
Struttura elettronica
- Elettroni per guscio
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 Confronta Elettroni per guscio di tutti gli elementi →
Identificativi
- Numero CAS
- 7440-36-0 Confronta Numero CAS di tutti gli elementi →
- Simbolo di termine
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sb
- Chiave InChI
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configurazione elettronica Misurato
Sb: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³Modello atomico
Gli isotopi modificano il numero di neutroni, la massa e la stabilità — non la configurazione elettronica di un atomo neutro.
Modello atomico schematico, non in scala.
Impronta atomica
Spettro di emissione / assorbimento
Distribuzione isotopica
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 Stabile | 120,903812 ± 0,000003 | 57,2100% | Stabile |
| 123 Stabile | 122,9042132 ± 0,0000023 | 42,7900% | Stabile |
Fase / Stato
Motivo: 605,6 °C sotto il punto di fusione (630,63 °C)
Schema non in scala
Punti di transizione di fase
Energie di transizione
Energia necessaria per fondere 1 mol al punto di fusione
Energia necessaria per vaporizzare 1 mol al punto di ebollizione
Energia necessaria per sublimare 1 mol al punto di sublimazione
Densità
In condizioni standard
In condizioni standard
Spettri atomici
Sono visualizzati 10 di 51. Ordinamento per carica ionica crescente.
Righe disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Righe totali | Probabilità di transizione | Designazioni dei livelli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sb I | 0 | 135 | 10 | 128 |
| Sb II | +1 | 90 | 2 | 61 |
| Sb III | +2 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
| Sb IV | +3 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| Sb V | +4 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
Livelli disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Livelli |
|---|---|---|
| Sb I | 0 | 153 |
| Sb II | +1 | 110 |
| Sb III | +2 | 24 |
| Sb IV | +3 | 29 |
| Sb V | +4 | 9 |
| Sb VI | +5 | 60 |
| Sb VII | +6 | 2 |
| Sb VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Sb IX | +8 | 2 |
| Sb X | +9 | 2 |
Raggi ionici
| Carica | Coordinazione | Spin | Raggio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 4 | N/D | 76 pm |
| +3 | 5 | N/D | 80 pm |
| +3 | 6 | N/D | 76 pm |
| +5 | 6 | N/D | 60 pm |
Composti
Isotopi (2)
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita | Modalità di decadimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 121 Stabile | 120,903812 ± 0,000003 | 57,2100% ± 0,0500% | Stabile | stable | |
| 123 Stabile | 122,9042132 ± 0,0000023 | 42,7900% ± 0,0500% | Stabile | stable |
Righe spettrali
| Lunghezza d'onda (nm) | Intensità | Stadio di ionizzazione | Tipo | Transizione | Accuratezza | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 403.35367 nm | 200 | Sb I | emission | 5p3 2P* → 5p2.(3P).6s 4P | Misurata | NIST | |
| 475.77494 nm | 20 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,3/2)* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 549.02252 nm | N/D | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,1/2)* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 555.60108 nm | N/D | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(1D<2>).6p (2,1/2)* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 560.20647 nm | N/D | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<1>).7p (1,3/2)* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 563.19352 nm | N/D | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<0>).7p (0,3/2)* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 573.02392 nm | N/D | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,3/2)* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 661.1381 nm | 20 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(1D<2>).6p (2,1/2)* | Misurata | NIST |
Proprietà estese
Raggi covalenti (dati estesi)
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 140 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame doppio)
- 133 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame triplo)
- 127 pm
- Raggio covalente (Bragg)
- 140 pm
Raggi di van der Waals
- Truhlar
- 206 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 247 pm
- UFF
- 442 pm
- MM3
- 252 pm
- Dreiding
- 435 pm
Raggi atomici e metallici
- Raggio atomico (Rahm)
- 246 pm
- Raggio metallico (C12)
- 166 pm
Scale di numerazione
- Mendeleev
- 96
- Pettifor
- 88
- Glawe
- 91
Scale di elettronegatività
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizzabilità e dispersione
- Polarizzabilità dipolare
- 43 a.u.
- Polarizzabilità dipolare (inc.)
- 2 a.u.
- C₆
- 492 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 504 Ha·Bohr6
Parametri di Miedema
- Volume molare di Miedema
- 16,95 cm3/mol
- Densità elettronica di Miedema
- 2
Rischio di approvvigionamento ed economia
- Concentrazione della produzione
- 88
- Rischio relativo di approvvigionamento
- 9
- Distribuzione delle riserve
- 53
- Stabilità politica (principale produttore)
- 24
- Stabilità politica (principale detentore di riserve)
- 24
Transizioni di fase e allotropi
| Punto di fusione | 903,78 K |
| Punto di ebollizione | 1860,15 K |
Categorie degli stati di ossidazione
Dati di riferimento avanzati
Costanti di schermaggio (11)
| n | Orbitale | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1,0256 |
| 2 | p | 4,1274 |
| 2 | s | 13,4046 |
| 3 | d | 14,2002 |
| 3 | p | 17,8161 |
| 3 | s | 17,7909 |
| 4 | d | 32,0256 |
| 4 | p | 28,8188 |
| 4 | s | 27,4564 |
| 5 | p | 41,0055 |
Dettaglio dei raggi cristallini (4)
| Carica | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | IVPY | 90 | ||
| 3 | V | 94 | ||
| 3 | VI | 90 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | VI | 74 |
Modalità di decadimento degli isotopi (61)
| Isotopo | Modalità | Intensità |
|---|---|---|
| 102 | p | — |
| 103 | p | — |
| 104 | B+ | — |
| 104 | B+p | 7% |
| 104 | p | 7% |
| 104 | A | — |
| 105 | B+ | 100% |
| 105 | p | 0,1% |
| 105 | B+p | — |
| 106 | B+ | 100% |
Fattori di diffusione dei raggi X (508)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 9,95091 |
| 10,1617 | — | 10,0681 |
| 10,3261 | — | 9,92927 |
| 10,4931 | — | 9,42377 |
| 10,6628 | — | 8,92685 |
| 10,8353 | — | 8,35287 |
| 11,0106 | — | 7,84004 |
| 11,1886 | — | 7,4678 |
| 11,3696 | — | 7,10503 |
| 11,5535 | — | 6,73907 |
Dati aggiuntivi
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
Riferimenti (1)
- [5] Antimony https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.4×10-4 milligrams per liter
Riferimenti (1)
- [5] Antimony https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Antimony is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found as the sulfide stibnite.
Riferimenti (1)
- [6] Antimony https://periodic.lanl.gov/51.shtml
Riferimenti
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Antimony.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.